Plant cell cultures are widely used in the global pharmaceutical industry as raw materials for the production of biologically active compounds. The development of this area of biotechnology is facilitated by certain advantages, including independence from seasonal conditions, diseases and their carriers, and the ability to obtain the required quantity of the required product with standard quality characteristics. Another advantage of the method is the possibility of obtaining, due to the peculiarities of the biology of cell cultures, new compounds, the biosynthesis of which does not occur in an intact plant. A review of the results of studies of secondary metabolites isolated from the cell culture of Scorzonera hispanica L., strain SFR-SH1, a source of biomass with biological activity, is presented. The history of the studied strain is briefly presented. Schemes for the isolation and purification of secondary metabolites are described. The main secondary metabolites found in cells are conventionally divided into three groups. The first includes compounds characteristic of most plants: beta-sitosterol and its glucoside, caffeic acid methyl ester, oleanoic acid. The second group includes compounds that are relatively rarely found in plant objects: syringaresinol monoglucoside. The third group includes two compounds that were first isolated from natural objects: the sesquiterpene glucoside, scorzoside, and the neolignan scorzonoside. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with the data currently available in the scientific literature on the chemical composition of native plants of S. hispanica and some other representatives of the genus Scorzonera was carried out. Of the chemical compounds discovered in cultured cells, syringaresinol monoglycoside, a substance with high biological activity, is of greatest practical interest. Changes for an unknown reason in the physicochemical characteristics of this compound during long-term cultivation are described.

Plant cell cultures are widely used in the world pharmaceutical industry as a raw material for the production of biologically active compounds. Their certain advantages, such as independence from seasonal conditions, diseases and their transmitter, contribute to the development of this area of biotechnology. In addition, it is possible to obtain the required quantity of the desired product with standard quality characteristics. Since the biosynthesis of new compounds does not occur in the intact plant, another advantage of this method arises. It consists in obtaining new substances due to the peculiarities of cell culture biology. The conducted review represents secondary metabolites isolated from the cell culture of Scorzonera hispanica L., strain SFR-SH1, possessing biological activity. In addition, the history of developing the selected strain and schemes for isolation and purification of secondary metabolites are demonstrated. For a clearer discussion, the main secondary metabolites found in cells are broadly divided into three groups. The first group includes compounds typical of most plants: β-sitosterol and its glucoside, caffeic acid methyl ester and oleanic acid. The second group contains syringaresinol monoglucoside, which is relatively rare in plant objects. The third group includes two compounds isolated from natural objects for the first time: sesquiterpene glucoside, scorzoside and neolignan scorzonoside. The results obtained were compared with the available literature data on the chemical composition of native plants of S. hispanica and other Scorzonera genera species. Due to its high biological activity, Syringaresinol monoglycoside attracts more attention than other compounds detected in cultured cells. Long-term cultivation of Monoglycoside leads to an alteration in the physicochemical characteristics of this compound for an unknown reason.

The presence of diethyl-, dibutyl-, and 2-ethylhexyl phthalates in spontaneous animal tumors was determined for the first time. Small-cell breast cancer of the dog and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma with the cells are particularly rich of these compounds. It is assumed that the level of phthalates in these cells is due to the activity of expression of nuclear receptors for estrogens and progesterone, as well as the peculiarities of the metabolism of xenobiotics. The accumulation of these compounds in tumor cells can increase their malignancy. The data obtained can be used for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies.

The environment is polluted with ortho-phthalic acid esters (phthalates). There is a steady and generally accepted opinion that the reason for this is human production activities. The global annual production of phthalic esters is estimated at 4.9 million tons. It is believed that part of this amount enters into the environment as a harmful industrial pollutant and has an adverse effect on the health of the human population. However, from a large number of publications it is clear that phthalates, as natural metabolites, are also produced in living nature: bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and other organisms. Dibutyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate are the main ingredients among natural phthalic acid metabolites. The green cover of the planet simultaneously contains these substances many times more than their annual industrial production. The unicellate inhabitants of the oceans, soils, and other planetary spaces make a big contribution to the phthalates entering in the nature. The lifetime of phthalates in the environment is short and their long-term accumulation is impossible. The observed level of these pollutants in the environment is the result of a dynamic equilibrium process with the participation of natural biosynthesis and industrial production, on the one hand, and biota absorption and natural degradation, on the other. The proportion of biosynthesis and degradation in this equilibrium is seen to be predominant. Therefore, the recommended measures and efforts to limit the production and use of ortho-phthalic acid esters are of little use and make little sense. The observed level is supported by constant feeding from wildlife. Throughout human history, people have received and are receiving phthalates with plant foods without visible consequences. Their harmful effects on the health of the human population are exaggerated. And in the process of evolution, effective endogenous ways of detoxification have been developed.

Abstract Endogenous phthalates (esters of o-phthalic acid) have been revealed in plant in situ and in vitro. Phthalates reduced biofilm formation and growth of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus and changed morphology of colonies. So phthalates were considered to be a part of plant defense against bacterial phytopathogens. Meanwhile, phthalates have been found in the cells of phytopathogenic bacteria. It was suggested that the physiological and biochemical role of phthalates can be much more complex and not be limited to the participation of plant organisms in the protective process.

The development of methods for pest management continued to be one of the main directions in development of biotechnology throughout the twentieth century. In Russia, the development of this research area is inextricably linked with the name of Evgeny V. Talalayev, professor of Irkutsk State University and the founder of the biological forest protection approach. Though his enterprise, theoretical foundations for the use of the microbiomethod were developed, along with the first domestic bacterial preparation against the Siberian silkworm, dendrobacillin. Large-scale tests of the preparation were carried out to demonstrate its safety in terms of human health. With his direct participation, industrial production of biological products was organised in the USSR. These products were in great demand in both domestic and foreign markets. The article gives a brief history of the study of the entomopathogenic properties of Bacillus Thuringiensis and the development of biotechnological methods for pest management on its basis. A brief comparative analysis is provided for the current state of microbiomethods for the protection of plant species in Russia and abroad. The results of the first decades of large-scale application in agricultural production based on B. thuringiensis genetic engineering Bt-technologies, positioned as a more effective and economical alternative to the microbiome, are considered. The main reasons for the low efficiency of this area of plant genetic engineering as described in the scientific literature are presented. Additionally, the problem of discounting the development patterns of natural parasitic systems underlying the microbiomethod during the creation of transgenic BT plants is considered. An assessment for the value of the scientific heritage of E. V. Talalayev for the development of plant protection methods based on B. Thuringiensis is made along with the presentation of a number of new directions for the development of plant biotechnologies on their basis. Further prospects for the use of the microbiomethod plant protection approach in the Russian Federation are discussed.

The biosynthesis of ortho-phtalic acid alkyl esters by intact plants, in vitro plants, and cell cultures was studies. It was established that all of the studied objects produce phtalic esters in considerable quantities. Thus, the biosynthesis of those compounds is a common feature of the plant world. These compounds are secreted in the environment and create a background of phthalate pollution independently of the possible technologic sources.

The endogenous esters of orthophthalic acid, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been first detected in bacterial pathogens of plants (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus, Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum, Rhizobium rhizogenes, Rhizobium radiobacter) and bacterial pathogens of animal (Escherichia coli).

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Сибирский институт физиологии и

Transgenic plants have become one of the most important subjects of inquiry in biotechnology. Disputes about possible consequences of the use of genetically modified organisms still continue. Biological status of genetically modified plants is unsettled. Common criteria for assessment of the consequences of genetic transformation are lacking. Causes for and mechanisms of unforeseen consequences of transformation remain obscure. Methods of genetic engineering of plants are based on plant- Agrobacterium interaction. Transgenic plants are regarded as super-species systems produced as a result of artificial plant- Agrobacterium symbioses. Mechanisms of interaction between the members of symbiosis are very intricate and labile. Incorporation of foreign genes into T-DNA modifies characteristics of a bacterial symbiont. As a result, interaction between the organisms changes. The systems of inherent plant immunity are activated and plant metabolism is accordingly reorganized. These changes are the main reason for unintended effects of transgenosis. The intensity of response to transformation depends on the characteristics of the inserted target gene.

This is the first study demonstrating that ortho-phthalic acid esters, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-o-phthalate (DEHP), inhibit the ability to form biofilms of the biotrophic pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus and Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum necrotroph. Inhibition of biofilm formation depends on the DBP and DEHP concentrations.

Explants of normal (non-transformed) carrot (Daucus carota L.) tissue, scorzonera crown gall (Scorzonera hispanica L.) and carrot tissues transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (all cultured in vitro) were planted in little glass jars with 6 cm3 of nutrition media containing 3, 5, 7 or 9% sucrose and maintained at +3 °C for 6, 8, 10 and 12 months. Viability of tissue cultures after cold storage was estimated by the degree of tissue necrosis, per cent of explants exhibiting growth resumption and intensity of the resumpted growth. Little or no growth was observed during cold storage of scorzonera and normal carrot tissues, whereas transformed carrot tissues showed significant growth. Dry matter content of tissues increased with an increase of sucrose concentration in the medium and failed to change during cold storage of scorzonera and normal carrot tissues. The dry matter content of the transformed carrot tissues fell down during cold storage due to the increase of fresh weight. The viability of all tissue cultures was preserved better and for a longer time with 7% sucrose, than with 3, 5 and 9%. Transformed carrot and tobacco callus tissues preserved cell viability better than non-transformed ones. Cycles consisting from long subcultures (several months) at 3 °C interrupted by short subcultures (several weeks) at 26 °C were applied in order to storage of tissue cultures for several years.

Infection of plants by suspension of biotrophic pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and its exometabolites induces the development of systemic resistance of plants to subsequent infection of necrotroph Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum. Resistance to necrotroph saved in the secondgeneration plant, which indicate the development of immune memory upon infection with biotrophs. The results indicate a synergistic effect of salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways in the development of immune responses in the studied plant-microbe interactions.

Optically active bis -2R(–)ethylhexyl o-phthalate was obtained with 0.18% yield from dry cultured cells of Aconitum baicalense Turcz ex Rapaics 1907 by extraction with petroleum ether followed by silica gel column chromatography. Its structure was confirmed by the analysis of 13 C and 1 H NMR spectra. Seasonal fluctuations of quantitative phthalate content in A. baicalense cells were identified. The tests were performed under conditions excluding the presence of phthalates in reagents, materials, and laboratory dishes. The same substance was shown to be produced by cultivated cells of other plants. Biosynthesis of esters of ortho -phthalic acid by cultivated plant cells was discovered for the first time.

Transgenic plants creation methodology developed for several decades has gained significant advances. However, problems of unanticipated effects of transgenosis, stability of GMO characteristics and establishing criteria of their safety evaluation remain unresolved. The analysis of different approaches to assessing the impact of plant genetic transformation is presented. It is concluded that the profound studies on the physiology of plant-agrobacterial symbiosis as a methodological basis of plants genetic engineering can answer many unresolved issues of genetic engineering.