Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) present notable advantages, including simple fabrication, low cost, and scalability. However, the three-dimensional interpenetrating network of the triple-layer mesoscopic structure complicates the crystallization of perovskite and tends to introduce more defects. In this work, the multifunctional dicarboxylic acid molecule 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was incorporated to regulate the crystallization process of perovskite within the triple-layer mesoscopic structure. The symmetrically arranged carboxyl groups in FDCA serve as Lewis bases, passivating undercoordinated Pb2+ and thereby effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination. Meanwhile, FDCA formed strong interactions with the perovskite, effectively moderating its rapid crystallization and thereby promoting the dense filling and high-quality growth of the perovskite film in the triple-layer mesoscopic structure. Benefiting from the above synergistic effects of FDCA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of FDCA-modified p-MPSCs increased significantly from 18.17% to 19.61%. Furthermore, unencapsulated FDCA-modified devices retained over 90% of their initial PCE after being stored for 100 days in ambient air (25 ± 5 °C, 40 ± 5% RH), demonstrating excellent long-term stability.

Solid-state sodium batteries (SSSBs) have been highly prized as a promising alternative to conventional battery systems using organic liquid electrolytes due to their improved safety, higher energy density, and substantial resources and low cost of sodium. Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) solid electrolyte is attracting considerable interest owing to its excellent thermal and chemical stability and favorable compatibility with Na metal anode and high-voltage cathode. However, two main challenges of poor room-temperature ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance limit the application of NZSP electrolyte in SSSBs. So far, intensive efforts have been devoted to developing modification strategies to improve the room-temperature ionic conductivity of NZSP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and discussion of some optimization strategies for enhancing the room-temperature ionic conductivity of the NZSP solid electrolyte. These optimization strategies are categorized into foreign-ion doping or substitution, sintering behavior modulation, and regulation of chemical composition based on precursors, and their optimization mechanisms are also elaborated. Finally, the prospects of NZSP-based solid electrolytes are presented. This review is expected to offer better guidance for designing and developing high-performance NZSP-based solid electrolytes for accelerating the practical application of SSSBs.

For matching formulation of Ba0.8-xCaxSr0.2CuSi2O6 (BSCS-Cax) (x = 0-0.1) ceramics with low-temperature co-fired ceramic materials, in this study, BSCS-Cax ceramics were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method, Further, the sintering temperature was reduced to 925 degrees C by adding a small amount of LBSCA glass (0.4 wt%) and BSCS-Cax+0.4 wt% LBSCA (BSCS-Cax-L) ceramics were obtained. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the BSCS-Cax-L ceramics consisted of three phases. The incorporation of Ca2+ ions did not introduce any new phases. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the doping of Ca2+ promoted the grain growth of BSCS-Cax-L ceramics. Raman spectra were used to investigate the lattice vibrations and crystal structure properties. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy point scans of ceramic samples co-fired with Ag showed that the BSCS-Cax-L ceramics did not react with Ag, and thus ceramics were chemically compatible with Ag. The best microwave dielectric properties of BSCS-Cax-L ceramics, including r pound = 7.84, Q x f = 42,500 GHz, and of =-16 ppm center dot degrees C-1, were obtained at an optimized value of x = 0.02.

In this article, we have designed an optimized ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) device structure that inserts 3-nm Al2O3 between Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) films. The Al2O3 interlayer can block the longitudinal growth of HZO grains and increase the number of ferroelectric domains. Therefore, the FTJ devices with Al2O3 interlayer demonstrate amazing multilevel states (256) and ultralow computational power consumption (76.1 pW/bit). In addition, the proposed FTJ device shows high linearity (alpha(p) = - 1.262), wide modulation capability, and good reproducibility. The results indicate that the device has high potential in energy-efficient brain-like computing application.

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Infrared spectroscopy currently requires the use of bulky, expensive, and/or fragile spectrometers. For gas sensing, environmental monitoring, or other applications, an inexpensive, compact, robust on-chip spectrometer is needed. One way to achieve this is through gradient permittivity materials, in which the material permittivity changes as a function of position in the plane. Here, synthesis of infrared gradient permittivity materials is demonstrated using shadow mask molecular beam epitaxy. The permittivity of the material changes as a function of position in the lateral direction, confining varying wavelengths of infrared light at varying horizontal locations. An electric field enhancement corresponding to wavenumbers ranging from approximate to 650 to 900 cm-1 over an in-plane width of approximate to 13 mu m on the flat mesa of the sample is shown. An electric field enhancement corresponding to wavenumbers ranging from approximate to 900 to 1250 cm-1 over an in-plane width of approximate to 13 mu m on the slope of the sample is also shown. These two different regions of electric field enhancement develop on two opposite sides of the material. This demonstration of a scalable method of creating in-plane gradient permittivity material can be leveraged for the creation of a variety of miniature infrared devices, such as an ultracompact spectrometer. In-plane gradient permittivity materials are materials whose permittivity changes as a function of lateral position; these materials could be used as components in an ultracompact spectrometer. An in-plane infrared gradient permittivity material based on silicon-doped InAs is synthesized using shadow mask molecular beam epitaxy. image

The escalating impacts of human activities on the ecological environment underscore the significance of valuing ecological resources within the paradigm of sustainable development. In this context, the ecological service value (ESV) of the Danjiangkou watershed (Hubei section) was assessed using a revised equivalent factor evaluation method. Additionally, the study determined the human activity intensity (HAI) and employed GeoDetector to delineate the spatial heterogeneity of ESV, thereby investigating the underlying causes. Results show that vegetation coverage attains a high level of 94%, with a minor 1.37% land use change between 2016 and 2020. Secondly, ESV exhibited a substantial variation, rising from 75.55 billion to 79.81 billion yuan, a growth rate of 5.64%. Lastly, the explanatory degree for the synergistic interplay of HAI and expenditure on the spatial variation of ESV surpassed 30%, and the average sensitivity coefficient of up to 0.82 further indicated the apparent impacts of land use and human interference activities on ESV. The study makes an excellent effort to clarify the complex coupling relationships between different land use types and ESV, which could serve as an example and model for other studies in the field.

BackgroundThe developments in cosmetic sciences and technologies have generated a gap between the cosmetics and their users. Users including regular customers, clinicians, industry personnel, researchers, testing agencies, beauty salon workers, and mass media hardly possess the ability to distinguish truth from falsehood. The gap remained as one major reason for inappropriate cosmetics usage, insufficient efficacy, and even cosmetics adverse reactions (CARs).MethodsAiming at enhancing the relevant practitioners’ cosmetic and dermatologic sciences, we launched a cosmetic and dermatologic sciences continuing medical education (CME) since 2008. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the CME. We summarized and analyzed the project for the last 15 years. Meanwhile, an online survey consisted of three parts was performed to evaluate the CME and to collect the trainees’ comments.ResultsA total of 3,923 trainees have participated in the CME project from 2008 to 2022. The trainees included clinicians, industry staffs, biomedical researchers, third-party cosmetics testing staffs, beauty salon staffs, students, and media staffs. The trainees had theory courses on cosmetic and dermatologic sciences, cosmetics DIY practice & video watching, and an optional guided tour during the 4.5-day CME. Eight hundred and twenty-three trainees and 586 control subjects responded to the online survey. The comprehensive test in the second part of the survey demonstrated that compared with the control group, the CME project significantly enhanced the trainees’ perception and knowledge regarding the cosmetics formula sciences, basic dermatologic sciences, cosmetics usage, noninvasive measurements, new advances, CARs, and laws (p = 0.000). Trainees of all occupations ranked “basic dermatologic sciences and skin diseases” as the most significant sections. Trainees of all occupations believed the CME has contributed most in “understand the function & efficacy of cosmetics.” We noticed the occupational variances. Over 97% of trainees were willing to recommend the CME to the others.ConclusionThe CME project significantly enhanced the trainees’ cosmetic and dermatologic sciences, which bridged the gap between cosmetics and public skin health. This multidisciplinary CME also contributed to establishing an interdisciplinary interaction and cooperation platform for the multiple occupations involved in the public skin health maintenance and promotion.

This paper applies machine learning technology to the Satir theory model and intelligently classifies the communication stances of the second layer according to the language and behaviour information of the first layer. We arranged a large number of dialogical language materials from a TV interview programme and used the ICTCLAS Chinese word segmentation system to create a ‘psychological consultation database’. We construct the word training set by part of making use of speech filtering and text word vectorisation, and construct the semantic training set by annotating the original data with the Satir model. These two sets form the Satir communication posture classification training set. Experimental results show that the success rate of classification of four inconsistent coping stances reached 70.37%, 75.92%, 83.33%, and 77.78%.

Tetrandrine (TET) has been used to treat silicosis in China for decades. The aim of this study was to facilitate rational repurposing of TET against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we confirmed that TET exhibited antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2 in the African green monkey kidney (Vero E6), human hepatocarcinoma (Huh7), and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (Calu-3) cell lines. TET functioned during the early-entry stage of SARS-CoV-2 and impeded intracellular trafficking of the virus from early endosomes to endolysosomes. An in vivo study that used adenovirus (AdV) 5-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-transduced mice showed that although TET did not reduce pulmonary viral load, it significantly alleviated pathological damage in SARS-CoV-2-infected murine lungs. The systemic preclinical pharmacokinetics were investigated based on in vivo and in vitro models, and the route-dependent biodistribution of TET was explored. TET had a large volume of distribution, which contributed to its high tissue accumulation. Inhaled administration helped TET target the lung and reduced its exposure to other tissues, which mitigated its off-target toxicity. Based on the available human pharmacokinetic data, it appeared feasible to achieve an unbound TET 90% maximal effective concentration (EC90) in human lungs. This study provides insights into the route-dependent pulmonary biodistribution of TET associated with its efficacy.

We demonstrate an ultra-stable wideband signal dissemination scheme suitable for distributed systems. By inserting a 26 GHz probe signal whose round-trip delay variation is precisely measured with double optical mixing, the link length variation has been accurately detected. Assisted with a well-designed homodyne phase locked loop, the probe has time stability on the order of femtosecond for hours and fractional frequency stability of 8.3 × 10 −18 at 1000 s averaging time. Experimentally, a tunable single-frequency signal ranging from 8 GHz to 12 GHz is disseminated from a local end to 2 remote ends via 20 km fiber links. The root-mean-square delay jitters are between 10 to 20 femtoseconds within an hour, indicating exceptional stability. Additionally, an X-band 500 Mbps quadrature phase shift keying signal is also tested as a true wideband signal. The relative delay jitter is 1.88 picoseconds, which is close to the measurement noise floor. The proposed wideband signal dissemination scheme is highly desirable for distributed systems that require high stability and strict coherence.

Photonic integrated circuits based on Lithium Niobate have demonstrated the vast capabilities afforded by material with a high Pockels coefficient, allowing linear and high-speed modulators operating at CMOS voltage levels for applications ranging from data-center communications and photonic accelerators for AI. However despite major progress, the industrial adoption of this technology is compounded by the high cost per wafer. Here we overcome this challenge and demonstrate a photonic platform that satisfies the dichotomy of allowing scalable manufacturing at low cost, while at the same time exhibiting equal, and superior properties to those of Lithium Niobate. We demonstrate that it is possible to manufacture low loss photonic integrated circuits using Lithium Tantalate, a material that is already commercially adopted for acoustic filters in 5G and 6G. We show that LiTaO3 posses equally attractive optical properties and can be etched with high precision and negligible residues using DUV lithography, diamond like carbon (DLC) as a hard mask and alkaline wet etching. Using this approach we demonstrate microresonators with an intrinsic cavity linewidth of 26.8 MHz, corresponding to a linear loss of 5.6 dB/m and demonstrate a Mach Zehnder modulator with Vpi L = 4.2 V cm half-wave voltage length product. In comparison to Lithium Niobate, the photonic integrated circuits based on LiTaO3 exhibit a much lower birefringence, allowing high-density circuits and broadband operation over all telecommunication bands (O to L band), exhibit higher photorefractive damage threshold, and lower microwave loss tangent. Moreover, we show that the platform supports generation of soliton microcombs in X-Cut LiTaO3 racetrack microresonator with electronically detectable repetition rate, i.e. 30.1 GHz.

In order to control the accumulated two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) of high density in hydrogen-terminated diamond (H-diamond) metal oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), the high -k stacked gate dielectric is extensively explored. However, the stacked gate dielectric introduces additional remote Coulomb scattering (RCS) and remote interface roughness scattering (RIRS) to 2DHG, which result from the fixed charges in the stacked gate dielectric and the rough interface between stacked gate dielectrics. Therefore, we model the RCS and RIRS in H-diamond MOSFETs with high -k stacked gate dielectrics for the first time and investigate their dependences on structural and physical parameters of the devices. Our research may provide some instructions on the understanding of the carrier transport properties in H-diamond MOSFETs.

Cu/Sn58Bi/Cu and Cu/Sn58Bi-0.05AlN/Cu were prepared by transient liquid-phase bonding (TLP) bonding process for low temperature bonding and high temperature service. The evolution of interfacial IMC and the influence mechanism of AlN on TLP solder joints were studied. During the bonding process, the top and bottom IMCs show asymmetric growth. With the increase of bonding time, Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn in the two solder joints continue to grow, and finally complete IMC morphology can be formed, of which Cu6Sn5 IMC is more and Cu3Sn IMC is less. In addition, by calculating the growth rate of Cu3Sn IMC, it was found that the growth rate of Cu3Sn IMC at both ends of the three-dimensional solder joint containing AlN is suppressed.

CuAlO2 thin films were prepared on 4H-SiC and sapphire substrates by sol-gel method and subsequent annealing process. The influence of annealing temperature from 800 degrees C to 1100 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere on crystal structure, surface morphology and optical properties of CuAlO2 films was systematically elaborated to understand the annealing behavior and promote the development of p-CuAlO2/n-4H-SiC heterojunction. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy results show that at 1000 degrees C annealing temperature CuAlO2 is relatively pure and has a high degree of crystallization. In addition, the AFM results indicated that the annealing temperature has a significant indigenous effect on the surface roughness of the film. The transmittance results demonstrated that when the annealing temperature is high (above 1000 degrees C), the film has higher transmittance (70 %) in the visible region. Overall, the results show that an appropriate annealing temperature is beneficial to obtain high-quality CuAlO2 films on SiC substrate.

MgF2 crystal windows for the weakness part of the optical system have obtained much attention due to the rapid development of photolithography and low-temperature silicon annealing.Investigating the mechanism of laser-induced damage on MgF2 windows is much more important to push forward its optical applications,which has a few advantages,including lower light transmission,refractive index and higher hardness than CaF2 crystals.In this work,the damage morphology induced by the 193 nm excimer laser under a threshold energy of 2.8 J/cm2 shows obvious cracks and craters,which were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).As the number and energy of laser pulses increase,damage to the rear surface increases exponentially.Interestingly,the rear surface of the window material was much more severely damaged than the front surface.Here,the electric field distribution of window material under 193 nm excimer laser irradiation was proposed to illustrate the damage physical mechanism,which is calculated by the 3D finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method.In conclusion,the electric field intensity of the rear surface is stronger than that of the front surface due to defects in the window materials.Therefore,the improvement of optical crystal quality and optical geometry for the high power laser system could be considered to solve the damage problems for the application of MgF2 optical windows.

Due to lower thermal conductivity of beta-Ga2O3, gallium oxide power device based on high thermal conductivity substrates has received extensive attention. As a high thermal conductivity semiconductor material, 4H-SiC is suitable as a substrate to combine with beta-Ga2O3 due to its small lattice mismatches. Herein, first principle is utilized to analyze the interfacial geometry structures, formation energy, interface binding energy and the electronic properties of the bonding mechanism at different beta-Ga2O3 (10 0)/4H-SiC (0001) interfacial models. The interface formation energy and interface binding energy of beta-Ga2O3 (10 0)/4H-SiC (0001) heterointerfaces are studied by using first principles. The results show that six different beta-Ga2O3 (10 0)/4H-SiC (0001) hetero-structures can be stable. Among the six interface models, Si-O interface possesses the smallest values of interface formation energy and interface binding energy after geometry relaxation, indicating highest thermodynamic stability. The differential charge density, bader charge, electron local function and partial density of states (PDOS) of beta-Ga2O3 (10 0)/4H-SiC (0001) interface models are comprehensively investigated to understand the interfacial bonding strength and stability. It is shown that electrons are mainly transferred from the 4H-SiC side to the beta-Ga2O3 side. Compared to other interface models, Si-O models, Si-GaO models can form strong Si-O chemical bond at the interface, while the interaction between the C-O models and C-GaO models forms a C-O bond with covalent bond properties.

Highly contagious respiratory illnesses like influenza and COVID-19 pose serious risks to public health. A two-in-one vaccine would be ideal to avoid multiple vaccinations for these diseases. Here, we generated a chimeric receptor binding domain of the spike protein (S-RBD) and hemagglutinin (HA)-stalk-based vaccine for both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. The S-RBD from SARS-CoV-2 Delta was fused to the headless HA from H1N1 (H1Delta), creating a chimera that forms trimers in solution. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the chimeric protein complexed with the RBD-targeting CB6 and the HA-stalk-targeting CR9114 antibodies shows that the trimeric protein is stable and accessible for neutralizing antibody binding. Immunization with the vaccine elicited high and long-lasting neutralizing antibodies and effectively protected mice against the challenges of lethal H1N1 or heterosubtypic H5N8, as well as the SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron BA.2 variants. Overall, this study offers a two-in-one universal vaccine design to combat infections caused by both SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and influenza viruses.

Currently, developing responsive hydrophobic drug delivery systems centered on magnetic nanoparticles is a promising approach for the efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs to living cells. Here, an efficacious designed strategy was proposed to construct pH-responsive nanoplatform for targeted hydrophobic drug delivery based on the formation of surface-anchored targeting molecules on the surface of Fe3O4 @C via single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) method. First, we prepared polymer-modified Fe3O4 @C using 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (VB) and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) as polymerized monomers and confirmed that Fe3O4 @C-VB-PEGMA had high biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Next, we prepared curcumin-containing Fe3O4 @C-VB-PEGMA-Cur nanoplatform with an encapsulation efficiency for Cur as high as 67.7%. Furthermore, the nanoplatform not only displayed pH-responsive release behaviors of Cur under different pH values (pH=7.2, 6.5, 5.4), but also can be effectively targeted into HepG2 cells. More importantly, the nanoplatform also exhibited effectively inhibiting the growth of HepG2 cells and continuously intracellular imaging by the targeted releasing of loaded Cur. It is envisaged that these findings are a step forward in the construction of pH-responsive platform as a tool for clinical hydrophobic drug delivery.

•The β-Ga2O3 (100)/4H-SiC (0001) models with six configurations were investigated.•The interface with Si-O configuration has the highest thermodynamic stability.•Si-O interface model has the best bonding strength.•Strong Si-O chemical bond will be formed at the Si-O interface.