湖北省是长江流域油菜集中产区之一.近年,在一系列产业发展重大政策支持下,湖北省持续高质量推进油菜生产全程机械化.2022年中央一号文件明确指出"在长江流域开发冬闲田扩种油菜""重点支持油菜籽收获等农机".但湖北省油菜机械化生产工作中仍存在机械化各环节及各种植区域应用程度发展不平衡、不同耕地类型机型机具需求多样化、适应机械化收获的油菜品种储备不足等问题堵点.探索发挥油菜农艺农机农信融合优势,破解油菜籽机收制约短板,提升油菜农机装备研发应用水平,是落实油菜"多种一亩是一亩,多收一斤是一斤"供给保障的主要努力方向之一.

油菜是湖北最具优势的大宗农作物之一,是促进粮油兼丰的最佳养地作物.种植成本偏高、综合比较效益偏低是制约当前油菜产业发展的突出短板[1-2].近年来,一些学者在油菜直播密植、药剂拌种、专用肥研发与应用、稻茬免耕、绿色防控等方面开展了相关研究[2-6],并取得明显效果.在此基础上,通过集成组装“种、肥、药、机”新产品新技术新装备,构建了油菜高质高效生产技术体系,探索出油菜绿色高质高效技术“345”模式[7].这一新模式,在湖北及长江流域示范推广面积逐年扩大,成效显著.

湖北位于长江流域油菜生产最优生态区,是重要的商品菜籽生产基地,具备显著的区位、规模和科技优势[1].2015年以来,湖北主动适应现代油菜产业发展要求,树立绿色高效生产目标,组装集成“适期播种、直播密植、种肥同播、绿色防控、机械收获”等技术和高活力品种、油菜专用缓控释肥、有机矿物质新美洲星及中轩2BFDN-9型油菜联合直播机等新产品新装备,提出油菜绿色高效技术“345”模式.该模式可将油菜亩均生产成本控制在300元左右、产量提高到200 kg(400斤)、效益达到500元,全面提高了油菜绿色高效生产综合效益[2].2017～2019年连续3年被列为湖北省农业主推技术,年推广应用面积340万亩左右.

To establish a reasonable cultivation and management mode matching canola production, three cultivation modes in-cluding farmers practice cultivation (FP), super high cultivation (SH) and high yield and high efficiency cultivation (HH) were adopted with middle-mature winter canola Huashuang 5 in single cropping rice region (Zhijiang) and early-mature winter canola Huazao 291 in double-rice cropping region (Wuxue) of Hubei province at high and low soil fertility levels. Biomass accumulation, radiation use efficiency (RUE), yield and lodging related indices were investigated and analyzed. The light inception rate (LIR) and RUE under SH and HH were higher than those under FP during whole growth period. The deceleration rate of LIR at the end of growth stage was least under HH as the rate of bolting nitrogen increased, which was benefit for biomass accumulation. The harvest index and yield of SH and HH were significantly higher than those of FP. Although HH had higher yield than SH, the dif-ference was not significant. The lodging index of HH was lower than that of SH which indicated that HH had higher lodging re-sistance. All these revealed that HH could achieve high yield and high lodging resistance with lower nitrogen cost compared with SH. It is concluded that the HH cultivation model can promote the mechanical harvesting efficiency by increasing lodging resis-tance and reducing nitrogen cost due to higher plant density. Therefore, HH should be encouraged to extend in the Yangtze River Valley in the future for increasing mechanical canola productivity.

To explore the green cultivation measures to increase yield and efficiency of late sowing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.),early maturing rapeseed,high plant density and low nitrogen,sustained controlled release fertilizers and biological technolo-gy were integrated via field testing. The results showed that the seed yield of early maturing rapeseed Shengguang 127 was 1814.3 to 2777.4 kg/hm2 when sowing date was during 22th to 30th in October,density was 600000 to 1050000 plants/hm2, and nitrogen rate was 120 to 240 kg/hm2. Increasing the plant density appropriately could decrease the nitrogen application, and alleviate the yield loss due to late sowing. Pre-treated seed,sustained controlled release fertilizers,moderately chemical control on weed growth and leaf fertilizer could promote the development of late sown rapeseed,shorten the growth period to 190 d,which could meet the requirements of rapeseed-rice-rice cropping system in Hubei province. When the sowing date was during 22th to 30th in October,the average yield was 2278.9 kg/hm2,yield increased by 178.9 kg/hm2 compared with yield of 2100 kg/hm2 in Hubei, and benefit increased by 715.6 CNY/hm2 as the seed price of 4.0 CNY.

1.技术要点<br>　　（1）品种选择。按照湖北省农业厅公布的油菜主推品种，根据当地实际，选择品质优、抗逆性强、生育期适中、种子质量好、产量高的双低油菜品种。三熟制地区适宜应用生育期早、耐迟播的双低油菜品种。

Plant patterns of interplanting potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) and rapeseed(Brassica campestris L.) were optimized by testing the yield of potato and rapeseed.Results showed that under the conditions of normal sowing of rapeseed(Sowing seed on the 10th of Sept,and transplanting seedlings on the 10th of Oct,or direct seeding on the 25th of Sept),interplanting of rapeseed and potato had no obvious effect on the yield of potato and rapeseed(compared to CK in which rapeseed was plant alone).Under the same planting pattern with the same sowing time,the yield of rapeseed with different planting density differed significantly.The yield of interplanting pattern in which seeds were sown on the 10th of Sept,and transplanting on the 10th of Oct,or interplanting on the 25th of Sept was the highest.Transplanting rapeseed or direct seeding rapeseed at suitable sowing time could both obtain high yield with suitable planting density.Considering yield and economic efficiency,interplanting of direct-seeding rapeseed on the 25th of Sept at the density of 225 000 ind./ hm2 could balance the yield of potato and rapeseed and economic efficiency level.

Straw return to field can improve soil fertility,balance crop nutrition,reduce chemical fertilization,adjust soil temperature and humidity,enhance crop resistance to disaster and keep yield stable.As a result,it plays an important role in increasing crop yield and farmers' income but decreasing environmental pollution.China has relatively abundant straw resource,with annual production about 0.79 billion tons.However at present,most of the straw is burnt,and hardly returned to the field.This causes big waste of resource and serious environmental pollution.Therefore,how to utilize the straw resource effectively and improve the agriculture sustainability becomes more and more important recently.This article summarized the types,application,development,and effect mechanism of straw return technology,so as to provide a reference to the research and extension of straw return technology.

To investigate the effects of various nitrogen applications adapted to direct-seeding rapeseed on agronomic performances and grain yields in no-tillage rice stubble field, we used the rapeseed cultivar Huaza 9 in plot experiments under the no-tillage direct-seeding and transplanting cultivations during 2006-2010.It was observed that a top-dressing applied during the duration of stem extension increased grain yield under various base manure application rates.When two top-dressing were used during the growth of the rapeseed plants, effects of fertilizer applications on yield formation depended on application date and amount of base manure.When base manure application rate was 112.5 kg N ha -1 , the high grain yields were obtained with the top-dressing applied for the stem extension and flowering, respectively.However, in the condition that the base manure application rate was 202.5 kg N ha -1 , the high grain yields were gained when the mid-December fertilizer and stem-extension fertilizer were applied.On the other hand, when the base manure and top-dressing fertilizers were setting at the ratio of 5:5, the high grain yields were observed for both direct-seeding and transplanting rapeseeds, independent of the amount of nitrogen application.The results also showed that the mentioned four modes for nitrogen application significantly decreased the amount of N-fertilizer and increased the grain yields under both no-tillage direct-seeding and transplanting cultivations.

稻茬油菜免耕直播技术可减少用工,降低冬闲田面积,但其产量常低于翻耕栽培模式.为探讨免耕直播油菜产量制约因素,本研究在盆栽试验条件下测定各品系苗期根冠比、抗旱性、耐渍性及氮肥利用率等生理指标,在大田试验条件下测定15个油菜品系免耕产量损失率,并比较苗期各生理指标与免耕产量损失率的关系.结果表明:(1)同一油菜品系成熟期性状表现、产量及其构成因素在不同栽培模式下的差异因品系而异;(2)与翻耕比,免耕栽培时地上部干重、经济系数或千粒重降幅小的品系产量损失率也小;(3)稻茬免耕直播油菜产量损失率与油菜苗期根冠比、抗旱性及耐渍性显著负相关,与苗期氮肥利用率显著正相关;(4)栽培管理上应选用苗期根冠比大,抗旱性、耐渍性强及苗期牛长稳健的品种,抗旱防渍,平衡施肥可提高稻茬免耕直播油菜的生产效率.

The rapeseed undersowing rice cultivation model is effective for double cropping rice in winter fallow field in southern area of China.The symbiosis time of rice and rapeseed as well as seeding amount are key factors to affect the yield of rapeseed undersowing rice.To explore the growth and yield affected by different symbiosis times and various seeding amounts, we designed a split-plot experiment with two factors.The results showed that: (1) the rapeseed density decreased with the delay of growth period, and the rapeseed undersowing rice was favorable for improving the density at the seedling stage, but the density at the other growth stages decreased with extension of symbiosis; (2) symbiosis time and seeding amount had a significant effect on rapeseed density at each growth period, moreover, there was significant positive interaction effect at emergence stage, the density at maturity period in two experiment at locations reached the maximum when symbiosis time was 10 days and the seeding at 9.0 kg ha -1 ; (3) the symbiosis time and seeding amount influenced the growth and development at each period, leaf area index increased when symbiosis time delayed, which led to weak and thin seedlings, therefore, resulting in the changes of yield component, yield per plant as well as plot yield.In conclusion, the rapeseed undersowing rice cultivation model can significantly increase the rapeseed yield, and suggest a favorable condition of 10 days symbiosis and seeding at 9.0 kg ha -1 for getting higher yield.

In the Yangtze River basin, winter fallow is popular for the double cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, the possibility of adding a rapeseed cropping season after late rice harvest in this area was studied with the purpose of extending direct-seeding rapeseed under no-tillage cultivation pattern. In a 2-year field experiment from 2008 to 2010, the rapeseed cultivar Huashuang 5 (Brassica napus L. cv. Huashuang 5) were planted in 3 locations in Hubei Province of China after harvesting late rice. At both individual and population levels, the effects of plant density and nitrogen (N) application rate on rapeseed growth and yield formation were measured at seedling, budding, flowering, podding, and maturity stages. The cultivation pattern of no-tillage and direct-seeding after late rice harvest shortened the growth duration of rapeseed, especially at seedling stage, but prolonged the late budding stage in spring. The biomass accumulation from emergence to early budding was deficient severely, resulting in quick growth from budding to flowering of rapeseed. Application of N fertilizer had significant effects on enhancing the growth and yield formation of rapeseed through improving the individual and population qualities. Under the N rate of 270 kg ha−1 condition, the highest yield of rapeseed was approximately 2250 kg ha−1 at the density of 4.5 × 105 plants or 6.0 × 105 plants per hectare. The yield level was higher than that of average local rapeseed production. In the practice of no-tillage and direct seeding cultivation technique in the double rice cropping rice area, both nitrogen application rate and planting density should be considered simultaneously to obtain high quality of plant population and high yield of rapeseed.

In agricultural production,there are two ways to increase crop yield,one by expansion of area and the other by increasing the yield of unit area.In Chinese,there are too many people and too little land,so only the second way was available.In the vast northern region,the energy resource is more for one crop,but not enough for two crops in one year.And in most southern region,the energy resource is more for two crops,but not enough for three crops in one year.If we adopt reasonable relay cropping,we can take advantage of the local light,heat and land resources.Therefore,relay cropping is an effective way to increase the yield of unit area.The concept of relay cropping and common relay cropping models was summarized,and the significance and mechanism of increasing yield was analyzed.

Based on the experience of agricultural technology extension for several years,author summarized the technique essentials of direct seeding rapeseed cultivation in no-tillage paddy rice field,such as the arrangement of previous crops, the selection of variety,suitable sowing date,chemical weeding,the application of fertilizer,the management of field,pest control and timely harvesting.

澳大利亚油菜生产历史较短,但国家对油菜生产比较重视,有关发展油菜生产的措施比较得法.因此,在不太长的时期内,油菜生产和加工业取得了长足的发展.