В настоящее время для исследований Земли из космоса и мониторинга различных процессов и явлений специалистам доступны «долговременные» архивы спутниковых данных по большим территориям.В частности, такие архивы реализованы в рамках Центра коллективного пользования «ИКИ-Мониторинг», созданного в 2012 г. для обеспечения доступа к архивам данных дистанционного зондирования Земли, включая предоставление пользователям широкого спектра различных интерактивных инструментов для их анализа и обработки.Одним из них служит инструмент, позволяющий отображать в виде графиков временные ряды (серии) различных характеристик в заданных пользователем координатах точки на земной поверхности, получаемые «на лету» на основе обработки множества разновременных спутниковых наблюдений.Этот инструмент позволяет анализировать динамику изменения самых разных характеристик и используется при решении целого ряда задач спутникового мониторинга.Важно отметить, что для получения требуемых временных рядов данных в заданных координатах в некоторых случаях необходимо обработать очень большое количество спутниковых наблюдений (более 100 тыс.), поэтому особую актуальность приобретает задача минимизации времени подготовки таких данных.Не менее важно было также поддержать работу с широким спектром различных

Представлены результаты измерений водосодержания облаков и интегрального содержания водяного пара в период обледенения ВС. Эксперимент проходил в г. Санкт-Петербург, на территории Института прикладной астрономии РАН в период с 1 октября 2021 г. по 31 марта 2022 г., данные об обледенении ВС были предоставлены Авиационным метеорологическим центром аэропорта «Пулково». Показано, что эффективную высоту плотности водяного пара можно использовать в качестве предиктора верхней границы обледенения ВС.

Evaporation and vertical moisture and heat transfer from the underlying surface are the basis of cloud formation. The situation when the coming relatively cold stably stratified air moves over a warm ocean is a typical problem in the development of a turbulent convective layer. The problem of cloud formation is also of scientific and practical interest. This paper considers the problems of the formation of a turbulent convective layer over a warmer ocean and the vertical distribution of relative humidity. The results of the theoretical model are compared with the data of observations of the development of the turbulent convective layer at low latitudes (in the Indian Ocean) and at higher latitudes (in autumn over Lake Michigan). Approximate equations describe well the dynamics of temperature and humidity of the layer as a function of the difference between the temperatures of the approaching and near-surface air layers. The theoretical results are compared with the data on measurements of the condensation heights obtained at the Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport. Some discrepancy between them is due to the unsteadiness measurement and the approximations adopted in the theoretical model.

It has been shown experimentally that, in a complex field of ionizing particles generated by cosmic rays, the highest values of the specific absorbed energy and, therefore, the density of charge formed during the ionization correspond to the locations of ion stopping. The modeling shows that, in the same locations, the ratio of the energy absorption by the nuclear continuum to the ionizing particle energy absorption by the electronic continuum of the medium linearly depends on the mass of the projectile.

The problem of stationary vertical distribution of saturated moist air thermodynamic parameters that takes place, for example, in an eyewall cloud of a tropical cyclone is considered. Based on these distributions, the cloud-growth dynamics problem is also considered. The heat and moisture fluxes from the ocean surface are determined by the wind and temperature difference and subcloud layer condition and last after the beginning of cloud formation. They change the condition of both the cloud and the subcloud layer. The coexistence and interaction of the two different regions require additional conditions. We assume continuity of the temperature and humidity profiles at the lower cloud boundary. The problem of cloud formation over the warmer ocean with account for water-phase transformations is considered in the present study. The cloud boundaries (the upper and the lower) in the process are determined and the temperature and moisture profiles within the cloud are also investigated. The lower boundary dipping is determined while taking the subcloud moisture into account. An approximate analytical model of these processes is formulated, and the corresponding equations are solved numerically. Approximate equations govern the vertical cloud structure well.

Рассмотрена задача о развитии вихревого возмущения типа трубообразного облака торнадо в аксиально-симметричной геометрии с учётом силы Кориолиса.В модели учитывается зависимость вертикального профиля температуры от вертикальной скорости, которая параметризует выделение скрытой теплоты конденсации влаги, всегда присутствующей в атмосфере.Таким образом, рассматривается нелинейная задача, имеющая предельный переход к задаче об обычной конвекции или о внутренних волнах в зависимости от знака вертикального градиента температуры.Модель трубообразного облака торнадо обеспечивается вертикальной неоднородностью радиуса колонны вихря, что в первом приближении сводится к вихрю конической формы.Динамика решения строится на основе задачи Коши с выбранными начальными условиями.Получено, что в такой

Tornado vortex is believed to be essentially nonlinear phenomenon; and the puzzle to choose the nonlinear term(s) responsible for its formation is still unresolved. In the present work we consider the nonlinear term associated with atmosphere humidity, by introducing variable temperature gradient depending on the vertical velocity of the fluid. Such term is able to yield energy to the system and is very suitable for such a problem. Other nonlinear terms are neglected, assuming slow rotation, or in other words a "weak" tornado approximation. We consider one-dimensional radial boundary problem, and use a modificaiton of shooting method to satisfy boundary conditions at large radii. Obtained numerical solutions of the nonlinear differential equation qualitatively agree with the observed atmosphere vortices (tornados, tropical cyclones). The obtained results show general possibility of existence of unstable motion even in convectively stable atmosphere stratification.

It is commonly accepted, that cloud formation is caused by the humidity flux directed from the warm bottom atmospheric layers towards the cold dry heights, and the transportation mechanism in stable stratification is due to development of so-called turbulent boundary layer. The transportation of vapor can be described by buoyancy profile, and requires two significant characteristics of the atmosphere. The first is the heat and water vapor fluxes from the underlying surface which has been investigated by Smith (1988). The second is the temperature profile in the atmosphere, which is usually approximated and parameterized in various ways, because the exact solution is complicated and difficult to use. In this paper we construct a theory of three-component gas mixture, containing air, vapor, and water droplets. This model can be applied for the internal cloud region. Later we use buoyancy to investigate the dynamics of cloud formation, taking into account condensation of the water vapor inside the cloud. The obtained results suggest a typical time of 10 h required for development of intense cloud layer over a sea surface.

Existence and repeatability of tornadoes could be straightforwardly explained if there existed instability, responsible for their formation. However, it is well known that convection is the only instability in initially stable air, and the usual convective instability is not applicable for these phenomena. In the present paper we describe an instability in the atmosphere, which can be responsible for intense vortices. This instability appears in a fluid with Coriolis force and dissipation and has oscillatory behaviour, where the amplitude growth is accompanied by oscillations with frequency comparable to the growth rate of the instability. In the paper, both analytical analysis of the linear phase of the instability and nonlinear simulation of the developed stage of the air motion are addressed. This work was supported by the RFBR grant no. 09-05-00374-a.

Analytical model of convection in a thick horizontal cloud layer with free upper and lower boundaries is constructed. The cloud layer is supposed to be subjected to the Coriolis force due to the cloud rotation, which is a typical condition for tornado formation. It is obtained that convection in such system can look as just one rotating cell in contrast to the usual many-cells Benard convection. The tornado-type vortex is different from spatially periodic convective cells because their amplitudes vanish with distance from the vortex axis. The lower boundary at this convection can substantially move out of the initially horizontal cloud layer forming a single vertical vortex with intense upward and downward flows. The results are also applicable to convection in water layer with negative temperature gradient.

An analytical model of water waves generated by the wind over the water surface is presented. A simple modeling method of wind waves is described based on waves lengths diagram, azimuthal hodograph of waves velocities and others. Properties of the generated waves are described. The wave length and wave velocity are obtained as functions on azimuth of wave propagation and growth rate. Motionless waves dynamically trapped into the general picture of three dimensional waves are described. The gravitation force does not enter the three dimensional of turbulent wind waves. That is why these waves have turbulent and not gravitational nature. The Langmuir stripes are naturally modeled and existence of the rogue waves is theoretically proved.