Lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) is expected to be an ideal choice for next-generation advanced energy storage devices owe to its high specific capacity/energy density. Nevertheless, the inevitable problems for LSB such as "shuttle effect" and slow reaction kinetics will lead to low sulfur utilization and short cycle life, which seriously hinders its practical application. Herein, starting from the nanoarray structure and doping modification, the nitrogen-doped ZnCo2O4 nanowire array grown in situ on a three-dimensional self-supporting carbon cloth framework (NZCO@CC) was successfully synthesized and used as a self-supporting multipurpose sulfur host for LSB. Due to the three-dimensional porous network with long-range effective electron/ion transport channels and the synergistic adsorption/catalytic effect of nitrogen-doped ZnCo2O4 nanowire array, the assembled lithium-sulfur battery with NZCO@CC/AB@S electrode displays excellent rate performance (1224 and 577 mAh g-1 at 0.1 and 5C) and amazing cycle performance (capacity attenuation rate at 1C for 1500 cycles: 0.04%/cycle). Even under the high sulfur loading (6.4 mg cm-2), the high areal capacity (0.1C: 6.57 mAh cm-2) and relatively small capacity attenuation rate (0.2C for 200 cycles, 0.13%/cycle) can still achieved. This research presents an effective strategy for enhancing the adsorption/catalytic capabilities, which can provide an important theoretical basis for optimization design of long-cycle life LSB.

Silicon stands out as a promising candidate for negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its exceptional theoretical capacity and favorable working voltage range. Nevertheless, the low electric conductivity and the huge volume change of silicon during the Li storage process often result in poor cyclic and rate performance of LIBs, limiting its practical application. Herein, silicon-based composite coated with bilayer shells consisting of metal-organic framework glass (MOF Glass, MG) and carbon (Si@MG@C) has been synthesized via solvothermal and subsequent quenching and carbonization treatment. The porous bilayer coating structure provides excess channels for lithium-ion transport and also serves as buffer spaces for the volume expansion of silicon during cycling. After the heat treatment, the formation of Co-C bonds at the interface can effectively strengthen the interaction between MG and the phenolic resin-derived carbon layer, not only enhancing the ion transport rate at the interface but also maintaining the structural stability of the Si@MG@C composite. The 4Si@MG@C negative electrode exhibits a reversible specific discharging capacity of 526 mAh g- 1 after 300 cycles at 1 A g- 1, indicating excellent cycling stability for potential applications.

Lithium batteries are widely used in various fields, however, the high reactivity of lithium metal anodes limits their performance toward future energy and power demands. Herein, a high-dielectric composite film comprising beta-PVDF and BaTiO3 (PBT) is designed and realized by a low-temperature polar solvent-induced phase transition coupled spin coating method to protect lithium metal anodes. The PBT composite film uniformly covers the surface of Cu foil and displays a porous microstructure. The high dielectric PBT membrane creates abundant dipolar channels and interfaces, which promotes lithium salt dissociation, enhances the transference number and homogenizes the transport of Li+. The PBT film achieves a high ionic conductivity of 5.89 & times; 10-4 S cm- 1, and the PBT based Li-CFx battery demonstrates high specific discharge capacity of 1008 mAh g- 1 and excellent rate performance of 707 mAh g- 1 at 5C, resulted from the improved coordination environment and facilitated transport of Li ions enabled by the synergistic dielectric properties of PVDF and BaTiO3. This work demonstrates that the PBT composite coating can effectively regulate the Li+ deposition and transport behavior, thus providing an effective interfacial engineering strategy for constructing high-rate, high-energy-density lithium primary batteries.

Reducing electrochemical polarization is an efficient strategy to promote electrochemical reaction and increase battery performance. Herein, we develop a magnetic tuning strategy and investigate the influence of the electromagnetic properties of NiCo2O4 on polarization and redox kinetics of Li-S battery. The electromagnetic properties of NiCo2O4 are adjusted by controlling the nanowire dimension and crystalline size, where a series of relationships between electromagnetism and polysulfide conversion reactions are established. The built-in magnetic field in ferromagnetic NiCo2O4 nanowire modulates the surface reactivity and diffusion pathway of negative species at the electrolyte/cathode interface for strong adsorption of LiPSs during cycles. The high dielectric properties of carbon cloth-supported NiCo2O4 nanowire composite (NCO-CC) improve charge carriers/ ions mobility and regulate the voltage at the electrolyte/cathode interface, enhancing the electrochemical performance of the battery. The optimized NiCo2O4-CC-based Li-S battery exhibits excellent initial specific capacity (1496.1 mAh g- 1 at 0.1C), high-rate capability (896.8 mAh g- 1 at 1 C), and outstanding cycling stability (a decay of 0.019 %/cycle after 1200 cycles at 1 C). A high areal capacity (10.4 mAh cm- 2 at 0.1C) is achieved at high sulfur loading (10.7 mg cm- 2). This work provides new insights for tuning the magnetic properties of the cathode material to reduce polarization, mitigate polysulfide migration, and enhance the overall electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.

Lithium batteries have been widely used in portable appliances and medical and aerospace devices, and further improving the energy density and power density is of great significance to the future development of related technologies. In this work, a high-dielectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) coating film was designed and realized on Cu foil by a polar solution-induced phase transition method. The PVDF40 coating film prepared at 40 degrees C displays a high beta-phase content (91.68 %) and strong dielectric properties, which can effectively promote the dissociation of Li salt, and exhibits superior ionic conductivity of 4.06 x 10-4 S cm-1 and greatly increased Li transference number of 0.652. The Li-CFx battery with coating film delivers an excellent specific discharge capacity of 947 mAh g- 1 at 0.1C, and a superior rate capacity of 634 mAh g- 1 even at 5C, attributed to the improved dissociate of lithium salt, Li coordination environment and ion transport. This study demonstrates a dielectric film protection strategy to achieve high-performance lithium batteries.

The "shuttle effect" is generally harmful for several types of promising next-generation energy storage systems, such as Li-S, Li-I2, and rechargeable organic batteries. Physical/chemical confinements are useful for anchoring intermediates but not effective for fully utilizing the active materials. Here, we report the electromagnetic confinement of intermediates with iron-doped nickel cobalt oxide nanowire (Fe-doped NiCo2O4), a new host material enables high-capacity and long-cycling Li-S battery. In conjunction with theoretical analysis, we use the Fe doping engineering to modulate the interface of the catalyst and explore its effect on the electromagnetic properties and conversion reaction of polysulfides. The high dielectric properties of Fe-doped NiCo2O4-CC improve the electron/ion transport and balance the voltage difference at the cathode interface, enhancing the rate performance of the battery. The built-in magnetic field in Fe-doped NiCo2O4-CC nanowire creates a favorable substrate-electrolyte interface by modulating the surface reactivity and the diffusion pathway of negative species for strong adsorption of LiPSs, thereby alleviating the shuttle effect and improving cyclic stability. The optimized Fe0.25Ni0.75Co2O4-CC@S composite cathode exhibits outstanding initial specific capacity (1789.7 mAh g- 1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (878.7 mAh g- 1 at 5 C), and remarkable cycle performance (724.7 mAh g- 1 after 1400 cycles at 2 C, a decay of 0.012 %/cycle). Excellent areal capacity of 13.5 mAh cm- 2 at 0.1 C and low polarization are achieved even at high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte (12.9 mg cm- 2, 3.3 mu L/ mg). The revealed relationships between doping, electromagnetic properties, adsorption, and catalysis provide new insights to boost the polysulfide conversion reaction and develop high-power Li-S batteries.

The shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides is widely regarded as one of the major issues of lithium-sulfur batteries, leading to low active material utilization and rapid capacity decay. The surface chemistry at the cathode/electrolyte interface is crucial for suppressing polysulfides shuttling and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the batteries. In this work, a heterostructure ferromagnetic transition metal oxide (Co3O4@Fe3O4 nanowire) supported on carbon cloth (CC) was designed to improve the adsorption and conversion kinetics of LiPSs and suppress the shuttle effect. The crystal phase in the heterostructure can tune the crystal strain and provide additional kinetic energy for surface reconstruction, which improves the number of accessible catalytic active sites and reduces the kinetics barrier for polysulfides redox reaction, and an increased magnetic property and a built-in electric field have been introduced at the interface. The built-in heterostructure promotes electron transfer and charge distribution within heterogeneous structures and serves as active sites for buffering LiPSs shuttling, thus, enhances the redox kinetics of LiPSs and fosters uniform Li2S deposition and high sulfur utilization during cycling. The Co3O4@Fe3O4-CC heterostructure nanowire-based sulfur composite cathode exhibits high initial capacity (1678.5 mAh/g at 0.1C), excellent rate capacity (860.6 mAh/g at 2C), and remarkable cycling performance (low decay of 0.017 %/cycle). This study highlights a novel ferromagnetic heterostructure nanowire strategy to suppress the shuttle effect and improve the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.

In the electrochemical conversion process of Li-S batteries, catalyst properties, such as the number of active sites, the intrinsic activity of each site, and the overall efficiency are crucial for the conversion of LiPSs. Regulating the structure-activity of a catalyst is essential for achieving excellent electrocatalytic performance. In this work, we employ a crystal-strain modulation strategy to optimize the activity of Co and O sites in Co3O4, thereby improving their adsorption and catalytic capabilities toward LiPSs. By controlling the crystallite size, different lattice strains can be achieved, which significantly regulate the catalyst coordination environment and electronic band structure. Meanwhile, reducing the degree of lattice strain in CC@Co3O4 nanowires increases the among of accessible active sites for reactants, enhancing the adsorption and intrinsic activity of LiPSs, which promotes electron/ion transport as well as sulfur utilization. In the case of CC@Co3O4, when the compressive strain is applied, the lattice structure experiences a reduction in the distance between adjacent atoms, which results in the reduction of interatomic bond lengths, effectively increasing the electron density of the catalyst. Consequently, the S/CC@Co3O4-based cathode with a small lattice strain (2.12 %), exhibits excellent initial capacity and remarkable cycle performance at high sulfur loading (6.6 mg/cm2) and lean electrolyte (E/S: 4.6 mu L/mg). This study highlights a new strategy to improve the adsorption/catalytic activity of electrocatalysts through crystalstrain modulation, representing a rational design for high performance electrocatalysts in Li-S batteries.

Lithium-sulfur battery (LSB) is regarded as prospective secondary battery because of high specific capacity/ energy density. However, the capacity attenuation resulted from slow reaction kinetics and severe "shuttle effect" during the cycle process seriously hinder its practical application. Herein, a carbon cloth supported CuCo2O4 nanosheet array (CCO@CC) was designed as a novel three-dimensional current-collector, adsorbent and electrocatalyst to restrain "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). The combination of nanosheet array and bimetallic oxide increases the adsorption/catalytic sites of CCO@CC for lithium polysulfides and promotes ion/ electron transfer, thus effectively accelerating redox reaction kinetic and inhibiting "shuttle effect" of LiPSs. The CCO@CC/AB@S-based cell exhibits high specific discharge capacities of 1296 mAh g- 1 (0.1C) and 567 mAh g- 1 (3C), and low decay per cycle of 0.037 % for 1500 cycles (1C). Even with high-sulfur loading of 5.4 mg cm- 2, the CCO@CC/AB@S-based cell still achieves high areal capacity of 5.47 mAh cm- 2 at 0.1C and a capacity retention rate of 81.5 % after 100 cycles at 0.5C, which provides a convenient and effective material design strategy for high-performance LSB.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with superior energy storage capabilities, stand out as the next-generation battery technology surpassing conventional lithium batteries. Unfortunately, the sluggish kinetics of the sulfur reaction and the uncontrollable deposition of insulated Li2S significantly limit the efficiency of the battery. In this work, a morphology control method was employed to modulate the intrinsic properties of iron oxide catalyst and accelerate the LiPSs conversion kinetics. The uniform distributed nanowire provides abundant nucleation sites for the effective deposition of 3D Li2S, providing high sulfur utilization and stable Li-S battery. In the action of intrinsic magnetic forces, the Fe3O4-CC fastens the redox reaction and alleviates the shuttle of LiPSs. The optimized Fe3O4-CC@S cathode exhibits high-capacity (5.9 mAh/cm(2)) with a high mass loading (5.6 mg/cm(2)) at 0.1C, as well as good cycle performance. This study highlights a novel strategy to stimulate high catalytic activity to enhance the conversion reaction of LiPSs, promoting the practical use of Li-S batteries as next-generation energy storage.

Identifying users' diversified needs and designing products that match those needs is important in the era of mass personalization. Smart TV navigation interfaces lack good affective design, and difficulties remain in responding to diversified affective needs. Therefore, an affective design approach that considers the diversity of user needs is presented to optimize the design of smart TV navigation interfaces. First, the laddering interview is conducted to capture the diversified affective needs and multi-layer interface design elements perceived by users. Kansei distance is introduced to characterize diversified needs. Then, single-user relationship models between user perceptions and interface attributes are constructed. Finally, the two-stage interface optimization is performed to obtain common and individual optimization attributes, which are further embodied as parameter-layer optimization solutions through user experiments. This method is capable of capturing the diversified affective needs for smart TV navigation interfaces and achieving differentiated product design.

In this study, yttrium fluoride-modified PAN/PSF-based superfine and porous carbon nanofibers (YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs) based on the "Tug-of-War" refinement mechanism of heterogeneous viscous fluid are designed and prepared through electro-blow spinning and subsequent carbonization processes. The prepared YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs are applied as an important component of the functional interlayer to study its effect on the electrochemical performance and safety of lithium metal cells. The interconnected framework of YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs, with high conductivity and a large specific surface area, can provide facilitated lithium ion and electron transmission channels and lower local current density. The lithiophilic YF3 also can provide enough active sites to produce an alloying reaction with lithium ions to uniformly guide lithium deposition. For the assembled Li||LiFePO4 battery, after 650 cycles at 0.5 C, it still maintained a high specific discharge capacity of 154.9 mAh g(-1). The assembled Li||Li symmetric battery, based on the prepared functional interlayer, further presented that the functional YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs interlayer can significantly suppress the growth of lithium dendrites and greatly improve cycle stability, with the batteries having relatively stable low overpotential within a 1000-h cycle time, and the voltage amplitude is basically stable within +/- 0.1 V. At the same time, the assembled lithium-sulfur (Li||S) cell equipped with the interlayer based on the YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs also presents outstanding cycle stability. The main reasons for this result are ascribed to the synergistic effect of physical confinement and chemical adsorption of the YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs effectively reducing the "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfide. All the results illustrate that the application of the YF3-PAN/PSF-CNFs interlayer can provide insights into enhancing electrochemical performances and protecting the lithium anode of the lithium metal cell.

BACKGROUND:Delayed graft function (DGF) is an important complication after kidney transplantation surgery. The present study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for preoperative prediction of DGF on the basis of clinical and histological risk factors. METHODS:The prediction model was constructed in a development cohort comprising 492 kidney transplant recipients from May 2018 to December 2019. Data regarding donor and recipient characteristics, pre-transplantation biopsy results, and machine perfusion parameters were collected, and univariate analysis was performed. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used for variable selection. The prediction model was developed by multivariate logistic regression analysis and presented as a nomogram. An external validation cohort comprising 105 transplantation cases from January 2020 to April 2020 was included in the analysis. RESULTS:266 donors were included in the development cohort, 458 kidneys (93.1%) were preserved by hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP), 96 (19.51%) of 492 recipients developed DGF. Twenty-eight variables measured before transplantation surgery were included in the LASSO regression model. The nomogram consisted of 12 variables from donor characteristics, pre-transplantation biopsy results and machine perfusion parameters. Internal and external validation showed good discrimination and calibration of the nomogram, with Area Under Curve (AUC) 0.83 (95%CI, 0.78-0.88) and 0.87 (95%CI, 0.80-0.94). Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram was clinically useful. CONCLUSION:A DGF predicting nomogram was developed that incorporated donor characteristics, pre-transplantation biopsy results, and machine perfusion parameters. This nomogram can be conveniently used for preoperative individualized prediction of DGF in kidney transplant recipients.

High -energy density lithium-sulfur battery is considered as one of the most potential new-generation energystorage technologies. Nevertheless, the capacity decays rapidly due to severe volumetric change of sulfur, dissolution and slow redox kinetics of intermediate polysulfides, and instability of lithium anode. Herein, a novel highly conductive porous sulfur cathode host composed of graphene aerogel and polar Co9S8 nanoparticle is designed to address these obstacles. The porous conductive framework not only provides channels for rapid conduction of electron and lithium ion, but also provides adequate space to physically confine the lithium polysulfides and accommodate the volume expansion. Both experimental and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the in-situ uniformly deposited Co9S8 nanoparticles can effectively bind polar lithium polysulfides and catalyze their interconversion, and the shuttle effect is therefore effectively suppressed. The Co9S8-GA/S cathode exhibits high specific discharge capacity (1219.1 mAh g-1) and high areal specific capacity (14.3 mAh m-2) at 0.1 C, low shuttle constant (0.15 h-1), excellent rate performance (625.6 mAh g-1/7.4 mAh m- 2 at 5 C), outstanding long cyclic stability (low decay of 0.024 %/cycle during 1000 cycles at 2 C). This study demonstrates a promising aerogel strategy to design high -performance composite cathode for lithium-sulfur battery.

Lithium batteries are widely used in electronic and medical devices for the advantages of high energy/power densities and low self-discharge. However, the active lithium metal anode can react with electrolyte to form unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and affect the rate performance and stability of lithium batteries. In this work, we design a 3D Cu foam (CF) based copper nitride nanowire (Cu3N NW) array, and further construct stable 3D composite Li anode by molten lithium metal infusion method. Cu3N NWs can improve the lithiophilicity and ionic conductivity, and provide high specific surface area, uniform local current density and abundant diffusion channels for lithium-ion flux. The designed 3D Cu3N NW/Cu foam electrode achieves uniform lithium deposition, excellent discharge performance and stability under high temperature and long-term storage conditions. The Li@Cu3N NW/CF-CFx battery exhibits excellent discharge specific capacity of 1080 mAh g-1 (0.1 C) and remarkable rate capacity of 546 mAh g-1 (8 C). After 60 days of storage at room temperature and 55 degrees C, the battery also demonstrates excellent storage performance of 874 and 627 mAh g-1. This work provides a facile and effective strategy for designing stable composite Li anode with a Li3N-rich SEI for high-performance lithium batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) with high theoretical specific capacity/energy density still face some practical challenges, for instance shuttle effect and sluggish redox kinetics, which leads to rapid capacity decay. To overcome these challenges, herein, a porous and flexible sulfur host composed of interconnected Co9S8 nanosheets grown on carbon cloth was constructed. The interconnected carbon fiber skeleton and porous conductive Co9S8 nanosheets can not only provide abundant electron/ion-transport channels, but also offer adequate void to accommodate volume expansion of sulfur, thus ensuring high sulfur utilization and remarkable cycle stability of electrode. Meanwhile, the abundant adsorption and catalytic sites provided by Co9S8 nanosheets can effectively inhibit dissolution of polysulfides and improve conversion kinetics of polysulfides, effectively suppressing “shuttle effect”. The Co9S8-CC/Li2S6 electrode achieves high discharge capacity (1315.1 mAh g−1, 0.1C), excellent rate capability (872.4 mAh g−1, 2C) and outstanding cyclic stability (decay of 0.02 %/cycle over 1500 cycles, 2C).

The limited rate performance of Li||CFx batteries hinders their wide application, owing to the low conductivity of CFx cathode material and the undesirable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed on the Li anode surface. Herein, a strategy for constructing a three-dimensional lithium anode (3D-Li anode) with high specific surface area and an in situ formed favorable SEI layer is proposed to enhance the interfacial stability and uniformity of ion transport and realize a Li||CFx battery with remarkable comprehensive performance. A 3D-Li anode (Li@CuO-Cu foam) is successfully constructed by molten Li infusion of a thermal oxidation processed copper foam. The lithiophilicity of the Cu foam framework is optimized by the formed CuO. The Li@CuO-Cu foam||CFx battery exhibits a high discharge specific capacity (1149.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) along with a high discharge plateau voltage (2.65 V). At a high rate of 10 C, the 3D-Li anode-based batteries still demonstrate a discharge specific capacity of 463 mAh g−1, which is about 2.5 times that of the conventional Li||CFx, and exhibit excellent storage performance (620.3 mAh g−1 after storage at 55 °C for 90 days) and a low monthly self-discharge rate (1.28%). This work demonstrates a promising strategy to construct a three-dimensional lithium metal anode and significantly improve the rate and storage performance of Li||CFx batteries.