This paper reports results from a study of two new genetic types of diamond discovered in Kamchatka. These diamonds were formed under extra-mantle conditions, as can be inferred from the fact that there is no indication of post-crystallization annealing with the formation of aggregated nitrogen defects in them. The first of these types is defined by us as volcanic-atmoelectrogenic. This is formed directly in a volcanic ash-gas cloud due to deep-seated methane released by atmospheric electric discharges. The second genetic type of diamonds is formed at depth within a magmatic-pneumatolytic-hydrothermal ore deposit, and can be defined as the explosive-tuffisite type. The industrial potential of these types enables us to assert the discovery of a new diamondiferous province, i.e., the Kamchatka Province.

New remains of a Taymyr mammoth, including bones, bone collagen, hairs, skin, and soft (muscle and fat) tissues were studied comprehensively by mineralogical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, and isotope-geochemical methods. The results were used to infer the mammoth’s biological age and diet, paleoclimatic conditions, and the mechanisms and degree of fossilization of the remains.

Исследованы алмазы из Ичетъюского месторождения спорного генезиса с применением методов рентгеноструктурного анализа, сканирующей электронной микроскопии, катодо-, фото- и рентгенолюминесценции; спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния и ИК-поглощения, ЛА-ИСП-МС, изотопной массспектрометрии. Проанализирована кристалломорфология алмазов, определены параметры форм их мантийного растворения, степень и характер пластических и ударных деформаций. Выявлены особенности внутреннего строения, люминесцентно-спектроскопические свойства. Оценены валовая концентрация структурного азота, степень агрегации точечных азотных дефектов, температура мантийного отжига. Определен состав микроэлементов и изотопия углерода. Изучен минерально-фазовый состав плёнок на поверхности алмазов. Сделан вывод о туффизито-флюидизатном генетическом типе Ичетъюского месторождения

Brief scientific biography of a well-known scientist, a leader in the field of experimental study of crystallization processes with usage the holographic method for quantitative analysis of temperature-convective inhomogeneities in the «growth-criticalstone» system, a specialist in crystallographic-mineralogical study of diamonds and their accessory minerals, a successful researcher of modern mineral formation at Kamchatka volcanoes, one of the founders of the «literally from scratch» enterprise for the production of industrial diamonds.

The history of the discovery of diamonds in the products of Kamchatka volcanic eruptions is briefly described, and the results of comprehensive studies of Tolbachin diamonds including crystallomorphology, faceted sculptures, xenomineral greases and films on the surface, nanomicroswitches, impurity elements, spectroscopic properties, isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen are summarized. The conclusion is drawn about the natural origin of the Tolbachin diamonds formed directly in the volcanic ash-gas cloud by crystallization from gases stimulated by atmospheric electric discharges.

Условия образования минеральных включений в гидротермальных метасоматитах г. Двугорбой, Южная Камчатка О.М. Топчиева, В.А. Петровский, А.Е. Сухарев Институт вулканологии и сейсмологии ДВО РАН, 683006, ПетропавловскКамчатский, бульвар Пийпа, 9 E-mail: topchieva2011@mail.ru; nazarovamar@mail.ru Институт геологии Коми НЦ УрО РАН, 167982, Сыктывкар, ул. Первомайская, 54. E-mail: petrovsky@geo.komisc.ru; sukharev@geo.komisc.ru (Статья поступила в редакцию 27 апреля 2017 г.) Исследования гидротермальных метасоматитов выявили их минералогические и геохимические особенности. Рассмотрены вероятные физико-химические условия образования исследованных минеральных включений в гидротермально измененных породах. Ключевые слова: минеральные включения, метасоматиты, гора Двугорбая, Мутновский вулкан, Камчатка. DOI: 10.17072/psu.geol.17.1.1

Mineralogical and geochemical features of hydrothermal metasomatites of the Southern Kamchatka were studied. The probable physico-chemical conditions of formation of the studied mineral inclusions in hydrothermally altered rocks are considered.

The results of X-ray structural, electron-microscopic, and X-ray spectral microprobe studies of Al-based metal solid solutions that underwent nuclear disintegration and that were discovered in nature for the first time are presented. Based on the similarity to technical counterparts, it is suggested to recognize the previously unknown alloys as natural duralumin.

Приведены результаты рентгеноструктурных, электронно-микроскопических, рентгеноспектральных микрозондовых исследований впервые выявленных в природе нуклеарно распавшихся металлических твёрдых растворов на основе Al. На основании сходства с техническими аналогами предложено определить не известные ранее сплавы, такие как природный дюралюминий.

First complete mineralogical and geochemical studies were conducted for diamonds and tuffisites-like source rocks identified at the Eniseyskiy Ridge. Studied diamonds are characterized by green color, cubo-octahedral morphology, moderate nitrogen content, and unaggregated nitrogen structural defects. The xenomineral film on the surface of diamond consist of a variety of native metal, carbide, sulfide and sulfate, halosulfide and oxide phases. The main micro-impurities are presented by Ni, Fe, Mn. The individual crystals as well as the diamonds in whole vary significantly in the isotopic composition of carbon. The results confirm the widespread dissemination of the diamonds on the Siberian Platform and their polygenesis.

Îõàðàêòåðèçîâàíà ãåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ áèòóìîïðîÿâëåíèé â äåâîíñêèõ àíäåçèáàçàëüòîâûõ ëàâàõ â Ìèíóñèíñêîì ìåæãîðíîì ïðîãèáå. Îáñóæäàþòñÿ îñîáåííîñòè õèìè÷åñêîãî è ìîëåêóëÿðíîãî ñîñòàâîâ, ðåíòãåíîñòðóêòóðíûõ, ñïåêòðîñêîïè÷åñêèõ, òåðìè÷åñêèõ è èçîòîïíî-ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ïðèðîäíûõ áèòóìîâ. Ñäåëàí âûâîä î âàæíîé ðîëè òâåðäûõ ìèãðàöèîííûõ áèòóìîâ äëÿ ïðîãíîçà ðåãèîíàëüíîé íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Ìèíóñèíñêèé ïðîãèá, êåðèòû, ìèíåðàëîãî-ãåîõèìè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòü

First complete mineralogical and geochemical studies were conducted for diamonds and tuffisites-like source rocks identified at the Eniseyskiy Ridge. Studied diamonds are characterized by green color, cubo-octahedral morphology, moderate nitrogen content, and unaggregated nitrogen structural defects. The xenomineral film on the surface of diamond consist of a variety of native metal, carbide, sulfide and sulfate, halosulfide and oxide phases. The main micro-impurities are presented by Ni, Fe, Mn. The individual crystals as well as the diamonds in whole vary significantly in the isotopic composition of carbon. The results confirm the widespread dissemination of the diamonds on the Siberian Platform and their polygenesis.

The characteristics of formation of the opal mineralization in the host rock within Mutnovskaya volcanic zone were studied. The type of metasomatic rock alteration and its consecutive order were established. The results of study allowed identifying the mineral inclusions in opals, which was linked to the metalliferousness of the Mutnovsky hydrothermal system. Probable mechanism of opals formation within the North Mutnovskaya zone is considered, and its characteristics are compared to those from the opal field Raduzhnoye, Primorye.

The particles of native aluminum that were extracted from ejecta of the 1988 Klyuchevskoi eruption were found to contain numerous inclusions of ultramicrodiamonds of the cuboctahedral habitus. We discuss the results of X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray structural, and spectroscopic studies of minerals that support the previous inference as to electric-shock–stimulated crystallization of diamonds from volcanic gases.

Совокупность геологических, геохронологических, петрографических и минералого-геохимических данных свидетельствует об участии в образовании бразильских алмазоносных конгломератов эндогенного, предположительно мантийного по происхождению, вещества. Не исключено, что алмазоносные породы из формации Сопа-Брумадиньо в Восточной Бразилии являются не вторичными (коллекторами), как это традиционно считается, а первичными источниками алмазов в современных россыпях, поиски которых ведутся здесь уже около 200 лет. Изучение бразильских, уральских и якутских алмазов подтверждает существование в природе единого бразильско-уральского типа округлых алмазов, характерных для особого флюидизатного типа коренных алмазных месторождений. По данным фотогониометрических исследований устанавливается, что кривогранная форма алмазов является результатом длительного мантийного процесса растворения, сочетающегося с механическим истиранием и химическим травлением, происходящими преимущественно в эндогенных условиях. Впервые получены количественные данные о морфологических различиях округлых алмазов в кимберлитовых и некимберлитовых месторождениях. Результаты спектроскопических исследований указывают на принципиальные особенности бразильских алмазов – очень широкие вариации по параметрам ИК-поглощения, преобладание среди алмазов подтипа IаВ1, высокую степень агрегации структурной примеси азота и, в частности повышенную концентрацию плейтелетс, обогащение водородными центрами и центрами систем Н3 и Н4, часто преобладающими над центрами N3, повышенную (1150–1200°С) температуру и значительную длительность мантийного посткристаллизационного отжига. Вариации спектроскопических свойств свидетельствуют о кристаллизации бразильских алмазов в неустойчивой термодинамической обстановке.

The paper considers the mineralogy, petrography pumice tuffs and ignimbrites Mutnovsko-Gorelovskaya group of volcanoes.Carried out mineralogical and petrographic studies have shown that the pumice tuffs were formed as a result of the Gorely volcano, as well as contribute to the evaluation of the degree of volcanic hazards arising during such eruptions.

The paper considers the mineralogy, petrography pumice tuffs and ignimbrites Mutnovsko-Gorelovskaya group of volcanoes. Carried out mineralogical and petrographic studies have shown that the pumice tuffs were formed as a result of the Gorely volcano, as well as contribute to the evaluation of the degree of volcanic hazards arising during such eruptions.

A study of the boron-carbon-nitrogen system was carried out to synthesize new materials and examine phase relations. Crystalline graphite- and diamond-like BCN phases were synthesized by thermobaric treatment of mixtures of boron with carbon nitride or melamine powders. These BCN phases crystallized in the basic lattice of boron nitride with statistically distributed carbon atoms. New structural modifications were discovered by studying the kinetics of phase formation. The hexagonal lattice of a graphite-like phase is transformed by a diffusionless mechanism into a cubic structure at pressures of around 6.5 GPa. A diamond-like BCN phase was synthesized in the form of individual crystals or polycrystalline aggregates. The microstructure of these aggregates is comparable to natural and synthetic carbonado-type diamond. The obtained results argue in favour of the hypothesis that natural carbonados formed in the Earth's mantle.