Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenolic acid with multiple biological and pharmacological properties. However, its protective effect on ulcerative colitis (UC) remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the protective ability and potential mechanism of RA on UC, focusing on the intestinal barrier and homeostasis. UC mice model was established through the induction by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) of 2.5%, and the progression of the UC after RA treatment was monitored using clinical manifestations, histopathological examination, and biochemical analysis. The mice’s composition of intestinal flora was assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing methods, while the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) were analyzed using targeted metabolomics. The findings demonstrated that RA could prevent a decrease in body weight, reduce the scores of disease activity index (DAI), shorten colon length, and restore the claudin-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin levels in UC mice. Furthermore, RA effectively suppressed intestinal inflammation, modulated the compositin of gut microbiota, and influenced the levels of SCFAs and BAs. Hence, RA could offer therapeutic benefits for UC mice by enhancing intestinal barrier function and preserving intestinal homeostasis. Given the availability of scientific evidence, it may serve as a preventive agent or remedy for UC.

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen is a member of the Araliaceae family and is renowned for its health-promoting properties. In this study, a sensitive and reliable analytical method was established for the quantification of 15 saponins in P. notoginseng. This method exhibited excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9970-0.9998) and low limits of detection (0.12-6.31 mu g/L) and quantification (0.54-21.03 mu g/L). It was subsequently applied to compare samples from conventional farmland and ecological under-forest cultivation systems. The concentrations of Rb1, Rb3, Rc, and Rd in the leaves, as well as PPD-type saponins in the roots of under-forest plants, were significantly higher than those in farmland-grown counterparts. Rb1 was identified as a characteristic saponin in the leaves of under-forest P. notoginseng, while Rb1 and Rh2 were identified as characteristic saponins in the main roots. These results provide a scientific basis for promoting ecological under-forest cultivation practices and offer a robust analytical approach for quality evaluation of P. notoginseng.

Tremella fuciformis is a widely consumed edible mushroom whose polysaccharides are considered bioactive constituents related to gut health. In this study, a purified polysaccharide was isolated from T. fuciformis (TP) and structurally characterized as a mannose-rich heteropolysaccharide containing →3- and →2,3-linked mannosyl residues with fucosyl and xylosyl substitutions. TP showed strong resistance to simulated oral, gastric, and intestinal digestion, with minimal changes in carbohydrate content and monosaccharide composition. During in vitro colonic fermentation, TP underwent depolymerization accompanied by decreases in molecular weight and shifts in monosaccharide composition. Fermentation increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, particularly acetate and n-butyrate, and enriched saccharolytic and SCFA-producing bacteria, including Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Subdoligranulum. In vivo, dietary TP supplementation increased fecal SCFA levels and selectively modulated gut microbiota composition, notably enriching Akkermansia. These results indicate that TP resists upper gastrointestinal digestion and is fermentable by gut microbiota, supporting its potential as a microbiota-interacting dietary polysaccharide.

Edible fungi, including widely cultivated varieties such as Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus, are valued for their high nutritional content, unique flavor, and medicinal properties. However, their high moisture content (80

Walnut male flowers (WFs), an underutilized by-product of walnut (Juglans regia L.) processing, are rich in nutrients and contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study examined the effects of partially substituting wheat flour with WFs (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% w/w) in biscuit formulations on dough rheology, nutritional profile, texture, microstructure, glycemic response, and sensory characteristics. The addition of WFs significantly increased both the storage modulus (G') and the loss modulus (G″) of the dough, indicating an improvement in its viscoelastic properties. Nutritional composition analysis revealed elevated protein, ash, and dietary fiber contents, accompanied by reduced total sugar and soluble carbohydrate levels. Texture profile analysis revealed decreased hardness and increased crispness, supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of a more porous microstructure. The predicted glycemic index (pGI) decreased by up to 16% with 10% WFs substitution, which may be due to dietary fiber-mediated starch encapsulation and phenolic inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. Sensory evaluation indicated that biscuits containing 5% WFs received the highest overall acceptability, achieving a balance of desirable color, texture, and flavor. The results indicate the potential of WFs as a functional ingredient for developing low-glycemic index baked goods and support the sustainable use of agricultural by-products.

Oil structuring has been considered as a promising design for fat replacement due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and solid fat-like texture. In this study, rice bran wax (RBW) was used as an oleogelator to construct astaxanthin-loaded macadamia oleogel system, and the crystal morphology, intermolecular force and rheological behavior of the oleogels were evaluated. The results showed that RBW formed a stable oleogel at low concentration (5.0 wt%), which was attributed to the formation of a network of RBW crystals held together by van der Waals interactions. Moreover, the oleogels exhibited excellent thixotropy and thermal reversibility. Meanwhile, stable oleogels enabled the preparation of surfactant-free W/O emulsions with excellent stability (≥21 days). Microstructure and X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the stability of the emulsions was attributed to the crystallization of the RBW. And the emulsions showed temperature responsiveness. Additionally, the presence of RBW reduced the release of fatty acids (49 %-25 %) and the bioaccessibility of astaxanthin (20.3 %-10.9 %) in the emulsion during simulated in vitro digestion. The results can provide guidance for the development of novel solid fats, emulsions without surfactants, and functional foods with regulated lipid digestion and controlled nutrient release profiles.

Aims The integration of agroforestry and understory cultivation offers a sustainable approach to producing high-value medicinal plants with ecological conservation. However, optimal irrigation management for organic Panax ginseng grown under pine forests (OPPF) remains poorly studied, particularly regarding its influence on root rot disease and rhizosphere microbial communities. Methods This study evaluated four soil moisture treatments—PTh1 (55–60% field capacity, FC), PTh2 (70–75% FC), PTh3 (80–85% FC), and PTh4 (95–100% FC)—on the growth, quality, and root rot incidence of OPPF. We analyzed agronomic traits, secondary metabolites, soil properties, enzymatic activities, and rhizosphere microbial composition via high-throughput sequencing and qPCR, and validated microbial isolates functionally through pot experiments. Results Moderate soil moisture (PTh2) significantly improved plant biomass, seedling survival, and the accumulation of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and ginsenosides. In contrast, high soil moisture (PTh4) increased the incidence of root rot and the abundance of pathogens such as Fusarium solani and Ilyonectria mors-panacis . Soil properties and enzyme activities were markedly influenced by moisture levels, with PTh2 maintaining a higher pH and beneficial nutrient profile. Rhizosphere microbiome analysis revealed that PTh2 enriched potential biocontrol agents, including Trichoderma , Penicillium , Bacillus , and Streptomyces , while reducing pathogenic taxa. Six antagonistic strains were isolated, with Penicillium ortum (F1) showing the strongest suppression of root rot and promotion of plant growth in pot trials. Conclusions Maintaining soil moisture at 70–75% FC optimizes the growth and health of OPPF by fostering beneficial microbial communities and inhibiting soil-borne pathogens. These findings provide science-based irrigation strategies to support the sustainable cultivation of organic ginseng in forest-based agroecosystems.

Whole mulberry juice (WMBJ) was prepared using a novel high-energy fluidic microfluidizer (HEFM). The effects of varying treatment pressures (0–120 MPa) on the physical stability and nutritional quality of the juice were investigated. As the pressure increased, the average particle size (D[4,3]) decreased from 232.46 μm to 38.27 μm. This indicated that the pulp particles became smaller and more evenly dispersed, resulting in an increase in the apparent viscosity. At 90 MPa, the precipitation weight ratio increases, the turbidity value is the lowest, and the physical stability is significantly improved. Furthermore, the HEFM treatment exhibited a favorable impact on the soluble solids, pH value, total acid content, color, and antioxidant activity of the WMBJ. The contents of anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and total polyphenols in the WMBJ reached their zenith with the 90 MPa treatment. The results demonstrated that WMBJ, characterized by its excellent physical stability and high nutritional value, can be effectively prepared through the utilization of HEFM technology. This technological approach represents a novel method for industrial WMBJ production that is both efficient and environmentally friendly while ensuring the preservation of the product’s quality.

This study evaluated the chemical composition and bioactivity of nine Dendrobium officinale from three cultivation modes (greenhouse, GC; understory, UC; and simulated wild, SWC) across China. Results demonstrated that UC-cultivated samples exhibited significantly higher flavonoid levels, antioxidant capacity, and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity than those under GC/SWC modes. Using GC-IMS and UHPLC-TOF-MS, metabolomic profiling identified 27 volatile and 15 non-volatile biomarkers between different cultivation modes. Further KEGG analysis revealed the key signaling pathways of differential metabolites under different cultivation modes, including aminobenzoate degradation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism. Overall, the cultivation mode significantly influences the chemical composition and biological activity of Dendrobium officinale, with the UC mode being relatively preferable. However, factors such as geographical distribution also play an important role. These findings provide actionable insights for quality control, cultivation optimization, and functional food/pharmaceutical applications of Dendrobium officinale.

This study systematically examined the effects of processing techniques on the flavor profiles and functional attributes of tea derived from fresh leaves (Camellia sinensis) of identical origin. Pu-erh raw tea (PRT), white tea (WT), and black tea (BT) were produced through distinct processing protocols (non-fermented, lightly fermented, and fully fermented, respectively). Antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics were evaluated alongside comprehensive metabolomic analyses using GC-IMS, GC-MS, and UHPLC-QTOF-MS. PRT exhibited superior antioxidant capacity with pronounced bitterness and astringency, whereas WT displayed fruity-sweet notes and BT demonstrated a mellow profile linked to fermentation. Metabolomic profiling identified six discriminative biomarkers and two pivotal compounds differentiating tea types, alongside six key metabolic pathways (e.g., secondary metabolite biosynthesis) driving compositional variations. These findings elucidate processing-induced biochemical transformations, offering insights for quality optimization and consumer-oriented tea selection.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of probiotic fermentation on the active components and functions of Perilla frutescens leaves (PFL). PFL was fermented for 7 days using six probiotics (Lactobacillus Plantarum SWFU D16, Lactobacillus Plantarum ATCC 8014, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53013, Streptococcus Thermophilus CICC 6038, Lactobacillus Casei ATCC 334, and Lactobacillus Bulgaricus CICC 6045). The total phenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant abilities, as well as α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition abilities of PFL during the fermentation process were evaluated, and its bioactive compounds were further quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, non-targeted ultra-HPLC–tandem mass spectroscopy was used to identify the metabolites affected by fermentation and explore the possible mechanisms of the action of fermentation. The results showed that most of the active component contents and functional activities of PFL exhibited that it first increased and then decreased, and different probiotics had clearly distinguishable effects from each other, of which fermentation with ATCC 53013 for 1 day showed the highest enhancement effect. The same trend was also confirmed by the result of the changes in the contents of 12 phenolic acids and flavonoids by HPLC analysis. Further metabolomic analysis revealed significant metabolite changes under the best fermentation condition, which involved primarily the generation of fatty acids and their conjugates, flavonoids. A total of 574 and 387 metabolites were identified in positive ion and negative ion modes, respectively. Results of Spearman’s analysis indicated that some primary metabolites and secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, and fatty acids might play an important role in the functional activity of PFL. Differential metabolites were subjected to the KEGG database and 97 metabolites pathways were obtained, of which biosyntheses of unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoid, and isoflavonoid were the most enriched pathways. The above results revealed the potential reason for the differences in metabolic and functional levels of PFL after fermentation. This study could provide a scientific basis for the further study of PFL, as well as novel insights into the action mechanism of probiotic fermentation on the chemical composition and biological activity of food/drug.

The existing health risk assessment models often rely on total concentrations of contaminants, neglecting cellular absorption, leading to an overestimation of risks due to a lack of toxicological verification. In this study, the content, bioaccessibility, and health risk evaluation of Cr, Ni, Cu, and As in vegetables from mining areas in Southwest China were examined. The cytotoxicity and gastric absorption of heavy metals and underlying mechanisms as well as the toxic mitigation approach after consumption of risky vegetables were explored. Our results showed that the heavy metals in cabbage, celery, and garlic seedlings were within the safety limit, even though grown in contaminated soils. The bioaccessibility of As, Cu, Ni, and Cr in vegetables in the gastric phase is from 6.92% to 81.15%, with mint having the highest bioaccessible concentrations of Cr (32.7 μg/kg), Cu (540.1 μg/kg), and As (103.9 μg/kg). The Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index values of the bioaccessible metals suggested an unacceptable cancer risk. Besides, the vegetable extracts increased cell apoptosis and tight junction disruption. Unexpectedly, the high-risk mint extract with the greatest bioaccessibility didn’t cause cytotoxicity but inhibited cell apoptosis and enhanced cellular tight junction, evidenced by the upregulation of zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin 3, and a decrease in cellular heavy metal uptake. Furthermore, the mint extract could alleviate garlic seedling extract-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that the special substance in mint has protective effects. Taken together, special components in vegetables, cellular uptake, and toxicity of heavy metals should be considered in the accurate assessment of health risks.

Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a traditional medicinal and edible plant whose quality is significantly influenced by post-harvest processing. To obtain an optimal post-harvest processing method for G. elata, this study employed sensory evaluation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and non-targeted metabolomics, in conjunction with an in vitro digestion model, to assess the impact of different processing and drying methods on the quality of G. elata. The findings showed that the steam treatment followed by heat pump drying resulted in the highest levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, and polysaccharides in G. elata, and caused more pronounced damage to its microstructure. This treatment also maintained the highest antioxidant activities and optimal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition capacity throughout in vitro digestion, meanwhile, effectively eliminating the unpleasant odor and achieving the highest sensory scores. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed noteworthy alterations in the metabolite profile of G. elata, mainly related to purine metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the post-harvest processing of G. elata.

In pursuit of maximum yield and economic benefits of Panax notoginseng , farmers usually apply excessive fertilizer and irrigation. Which easily induce the decline of Panax notoginseng quality, fertilizer and water use efficiencies and soil health. From 2021 -2023, a field experiment was conducted in Dali Village, Luxi County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, to study the response of soil microbial community, root nutrient content, and ginsenoside content of Panax notoginseng to different water and fertilizer regulation. The experiment including three irrigation levels (F1: 120 mm, F2: 240 mm, and F3: 360 mm) four fertilization rates(F1: 48 kg ha(-1) , F2: 72 kg ha(-1) , F2: 96 kg ha(-1) , and 120 kg ha(- 1) ),and a CK treatment (no fertilizer and no irrigation) The results showed that the average N, P, and K contents across all treatments were greater in 2023 than those in 2021 and 2022. W3F4 treatment significantly increased N absorption. W2F4 treatment significantly increased P and K absorption. W2F4 treatment significantly increased the Panax notoginseng yield, and W3F2 treatment significantly increased the saponin content. The Panax notoginseng yield ranged from 1165 to 3006 kg center dot ha(- 1) , with a maximum average yield in 2023. The Re content averaged 81.5 % in 2023 over 2021, and the highest Re content in W3F2 treatment in 2023 was 108.54 mg center dot g(- 1) . In 2023, W2F3 treatment had the highest R 1 content of 15.34 mg center dot g(- 1) , W2F3 treatment had the highest content of Rg 1 of 44.65 mg center dot g(- 1) , and W3F2 treatment had the highest Rb 1 content of 52.52 mg center dot g(- 1 ). From 2021 -2023, the total number of unique OTUs in W1F1 was the largest, out followed by W3F2, W3F4, and W3F1. The treatment that significantly increased the bacterial Chao1 index was W3F1 and W2F2 in 2021, W3F3, W2F1, W2F1 and W2F3 in 2022, and W2F3 and W2F4 in 2023. The Shannon nor Simpson indices were not varied significantly from CK. At the phylum level, W1F3 in 2021 and W3F1 in 2022 and 2023 improved the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota At the genus level, W1F1 in 2021 and 2023 improved the relative abundance of Vicinamibacteraceae_norank and Vicinamibacterales_norank. LEfSe analysis of soil microbial communities showed the most divergent species in 2021 with W3F2, W1F1 in 2022, and W2F1 in 2023. Different water and fertilizer treatments affected the total OTU number of bacterial communities and changed the bacterial community structure. W3F1 and W2F3 treatments significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, and soil microbial diversity regulated plants N as well as R 1 and Rg 1 content, and the quality of Panax notoginseng is related to microbial diversity. N, P, K, and R 1 had a significant positive correlation with microbial community diversity ( P<0.05 ). The W1F1 treatment communities were relatively abundant, and the community species showed high similarity in W3F1 and W2F3.

为了对花生蛋白的加工贮藏提供参考,探究了多酚对过氧自由基氧化花生球蛋白的影响.通过2,2'-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸盐建立花生球蛋白氧化体系,采用不同浓度的阿魏酸、绿原酸、儿茶素对氧化体系进行干预,分析多酚对氧化花生球蛋白羰基、游离氨基、巯基、溶解度、浊度和内源荧光光谱的影响,并对各指标进行了相关性分析.结果表明:不同浓度的3种多酚干预后,花生球蛋白的羰基含量不同程度地降低,游离氨基、巯基含量上升,最大内源荧光波长发生红移,浊度增大,溶解度总体变化较小;相关性热图分析说明蛋白质的功能性与其氧化程度相关.综上,适量的多酚可抑制过氧自由基对花生球蛋白的氧化,且3种多酚对氧化体系的干预效果不同,其中绿原酸抑制花生球蛋白氧化的能力最好.

藜麦因其高营养、高生物活性而备受关注,我国许多地区早已开始了藜麦的规模化种植,但由于我国藜麦产业起步晚、研究不够深入以及加工应用的相对不足,造成藜麦产品在消费市场中仍相对空缺.为提高公众对藜麦的认识,帮助相关从业人员提高其加工水平,对藜麦的营养成分、生物活性及其加工利用现状等方面进行了概述,并简要展望了未来的研究方向和应用前景,旨在为我国藜麦加工产业的可持续发展提供新思路.

In this study, Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) were separately fermented by Rhizopus oryzae, Neurospora crassa, Monascus and Mucor rouxianus, and changes in the contents of total saponins, total polysaccharides, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, as well as in vitro antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PNL during the fermentation process were assessed. Additionally, the metabolite profiles of raw and fermented PNL were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results indicated that the contents of total saponins and total polysaccharides in PNL were significantly reduced by fermentation with each of these four fungi. Interestingly, R. oryzae, N. crassa and Monascus were found to increase the content of total phenols, while Rhizopus oryzae and Mucor rouxianus increased the total flavonoid content. Fermentation for 3–5 days significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of PNL, and the most pronounced effect was achieved with Monascus fermentation for three days, which increased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging capacity and ferric reducing capacity by 14.30%, 5.13%, and 18.40%, respectively. Moreover, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PNL initially decreased and then increased during fungal fermentation, which increased by 16.03% after Monascus fermentation for six days. By untargeted metabolomics analysis, 573 metabolites were identified from PNL. After three days of Monascus fermentation, the up-regulated metabolites were significantly less than the down-regulated ones, and the predominant up-regulated metabolites were amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, lipids, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, analysis of the 21 saponins showed that only ginsenoside F2 was significantly up-regulated, while eight other saponins were significantly down-regulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that co-factor biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism were the most probable metabolic pathways during the fermentation process. In conclusion, fungal fermentation, especially Monascus fermentation, can effectively improve the functional activity of P. notoginseng by metabolic alterations through various pathways. Therefore, this study provides a scientific reference for the green processing of PNL.

[目的]筛选和驯化适宜发酵花生乳的菌种,并对花生乳的发酵工艺进行优化,为花生的发酵生产提供参考依据.[方法]利用保加利亚乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌分别对云南红皮小花生进行发酵.以发酵后花生乳的组织状态、发酵风味和酸度为指标,筛选花生乳发酵的最适菌种并进行驯化,再通过单因素试验和响应面法优化花生乳的发酵工艺,以酸度和感官评分为评价指标.[结果]筛选得到保加利亚乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌适用于发酵花生乳,比例为1∶1;经驯化后的菌种发酵花生乳的凝乳时间较驯化前缩短1.5 h.在此基础上进一步优化发酵条件,建立发酵花生乳的酸度(Y1)和感官评分(Y2)对接种量(A)、加糖量(B)、料水比(C)及发酵时间(D)的二次回归方程:Y1= 72.36+10.01A-3.57B+0.2525C+11.06D-1.53AB-0.915AC+0.5325AD-1.84BC-1.83BD-1.07A2-7.24B2-8.88C2-14.38D2;Y2=86.22+4.58A-1.02B+0.6917C+4.76D-1.65AB-0.6750AC+2.27AD-0.75BC-0.4BD+2.0CD-3.55A2-4.21B2-2.84C2-5.26D2.各因素对发酵花生乳酸度和感官评分的影响顺序均为发酵时间>接种量>加糖量>料水比.其中,接种量与加糖量、加糖量与料水比、加糖量与发酵时间的交互作用对发酵花生乳的酸度影响显著(P<0.05,下同);接种量与加糖量、接种量与发酵时间、料水比与发酵时间的交互作用对发酵花生乳的感官评分影响极显著(P<0.01),接种量与料水比、加糖量与料水比的交互作用对发酵花生乳的感官评分影响显著.优化后的发酵工艺参数:接种量6%、加糖量5%、料水比1∶8、发酵时间11 h,在此条件下发酵的花生乳酸度74.37°T,感官评分86.7分,与理论预测值相近,花生乳凝乳较好,色泽呈乳黄色.[结论]筛选得到最适合花生乳发酵的菌种并进行驯化,通过响应面优化得到最佳的发酵花生乳工艺,制得酸度适宜、感官评分较高、风味较好的发酵花生乳产品,可为开发健康绿色的花生产品提供工艺参考.

Heavy metal(loid)s in the environment threaten food safety and human health. Health risk assessment of vegetables based on total or bioaccessible heavy metal(loid)s was widely used but can overestimate their risks, so exploring accurate methods is urgent for food safety evaluation and management. In this study, a total of 224 frequently consumed vegetables and their corresponding grown soils were collected from Yunnan, Southwest China. The total contents and bioaccessibilities of heavy metal(loid)s in vegetables were measured, their health risks were evaluated using the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk models provided by USEPA. Besides, the gastrotoxicity of high-risk vegetables was also evaluated using a human cell model. Results showed that 6.25-43.8 % of Cr, Cd, and Pb contents in Zea mays L., Coriandrum sativum L., or Allium sativum L. exceeded the maximum permissible level of China, which were not consistent with those in corresponding soils. The bioaccessibility of Cr, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Mn in vegetables in the gastric phase was 0.41-93.8 %. Health risks based on bioaccessibility were remarkably decreased compared with total heavy metal(loid)s, but the unacceptable carcinogenic risk (CR > 10-4) was found even considering the bioaccessibility. Interestingly, gastric digesta of high-risk vegetables did not trigger adverse effects on human gastric mucosa epithelial cells, indicating existing health risk assessment model should be adjusted by toxic data to accurately reflect its hazards. Taken together, both bioaccessibility and toxicity of heavy metal(loid)s in vegetables should be considered in accurate health risk assessment and food safety-related policy-making and management.