This article considers the features of the thickness distribution of cold and temperate ice and water in polythermal glaciers on Spitsbergen (Nordenskiöld Land) and Tian Shan (Zailiiskii Alatau) according to the data of ground-based radar measurements at a frequency of 20 MHz, which were performed, respectively, in spring 2010 and 2019, and in summer 2013. According to the delay time and intensity of reflections from the cold-temperate ice interface from the temperate ice layer and from the bed, the thickness and volume of cold and temperate ice are determined, the water content in temperate ice is estimated, and the relationship of these characteristics with the structural features and regime of the glaciers in spring and summer before and after the beginning of melting is shown.

A satellite segment of the flood monitoring and forecasting information system in the Volga River basin (GIS Volga) has been developed at the Federal State Budget Institution «Scientific-research center for space hydrometeorology «Planeta». The satellite segment contains web services of high and medium spatial resolution data of Russian and foreign spacecraft of the Canopus-B series, Meteor M series, Sentinel-1 series, Sentinel-2 series, EOS, SUOMI NPP and NOAA-20 series, as well as satellite information products (relative soil moisture, daily precipitation, snow cover, etc.). User gets quick access in near real-time mode to all types of satellite, ground-based, predictive information in the GIS Volga information system to make timely decisions to reduce the consequences of floods.

The distribution of cold and temperate ice and water in polythermal glaciers significantly affects their dynamics, thermal and hydrological regime. Radar techniques are an effective remote method of their studies that allows one to determine a glacier thickness by the delay time and to estimate the water content in temperate ice and at bedrock by the intensity of reflections from the interface between cold and temperate ice and the glacier bed. In case study of Austre Gronfjordbreen in Spitsbergen and Central Tuyksu glacier in Tien Shan we consider the features of their hydrothermal structure in spring and summer periods using the data of ground-based radio-­echo sounding at frequency of 20 MHz. To estimate the relative water content, we used data from measurements of relative power reflections from the cold-temperate ice interface, at the bedrock, and from the temperate ice body. In these glaciers (Austre Gronfjordbreen and Central Tuyksu), the average thickness of cold and temperate ice is, respectively, 61 ± 6 and 27 ± 2 m, and 39 ± 4 and 20 ± 2 m, the volume of cold ice is 0.466 ± 0.005 km 3 and 0.044 ± 0.002 km 3 , and volume of temperate ice is 0.104 ± 0.001 and 0.034 ± 0.001 km 3 . Warm ice contains 2080 × 10 3 and 680 × 10 3 m 3 of water, respectively, with an average content of 2%. Measurements along the longitudinal profiles of these glaciers showed that in some parts on Austre Gronfjordbreen in the spring period the average intensity of reflections from the cold­temperate ice interface and the bedrock is −0.02 – −26.3 and −6.0 – −11.8 dB, respectively, and at the whole profile this is −13.36 dB. At Central Tuyuksu glacier the spring values are −14.5 – −32.4 and −29.6 dB, respectively. We attribute such differences of glaciers to the different water content in the temperate ice below and above these boundaries, to the specific distribution of the ice facies zones and glacial nourishment, to the different intensity of surface melting in the spring and summer periods, and to the different crevassing and velocity of glaciers.

A method was developed for assessing soil water content W (as basic indicator of water availability), evapotranspiration Ev, and other water and heat regime (WHR) elements of agricultural regions during vegetation season (VS).The base of the method is the physicalmathematical model of land surface-atmosphere water and heat exchange adapted to satellitederived estimates of vegetation and meteorological characteristics (VMC).These estimates used as model parameters and input variables were obtained by thematic processing data from radiometers-scanners AVHRR/NOAA, SEVIRI/Meteosat-10, -11, -8, and MSU-MR/Meteor-M No. 2 in the visible and IR ranges.Soil surface moisture (SSM) estimates used to calculate W were produced from measurements of scatterometer ASCAT/MetOp in the microwave range.The case study were carried out for forest-steppe territory of 2 27 300 km 2 located in the Black Earth Region of European Russia and for arid steppe territory of the Saratov and Volgograd Trans-Volga region of 66 600 km 2 for VS of 2016-2018.The main results of the study are: procedures to assimilate satellite-derived VMC estimates in the model were developed; the possibilities to use ASCAT-derived SSM estimates for calculating W were confirmed; W, Ev and other WHR characteristic estimates were obtained for the named VS as distributions over the area under study.

VEGA-Agrometeorologist" is the information system for comprehensive analysis of agrometeorological monitoring data.It integrates a wide range of data, primarily obtained by remote sensing methods.Various vegetation indices available in the system are particular valuable, as they make it possible to conduct a detailed study of the development of agricultural vegetation on the entire territory of agricultural lands of Russia, taking into account agro-climatic zoning.The high degree of automation of all processes ensures the continuity and homogeneity of all the data series used.

ABSTRACT To study subglacial hydrological condition and its influence on the glacier dynamics, we drilled Johnsons Glacier on Livingston Island in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Subglacial water pressure was recorded in boreholes at two locations over 2 years, accompanied by high-frequency ice-speed measurements during two summer melt seasons. Water pressure showed two different regimes, namely high frequency and large amplitude variations during the melt season (January–April) and small fluctuations near the overburden pressure the rest of the year. Speed-up events were observed several times in each summer measurement period. Ice motion during these events substantially contributed to total glacier motion, for example, fast ice flow over 1 week accounted for ~70% of the total displacement over a 25-day long measurement period. We did not find a clear relationship between subglacial water pressure and ice speed. This was probably because subglacial hydraulic conditions were spatially inhomogeneous and thus our borehole data did not always represent a large-scale subglacial condition. Ice temperature measurements in the boreholes confirmed the existence of a cold ice layer near the glacier surface. Our data provide a basis to better understand the dynamic and hydrological conditions of relatively unstudied glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula region.

Представлены оценки характеристик водного и теплового режимов территории части Цент ральноЧернозёмного региона, преимущественно занятой посевами сельскохозяйственных культур, для сезонов вегетации 2016-2017 гг.Данные оценки были получены с помощью мо дели вертикального влаго и теплообмена поверхности суши с атмосферой LSM (Land Surface Model) при использовании спутниковой информации о состоянии подстилающей поверх ности и метеорологических условиях.Эта информация была представлена данными изме рений радиометров AVHRR (ИСЗ NOAA), МСУМР (ИСЗ «МетеорМ» № 2), SEVIRI (ИСЗ Meteosat10, 11, 8).В число рассчитываемых с помощью модели характеристик входят вла гозапасы почвы, суммарное испарение, вертикальные тепловые потоки, температура подсти лающей поверхности, влажность и температура почвы на разных глубинах.В рамках данного подхода для исследуемой территории были тестированы методики использования в модели оценок метеорологических характеристик (осадков, температуры поверхности растительного покрова и почвы, эффективной температуры подстилающей поверхности) и характеристик растительности (вегетационного индекса NDVI, проективного покрытия растительностью B, листового индекса LAI и др.), построенных по данным новых спутников (Meteosat11, 8).Проведено сравнение с фактическими значениями величин влагосодержания почвы W и сум марного испарения Ev, рассчитанных с помощью модели, в их динамике за сезон вегетации при различных вариантах оценки характеристик растительности и метеорологических харак теристик, построенных по данным измерений всех названных сенсоров.Погрешность оцен ки оказалась в пределах 15 % для W и 25 % для Ev.Показана возможность использования при моделировании оценок влажности поверхности почвы, полученных по данным измерений скаттерометра ASCAT/MetOp в СВЧдиапазоне, для выбора начальных условий при расчётах влагозапасов почвы и для расчёта испарения с поверхности почвы Ev g , являющегося одной из характеристик водного режима территории.Рассчитанные значения Ev g использовались непо средственно при расчёте влагосодержания почвы, а также

Droughts on the territory of Russia and their impact on the crop productivity are briefly described. Drought risk maps and the current and future drought indices are discussed. The Russian drought monitoring system based on the ground information is considered. The possibility of using satellite data for the operational drought monitoring is assessed. The results of the evaluation of the crop state and droughts based on surface and satellite data are given.

Технология спутникового мониторинга агрометеорологических условий проведения полевых работ основана на анализе данных об относительной влажности верхнего слоя почвы, получаемых с активного микроволнового зондировщика ASCAT (ИСЗ MetOp-A,B). Оценка состояния верхнего слоя почвы проводится по градациям. Новый информационный продукт может использоваться в области агрометеорологии, агрономии и страхования.

A number of technologies have been developed in the Planeta Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology to provide the satellite monitoring of sea ice cover and water parameters for the Caspian Sea. These technologies produce maps of sea ice, sea ice drift, tracking of near-surface water fluxes, automated classification of ice and water objects, surface wind, and sea surface temperature. Satellite-based products are used for operational hydrometeorology and climate studies of the Caspian Sea environment. A specialized web service for the preparation and comprehensive analysis of satellite data on hydrometeorological and ice conditions in the Caspian Sea was developed to provide information on ice cover characteristics, surface wind, and sea surface temperature.

Изучены пространственные корреляции станционных данных измерений запасов продуктивной влаги в пахотном и 10-сантиметровом слоях почвы и спутниковых данных об относительной влажности верхнего слоя почвы (ИСЗ MetOp-А и В, скаттерометр ASCAT) по европейской территории России. Для этого в тестовом режиме использовалась версия компьютерной технологии, при помощи которой осуществлялся контроль станционных данных, а затем выполнялся объективный анализ.

We present a first version of the Svalbard ice-free topography (SVIFT1.0) using a mass conserving approach for mapping glacier ice thickness. SVIFT1.0 is informed by more than 1 million point measurements, totalling more than 8,700 km of thickness profiles. SVIFT1.0 is publicly available and represents the geometric state around the year 2010. Our estimate for the total ice volume is 6,199 km(3), equivalent to 1.5-cm sea level rise. The thickness map suggests that 13% of the glacierized area is grounded below sea level. A complementary map of error estimates comprises uncertainties in the thickness surveys as well as in other input variables. Aggregated error estimates are used to define a likely ice-volume range of 5,200-7,300 km(3). The ice front thickness of marine-terminating glaciers is a key quantity for ice loss attribution because it controls the potential ice discharge by iceberg calving into the ocean. We find a mean ice front thickness of 135 m for the archipelago (likely range 123-158 m). Plain Language Summary Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic, north of Norway, which is comparable in size to the New York metropolitan area. Roughly half of it is covered by glacier ice. Yet to this day, the ice volume stored in the many glaciers on Svalbard is not well known. Many attempts have been made to infer a total volume estimate, but results differ substantially. This surprises because of the long research activity in this area. A large record of more than 1 million thickness measurements exists, making Svalbard an ideal study area for the application of a state-of-the-art mapping approach for glacier ice thickness. The mapping approach computes an ice volume that will raise global sea level by more than half an inch if instantaneously melted. If spread over the metropolitan area, New York would be buried beneath a 100-m ice cover. The asset of this approach is that it provides not only a thickness map for each glacier on the archipelago but also an error map that defines the likely local thickness range. Finally, we provide the first well-informed estimate of the ice front thickness of all marine-terminating glaciers that loose icebergs to the ocean. The archipelago-wide mean ice front cliff is 135 m.

The following data was used: the archives of measurements of available water capacity carried out at Roshydromet network of stations and satellite measurements of relative humidity of the upper soil layer from ASCAT data (from the MetOp satellites). The statistical structure of the field of available water capacity in the upper 10- and 20-cm soil layers is assessed. The correlations between the Earth remote sensing data and data from agrometeorological stations are revealed. The procedure of automatic data checking from ground-based observations is developed. The algorithm is suggested for statistically optimal conversion of the Earth remote sensing data to the estimate of moisture content in the upper soil layer.

Представлены результаты использования оценок характеристик растительности и метео-