Cryogel materials have found wide application in biotechnology and regenerative medicine. As wound materials, they have unique properties that distinguish them from other dressings. Due to the growing interest in them, various materials and their combinations are now being used to make cryogel wound dressings. In this review we tried to collect the most complete list of cryogel wound dressings with antimicrobial properties, to consider what natural and synthetic polymers were used in their synthesis, as well as what antibacterial agents were used by the authors to create them. We also tried to find out the pros and cons of the materials used to create dressings for wounds and to find out the prospects for the future in this direction.

Delivering bioactive substances to certain spots in the human and animal body is a crucial task. To address this problem, we have developed a delayed-release bioactive substance carrier – an albumin-based cryogel obtained by cryostructuring. It was tested on an organotypic culture model of the posterior eye segment of a newt. Objective: to study the effectiveness of porous albumin-based cryogel obtained by cryostructuring and loaded with a bioregulator isolated from bovine sclera in different quantities in maintaining eye tissue integrity and preserving Iberian ribbed newt fibroblasts on an organotypic culture model. Materials and methods . Albumin sponges were obtained after being denatured at temperatures –15 °C, –17.5 °C, and –20 °C, with albumin levels 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 60 mg/mL in a thermostatic cooler. Their modulus of elasticity was measured. Eye tissues were isolated from adult sexually mature Iberian ribbed newts of both sexes. The posterior segment of each eye was placed on a sponge sample of albumin cryogel in penicillin vials, sealed and placed in a thermostat. At the end of cultivation, the samples were fixed, washed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin sections were made, followed by staining. A Leica microscope (Germany) with an Olympus DP70 camera (Japan) was used to view histological sections. Fibroblast count in the histological sections was estimated using the ImageJ program. Results. Cryogel with initial albumin solution levels of 50 mg/mL obtained at –20 °C with 4.50 kPa elastic modulus, was chosen for the organ culture experiment. Histological studies showed that eye tissue integrity was maintained in the experiment when albumin-based scaffold was loaded with the bioregulator at doses of 2.46 × 10 –5 , 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 , 2.46 × 10 –13 , 2.46 × 10 –15 μg. Moreover, the statistically significant difference for fibroblast count per unit area in the sclera partially correlates with the qualitative state of the posterior eye tissue itself. Groups where bioregulator isolated from the sclera had a dose of 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 and 2.46 × 10 –15 μg, showed the best result as compared with the control group. Conclusion. Albumin-based scaffold as a carrier with a bioregulator adsorbed on it (doses of 2.46 × 10 –5 , 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 , 2.46 × 10 –13 , 2.46 × 10 –15 μg) is effective in maintaining eye tissue integrity and preserving Iberian ribbed newt fibroblasts. Albumin cryogen is an effective carrier for delayed release of bioactive substances.

The search for effective and environmentally friendly plant growth regulators in modern conditions makes it possible to identify and reduce the impact on plant development, its metabolic processes, the biomass of its various parts, and crops. Substances with the least toxicity to living organisms are of particular interest in this field; in particular, these include C60 and C70 fullerenes and their derivatives. This paper describes the impact of both fullerenes themselves and their derivatives on plant growth, yield, and metabolic and morphological changes observed depending on the processing methods, the chemical structure of the derivative, and the amount of substance used for processing.

— This review presents data on the study of the structure, physicochemical properties, and biological activity of extracellular protein-peptide complexes that participate in intercellular adhesion and activate cellular sources of regeneration in vertebrate tissues. Protein-peptide complex consists of certain isoforms of serum albumin and peptides—products of the proteolysis of known membrane and adhesion proteins. The biological effect of protein-peptide complexes is characterized by the presence of tissue specificity and dose dependence but a lack of species specificity. In solutions, protein-peptide complexes are in the form of nanosized particles; this state is associated with the manifestation of biological activity of the protein-peptide complex. A possible mechanism of the protein-peptide complex structure and its interaction with the cell plasma membrane is considered.

Objective: to study the induction of osteogenesis caused by introducing into the defect area broadly porous cryogenically structured 3D carriers, based on serum albumin and loaded with a bioregulator isolated from bovine serum on an experimental model of mandible defect in rabbits in vivo. Materials and methods . Cryogenically structured sponges in the form of cylindrical specimens, 5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in height, prepared from bovine serum albumin, were used as the bioregulator carrier. The experimental laboratory animals were male Chinchilla rabbits, weighing 2–2.5 kg. Bone tissue was skeletonized under anesthesia (intramuscular anesthetic Zoletil 100) with a 3-cm incision in the angle of the mandible and a 5-mm-diameter cutter was used to create a 2–3-mm deep defect to install an appropriate-size albumin sponge. A total of 24 animals participated in the experiment. X-ray control of the defect area was performed in vivo on day 14 using PanExam+ (Kavo) device (20 m X-ray). Histological examination of tissues was carried out at day 30 after the defect using a light microscope. Results . Experiments performed indicate an active restoration of bone tissue in the extensive defect area when using an albumin-based 3D carrier with the inclusion of a bioregulator as compared to the control experiments. There were osteointegrative and osteoinductive processes, almost complete decomposition (biodegradation) of albumin sponge with formation of islands of dense bone tissue with small foci of coarse fibrous tissue in the defect. This demonstrated good dynamics of recovery processes at this stage of healing. Conclusion. Under the action of a serum bioregulator contained in an albumin-based sponge, the repair process leads to restoration of normal bone tissue without formation of bone callus and altered bone tissue different from the native one.

Background: According to modern ideas, in all organisms there is a single integrated system consisting of separate interrelated supramolecular structures localized both in the intercellular and intracellular spaces [1].Extracellularly localized structures such as extracellular matrix, various adhesive sites; the main intracellular supramolecular structure is the cytoskeleton system that affects the work of many subcellular structures, including the nucleus and the genetic apparatus of the cell.In this aspect, the plasma membrane (PM) of the cell is a separate supramolecular structure; on the one hand it distinguishes, and on the other hand combines all these supramolecular structures into a single integrated system of bioregulation (ISB).It is important to note that in the PM there are numerous systems that determine the vital activity of not only individual cells, but also their cooperative interaction with each other.As an example, we can cite ion channels, ligand-receptor complexes, enzyme-substrate systems, etc.It is assumed that the work of the ISB can be regulated mechanically as well, due to the forces of tension, pressure, contaction, and so forth arising in separate supramolecular structures.What is the source of these forces?Any living organism is a dissipative non-equilibrium system that constantly experiences the influence of various fields and substances from the outside world, adapting at the same time and adjusting to constantly changing conditions.Aims: In our view, the main structure that performs the function of a matrix that perceives such signals from the environment is the water of biological fluids.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) play an important role in the expression regulation of many animal and human genes and are involved in the processes of transcriptional and posttranscriptional editing. ERVs retain a certain genetic similarity to the exogenous generic virus. ERV research helps to determine the age and rate of evolution of exogenous viruses that are contagious to animals and humans. It is hypothesized that retroviruses arose before the appearance of vertebrates. This asynchrony suggests a significant contribution of retroviruses to the evolutionary development of organisms. ERVs have no species boundaries due to horizontal transfer; however, the movement of retrotransposons in the genome of animals can lead to cytogenetic defects and have a negative effect on the fitness of organisms. One striking example of horizontal transfer is the LINE 1 retrotransposon, which was found in 559 species, including animals, plants, and fungi. This confirms the assumption about the time of the emergence of retroviruses. Retrotransposons, which participate in the processes of transposition and recombination, cause changes in DNA nucleotide sequences. This leads to mutational processes in genes, in particular, those responsible for the development of neurons in the brain and nervous system, i.e., retrotransposons may be responsible for domestication syndrome. The infection of germ cells with retroviruses gradually led to their establishment of reproductive functions in mammals. These functions include the fusion of trophoblasts in the placenta. ERV genes are incorporated into the genome via viral infections or retrotransposition. The review systematizes and summarizes the knowledge of the evolution and transfer of ERVs in the body and their functions in the genome and describes the main and most common ERVs, as well as their molecular structure and properties.

Objective: to study the condition of the cornea, as well as its epithelial and endothelial cells, while maintaining in vitro at various temperature conditions, under the influence of a number of factors, including bioregulators isolated from blood serum and cornea of the bovine, and epidermal growth factor.Methods. The study was carried out on rabbit corneas stored at temperatures of +4, –86 °C, as well as the cultivation of endothelial and epithelial cells isolated from the cornea after storage at these temperatures, followed by histological and immunohistochemical studies.Results. Storage of the cornea at +4 °C for 10 days leads to corneal edema and significantly reduces their transparency, both bioregulators partially prevent a decrease in the transparency of the cornea, while the endothelial layer lyses in groups with the addition of epidermal growth factor and corneal bioregulator; but remains in the cornea with the addition of a serum bioregulator. All three factors contribute to the preservation of the Bowman membrane. In the corneas stored at –86 °C on the 30th day, a preserved endothelial layer was observed, and the epithelium retained its multilayering in all groups with the addition of factors other than the control group. In the control samples, the epithelial layer partially exfoliated, the endothelial layer was almost completely lysed. Both bioregulators stimulated the proliferation of cells isolated from the native cornea and enhanced the action of the epidermal growth factor. Similar results were obtained on cells isolated from stored corneas for 2 weeks at –86 °C. In the case of combined use of the epidermal growth factor and bioregulators on the 30th day, the endothelial layer was mainly preserved, the Descemet’s membrane was not broken. In the control samples, the epithelium was mainly single-layered, partially exfoliated, and the endothelial layer was completely lysed.Conclusion. Storage of cornea during hypothermia (+4 °С) does not provide corneal viability for longer than 10 days. Storage under conditions of cryopreservation (–86 °C) ensures the viability of the cornea for 60 days. Adding bioregulators and an epidermal growth factor to the basic preservation medium allows one to obtain a structurally safe and viable cornea, while all cellular layers of the cornea, including the endothelial layer, are preserved and viable.

We performed a morphological study of the bone tissue after implantation of a cryogenically structured albumin sponge containing a bioregulator isolated from blood serum into an extensive experimental defect of the femur. By day 90, no complete reparation of the bone tissue was achieved in the control group (without implantation of 3D carrier), a loose spongy bone is formed at the site of the defect. After implantation of the 3D carrier without serum bioregulator, the defect was closed, but the formed bone was loose and contained no inflammation foci. After the defect was filed with the albumin sponge with the bioregulator, the repair pattern corresponded to the processes of epimorphic tissue regeneration. The results suggest that cryogenically structured protein material in combination with a serum bioregulator ensured complete restoration of the bone tissue.

We studied the effect of a bioactive peptide complex isolated from bovine serum on the proliferative potential and migration rate of mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro, as well as on the healing of modeled bone defects in rats. This bioregulatory preparation stimulated proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells from deciduous tooth pulp in vitro, but did not affect the rate of their migration in two-dimensional cultures. In vivo experiments showed that application of this preparation in combination with hydroxyapatite and chitosan gel accelerated bone tissue regeneration, thus ensuring restoration of morphologically normal bone matrix. Thus, cattle blood serum is an available source for the production of bioregulatory preparations for medical purposes.

We studied osteogenesis induction after implantation of porous cryogenically structured 3D scaffolds based on chitosan, alginate, and serum albumin and containing a bioregulator from bovine serum into in vivo modeled experimental bone defect in rats. It was shown that such 3D-matrices are effective as osteoconductors due to their effect on osteoblast precursors. All types of bioregulator-loaded 3D materials promote active bone repair, which manifested in restoration of the dense bone tissue, formation of the bone marrow, and the recovery of osteons on day 14 after surgery. In animals receiving implantation of control 3D scaffolds without the bioregulator, the formation of dense fibrous tissue and spongy bone was observed by this term.

A protein–peptide complex isolated from cattle ovarian tissues was studied. It was shown that it contains polypeptides with molecular weights from 800 to 6000 Da and a protein of the mammalian albumin family with a molecular weight of 66 690 Da containing the 16-member N-terminal amino acid sequence DTHKSEIAHRFKDLGE. The use of a model of the roller organotypic cultivation of rat ovaries demonstrated that the effect of this protein–peptide complex at low total protein concentrations of 10–8–10–15 mg/mL contributes to increases in the viability and maturation of secondary follicles in rat ovarian tissues in vitro.