A large average atomic number, an excellent mobility-charge carrier lifetime, and high sensitivity are intensely required for a semiconductor material to achieve high-performance x-ray detection. Here, we present a new lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid (n-propylammonium)4SbI6·I3 that is designed and constructed with triiodide ions. The incorporated triiodide component can enhance the proportion of large atomic numbers, thereby improving the average atomic number. Semiconductor performance analysis shows that the triiodide-based hybrid exhibits a narrow bandgap of 1.48 eV and a high resistivity (1.07 × 1010 Ω·cm). Moreover, the wafer-based x-ray detectors exhibit a large mobility-lifetime product of 1.2 × 10−3 cm2/V, a high sensitivity of 2.5 × 103 μC/(Gyair·cm2), and a low detection limit of 390 nGyair/s, as well as excellent material and device stability. This work provides new insights to rationally design lead-free hybrid semiconductors for high-performance radiation detectors.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are regarded as promising next-generation photovoltaic technologies, featuring light weight, flexibility, and compatibility with low-cost large-area solution processing. However, their large-scale commercialization is constrained by intrinsic drawbacks, including inferior power conversion efficiency (PCE) relative to inorganic counterparts, inadequate long-term operational stability under thermal and photoirradiation stress, and the challenge of reproducibly controlling and optimizing the nanoscale morphology of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layers—issues rooted in short exciton diffusion lengths, inefficient charge transport, and unregulated phase separation. Recently, the incorporation of low-cost insulating polymers as a third component or processing additive has emerged as a facile yet effective strategy to address these bottlenecks. This review summarizes the latest advances in insulating polymer-modified OSCs (I-OSCs), focusing on their multifaceted regulatory effects. Specifically, insulating polymers modulate BHJ morphology by tailoring the self-assembly and molecular packing of donors and acceptors; their molecular weight (Mw) and glass transition temperature (Tg) critically govern blend dynamics and final nanostructures, refining phase-separated domain sizes to form an ideal bicontinuous network. The review further elucidates the underlying mechanisms of performance enhancement: reducing non-radiative recombination to extend exciton diffusion lengths, optimizing charge transport pathways and mitigating traps, and enhancing thermal/photochemical stability by immobilizing the optimal morphology and suppressing molecular diffusion/aggregation. It also correlates the molecular structure design of insulating polymers (e.g., backbone rigidity, side-chain architecture, functional groups) with their functionalities in OSC blends. In conclusion, rationally selected insulating polymers act as multifunctional morphology regulators rather than passive fillers, synergistically optimizing nanoscale structures for efficient light harvesting and charge generation/collection while reinforcing film mechanical and morphological robustness. This low-cost approach overcomes the traditional efficiency-stability trade-off, offering an economically viable route to accelerate the industrialization and practical application of OSCs.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their low cost, mechanical flexibility, design versatility, and eco-friendly processing. With power conversion efficiencies of small-area devices exceeding 21%, significant efforts have been directed toward the development of large-area modules for practical applications. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in large-area organic solar modules, focusing on three key aspects: low-cost materials, morphology control strategies, and scalable fabrication processes. Low-cost material design, including simplified molecular structures and non-fused ring acceptors, enables reduced synthesis complexity while maintaining high efficiency. Effective morphology regulation via molecular engineering, additive selection, and green solvent systems facilitates uniform film formation and optimized phase separation. Furthermore, large-area coating techniques such as blade coating, slot-die coating, and roll-to-roll printing, combined with advanced annealing and laser patterning, have significantly improved large-area organic solar module performance and consistency. Key challenges including material cost, morphological instability, and process reproducibility are critically discussed. Future perspectives on high-throughput material screening, AI-assisted molecular design, and industrial-scale integration are also presented, aiming to accelerate the commercialization of large-area OSCs.

From controlled synthesis to interface engineering, metal oxides regulate charge transport, interfacial energetics, and stability in organic\perovskite solar cells.

Abstract Understanding thin‐film formation kinetics is pivotal for optimizing the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in employing additives to modulate the active‐layer kinetics. In situ characterization techniques have been utilized to real‐time monitor the dynamic transformation from solution to solid‐state thin films. The regulatory roles of both liquid and solid additives are discussed in key film formation stages including solvent evaporation, pre‐aggregation, phase separation and crystallization highlighting how additives tailor nanostructure evolution by tuning solvent evaporation rates, intermolecular interactions and crystallization kinetics. Finally, the review outlines current challenges and future opportunities of in situ characterization, emphasizing its potential to elucidate the correlation between dynamic film formation and morphological evolution, thereby offering valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency and stability of OSCs.

Perovskite photovoltaics present great promise for next-generation solar energy, yet their commercialization is hindered by a critical scalability-stability gap, where the distinct fluid dynamics and crystallization kinetics of scalable solution-processed coating methods produce varied film morphologies and unstable degradation behaviors. Herein, we address this challenge by re-examining stability through the exclusive lens of scalable solution-based fabrication. The degradation mechanisms in scalable processing are dissected, highlighting the critical role of precursor ink design, where solute purity, ink aging, and solvent engineering collectively govern film uniformity and reproducibility. The exacerbation of intrinsic instabilities under scalable processing is analyzed through crystal and compositional design, defect generation and passivation, and ion migration in large-area devices. Stable device architectures suitable for scalable manufacturing are explored, including comparisons between n-i-p and p-i-n configurations and advancements in charge transport layers. Encapsulation is critically evaluated as the ultimate barrier for commercial modules, covering scalable techniques and material selections, along with an assessment of operational stability under real-world environments including moisture ingress, thermal cycling, and UV-induced degradation. By integrating these insights, this review establishes a holistic framework for the co-design of process scalability and operational longevity, outlining a coherent pathway toward durable and commercially viable perovskite solar modules.

A large average atomic number, an excellent mobility-charge carrier lifetime, and high sensitivity are intensely required for a semiconductor material to achieve high-performance x-ray detection. Here, we present a new lead-free organicu2013inorganic hybrid (n-propylammonium)4SbI6u00B7I3 that is designed and constructed with triiodide ions. The incorporated triiodide component can enhance the proportion of large atomic numbers, thereby improving the average atomic number. Semiconductor performance analysis shows that the triiodide-based hybrid exhibits a narrow bandgap of 1.48 eV and a high resistivity (1.07 u00D7 1010 u03A9u00B7cm). Moreover, the wafer-based x-ray detectors exhibit a large mobility-lifetime product of 1.2 u00D7 10u22123 cm2/V, a high sensitivity of 2.5 u00D7 103 u03BCC/(Gyairu00B7cm2), and a low detection limit of 390 nGyair/s, as well as excellent material and device stability. This work provides new insights to rationally design lead-free hybrid semiconductors for high-performance radiation detectors.

Solution-processed transparent electrodes represent a promising route toward low-cost, flexible, and scalable organic photovoltaics. This review surveys recent advances in such electrodes—including silver nanowires, conductive polymers, carbon-based materials and composite materials—for use as both bottom and top contacts in organic solar cells (OSCs). We discuss material designs and interfacial engineering strategies that improve electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and compatibility with underlying organic layers. Notably, the performance of solution-processed electrodes now rivals that of conventional vacuum-deposited ones, enabling fully solution-fabricated OSCs with competitively high power conversion efficiencies. While key challenges persist, such as balancing sheet resistance with transmittance, ensuring long-term operational stability, and achieving uniformity over large areas. Moving forward, further innovations in materials, interface control, and scalable deposition techniques will be crucial to enable the widespread adoption of solution-processed electrodes in flexible, semi-transparent, and building-integrated photovoltaics.

ABSTRACT Additive engineering has become widely adopted for tuning morphology and photovoltaic behaviors of organic solar cells (OSCs), while the resultant increase in delocalization of charge transfer (CT) excitons is often accompanied by a reduced CT‐state energy of additive‐processed blend films, which impairs photovoltage and restrains further improvements of photovoltaic efficiencies. Here, we achieve mitigation of photovoltage loss ( V loss ) over 30 meV while remaining high charge generation/transport efficiencies in a range of OSCs with A‐D‐A’‐D‐A type acceptors after additive treatment. Combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation analyses reveal that additive treatments suppress voltage loss primarily by increasing the dielectric constant ( ε r ) in the CT state and reducing energetic disorder. These changes help inhibit back charge transfer from charge‐separated states to CT states, thereby decreasing non‐radiative recombination (Δ V non‐rad ) and improving device open‐circuit voltage. We further establish a universal ε r ‐dependent relationship for voltage loss, showing that both the increase in photovoltage and the reduction in Δ V non‐rad scale linearly with the enhancement of the blend dielectric constant. These findings deepen our insights into the voltage loss in organic solar cells, paving a way for surpassing the current photovoltage limits toward higher‐performance devices.

This article presents incorporation of novel core/shell lanthanide LiYbF4:Tm-3(+)/LiYF4 nanoparticles (Ln-NPs) into the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and implementation of a thermal-enhanced vacuum-assisted solution processing method under ambient conditions with relative humidity exceeding 60 %. This study compares different combinations of ETL: single-layer of SnO2, double-layer of SnO2, and 0.031 wt% Ln-NPs incorporated into the second layer of SnO2. The optimised device, with 0.031 wt% Ln-NPs, achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.00 %, a 17 % improvement over the pristine single-layer SnO2 device and a 11 % improvement over the pristine double-layer SnO2 device single and double-layer SnO2 configurations. The double-layer structures of SnO2 can enhance device performance due to better film formation and charge transport. The incorporation of Ln-NPs significantly improve the morphological and crystalline properties of perovskite films, resulting in larger grain sizes, enhanced uniformity, and reduced pinhole density. This improvement arises from reducing surface hydroxyl groups on SnO2, suppressing heterogeneous nucleation and promoting larger-cum-defect-free grain formation. Modifications to the energy levels of the SnO2, ETL also enhance alignment with the perovskite layer, improving charge extraction and reducing recombination losses. This work demonstrates the dual benefits of Ln-NPs, offering a promising approach to improve PSC performance without glovebox processing.

The commercialized PEDOT:PSS is the most commonly used hole-transporting material in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its solution processability, good transparency, and universality across different material systems. However, its relatively shallow work function (WF) and unsatisfactory longitudinal conductivity constrain the device performance. Here, we develop three coordination polymers (CPs) with adjustable spatial topologies based on copper iodide (CuI) and 2,7-di(pyridine-4-yl)acridine (DPA), and reveal the mechanism by which topology-engineered regulation mediates the properties of PEDOT:PSS and the active layer as well as OSC performance. Through the functions of coordination-induced separation and stacking enhancement effect induced by topology, the blended CPs-PEDOT:PSS films exhibit better π-π stacking, higher longitudinal conductivity and a deeper WF level, facilitating carrier dynamics and reducing interfacial voltage loss. The resulting champion device based on the binary active layer exhibits a high efficiency of over 20%. This work demonstrates the application potential of topology-engineered CPs as hole-transporting materials and provides a rational strategy to construct robust interlayers.

Over the past decade, organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable advancements in performance, obtaining certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 27 % that is comparable to those of crystalline silicon solar cells. With their unique advantages such as low cost, high efficiency, simple fabrication, and broad applicability, PSCs are emerging as a leading contender for future largescale photovoltaic production. However, one of the key challenges hindering commercialization is the need for upscaling the PSC without significantly scarifying the PCE. Developing scalable deposition techniques capable of producing large-area, uniform, and high-quality perovskite films is critical for fabricating efficient, reproducible, and stable perovskite devices as well as modules. In-depth knowledge and advanced research on the fabrication processes are essential to control the quality of large-area films. This review discusses scalable solution-based deposition methods, including blade coating, slot-die coating, and spray coating, alongside recent developments in these techniques. Last but not the least, we also explores the challenges and perspectives that must be addressed to further advance the commercialization of PSCs.

Solid additives represent a potent morphological control strategy for enhancing the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices by enabling precise tuning of active layer aggregation, molecular stacking, and phase separation. These structural changes are vital for improving exciton dissociation, charge transport, and charge collection efficiency. We systematically explore the use of phenolic small molecules as solid additives, focusing on their ability to interact via hydroxyl groups with the acceptor material, potentially inhibiting excessive aggregation. Employing the PM6:Y7 system, we show that the phenolic solid additive BINOL significantly improves photovoltaic performance over both control and chloronaphthalene (CN)-processed devices. The BINOLmodified device yielded a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.60 % (vs 15.57 % for control and 16.80 % for CN). Comprehensive physical studies reveal that BINOL enhances exciton dissociation and charge transport while effectively suppressing charge recombination and reducing voltage loss. Importantly, improved device stability was also achieved. Our results underscore the promise of phenolic solid additives for realizing highly efficient and stable OPVs by beneficially regulating active layer morphology and charge dynamics.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with supreme opto-electrical properties and solution-processability have attracted tremendous interest. To realize state-of-the-art efficiencies in PSCs, delicate control of bandgap (E g) is required, which generally involves using mixed halogens. This, however, can result in unfavorable phase segregation to negatively influence on the target efficiency and long-term stability. Herein, a viable precursor method is demonstrated for preparing halide-uniform perovskites based on lead derivatives of nPbI2:1PbXA. It is found that nPbI2:1PbXA enables tuning the bonding preference and strength between PbI2 and PbBr2 in the precursor, leading to generating stable -I-Br-I-Br- fragments, which eventually minimizes halide segregation in the perovskite. The precursor approach have been applied to a series of wide-bandgap mixed halide perovskites, achieving boosted efficiencies of 21.3% and 20.3% in CsPbI2.8Br0.2 (bandgap of 1.74 eV) and Cs0.2FA0.8I1.9Br1.1 (bandgap of 1.77 eV) based solar cells. Interestingly, the connection between the modified halide homogeneity and mechanical tolerance is found: the better the uniformity in the halide distribution, the higher the mechanical resistance of the perovskite to compressive or bending forces. The solar cells with modified halogen uniformity exhibit impressive long-term stability, with the retention of >90% of the initial efficiencies after 1500 h of continuous illumination under maximum power point tracking.

This article presents incorporation of novel core/shell lanthanide LiYbF₄:Tm³⁺/LiYF₄ nanoparticles (Ln-NPs) into the SnO₂ electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and implementation of a thermal-enhanced vacuum-assisted solution processing method under ambient conditions with relative humidity exceeding 60%. This study compares different combinations of ETL: single-layer of SnO2, double-layer of SnO2, and 0.031 wt% Ln-NPs incorporated into the second layer of SnO2. The optimised device, with 0.031 wt% Ln-NPs, achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.00%, a 17% improvement over the pristine single-layer SnO₂ device and a 11% improvement over the pristine double-layer SnO₂ device single and double-layer SnO₂ configurations. The double-layer structures of SnO₂ can enhance device performance due to better film formation and charge transport. The incorporation of Ln-NPs significantly improve the morphological and crystalline properties of perovskite films, resulting in larger grain sizes, enhanced uniformity, and reduced pinhole density. This improvement arises from reducing surface hydroxyl groups on SnO₂, suppressing heterogeneous nucleation and promoting larger-cum-defect-free grain formation. Modifications to the energy levels of the SnO₂, ETL also enhance alignment with the perovskite layer, improving charge extraction and reducing recombination losses. This work demonstrates the dual benefits of Ln-NPs, offering a promising approach to improve PSC performance without glovebox processing.

Chiral perovskites, due to their unique optical and electronic properties, show broad application prospects in fields such as photonics, spintronics, and photodetection. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of chiral perovskites, covering chiral optical phenomena, structural design of chiral perovskites, synthesis strategies, and their applications in functional devices. By introducing chiral organic ligands, chiral perovskites have successfully achieved chiral transfer from the molecular scale to the crystal structure, inheriting the advantages of traditional perovskite materials such as high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and strong light absorption while also enabling precise control of the spin state of light and the direction of charge transport. This paper explores the applications of chiral perovskites in circularly polarized light (CPL) detection, spin light-emitting diodes (spin-LEDs), and solar cells, and introduces innovative strategies for improving device performance. In addition, this paper also discusses the challenges faced by chiral perovskite materials, such as the toxicity of lead-based materials and the impact of complex synthesis processes on large-scale applications. Finally, this paper looks forward to future research directions, aiming to achieve chiral function integration and large-scale device manufacturing, and to promote the further development of chiral perovskite materials in the fields of energy and information technology.

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have attracted significant interest in recent years. Previously, defect passivation and heterostructure construction have been usually used to improve the electronic properties of the emitting layer. However, the effect of passivation is far from satisfactory due to the size and many-body effects of the TMD materials. Here, the edge dangling bonds of the intrinsic MoS2 quantum sheets were passivated by heat treatment with tetrahydrofuran, which prevents the nonradiative recombination caused by edge relaxation and increases the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) to 39.9%. More importantly, blue LEDs with an emission wavelength of 455 nm and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.4% are fabricated based on edge-passivated MoS2, which is the first report from TMD QD/QSs. The edge passivation of MoS2 with high PLQY and EQE reveals an efficient approach for the development of highly efficient photonic applications.

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSC) have received vast progress recently. However, the complexity of polymer chain entanglements imposes barrier for improving charge carrier transport and photovoltage gains toward higher photovoltaic performance. Here, we present a study on molecular structure-voltage loss-device stability relationships in all-PSCs based on a group of A-D-A'-D-A type polymer acceptors (PY-IT, PY-DT and PY-FT) in blends with the polymer donor PM6. We show that the conformational rigidify of polymer acceptor plays a decisive role in reducing transport-related energetic disorder (a) in blends and non-radiative recombination (Delta Vnon-rad) for photovoltage loss. Notably, the PM6:PY-DT heterojunction achieves a low a (0.281 eV), resulting in a low Delta Vnon-rad (0.183 V), a high fill factor (78.34), and a PCE of 19.26 %. We further show that the reduced energetic and molecular disorder in the all-polymer heterojunction can lead to a phase morphology that is thermally and kinetically more stable under illumination. As a result, Delta Vnon-rad growth under light-soaking is suppressed, enabling devices to retain 83 % and 91.9 % of their initial PCE after 1000 h of MPP tracking and five thermal cycles (205-353 K), respectively. These findings offer guidance for simultaneously improving efficiency and stability in organic solar cells toward practical applications.

Enhancing the stability and optical tailorability of semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) is crucial for building-integrated photovoltaics. In this work, we propose a smart design for realizing stable and color-tunable all-polymer ST-OSCs through integrating a self-assembled MeO-2PACZ layer capped in conjunction with an optically engineered coupling structure (dielectric layer/metal/dielectric layer). Owing to the effective blocking of interfacial diffusion of metal ions, the devices with MeO-2PACZ receive considerable gains of stability, as manifested by the retention of 90% of the initial efficiency after 4000 h under storage and a retention of 82% after 600 h at maximum power point tracking. The optical coupling layer enables independent modulation of reflective properties while maintaining a high transmittance neutrality. This results in colorful ST-OSCs with a wide reflective chrominance range and a peak light utilization efficiency of 3.62%, among the best for all-polymer ST-OSCs. This strategy advances next-generation, sustainable photovoltaic windows.