It has been shown experimentally that, in a complex field of ionizing particles generated by cosmic rays, the highest values of the specific absorbed energy and, therefore, the density of charge formed during the ionization correspond to the locations of ion stopping. The modeling shows that, in the same locations, the ratio of the energy absorption by the nuclear continuum to the ionizing particle energy absorption by the electronic continuum of the medium linearly depends on the mass of the projectile.

The results obtained during the 25-year evolution of the error-correction coding optimization theory (OT) and multithreshold decoding (MTD) methods, which have been created on its basis, are presented.These iterative algorithms, with each symbol correction iteration, always find decisions of strictly increasing likelihood, and can achieve optimum results that would normally require exhaustive search of all possible code words.Research results on MTDs and other error-correction methods for binary and non-binary codes used to send messages over channels with binary, symbolic errors and erasures are presented.It is shown MTDs simply decode very long codes, which are the only ones capable of supporting the effective implementation of error correction at high channel noise levels.Assessments of software implementation complexity show the advantage of MTD over other methods in terms of the number of operations per bit with comparable efficiency.It reviews the capabilities of symbolic codes, discovered by the authors, and the corresponding, simple to implement special symbolic MTD decoders, which are easier and more efficient than all other known methods of decoding non-binary codes.The methodological basis of the OT and the new paradigms for successful research into the theory and applied issues of error-correction coding are discussed.General conclusions are formulated on the study, and directions for further development of work on MTD are suggested.

The Interhelioprobe mission aims to investigate the inner heliosphere and the Sun from close distances (up to 0.3 AU) and from out of the ecliptic plane (up to 30°). In this paper we present the relevance of the mission and its main scientific objectives, describe the scientific payload, ballistic scenario and orbits of the spacecraft. Possibilities of scientific cooperation with other solar and heliospheric space missions are also mentioned.

A description is given of the control structure of scientific instruments and data transfer management system involved in the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite mission. The technical capabilities of all specialized instruments to provide the function of the scientific instruments and spacecract (SC) support systems are unified in a single structure. The correctness of the proposed and implemented structure has been verified by the operation of the CORONAS-PHOTON’s complex of scientific instruments. Control of the scientific instruments was maintained using one-time and program pulse commands (OTC and PPC), as well as command data files (CDF), which are transmitted via onboard control units. Up to 30 OTC and 52 kbit of CDF can be transmitted per one control session. The date is transmitted to data-acquisition ground stations (DAGS) at Scientific center for Earth orbital monitoring. Up to 1.3 Gbyte of data can be transmitted per day. Data encryption and reception by two DAGS simultaneously was used to reduce the quantity of transmission failures. The CORONAS-PHOTON SC has been performing scientific experiments from February to December 2009. Over this period, 297 control sessions and 1050 data acquisition sessions were performed; about 5 Mbit of uplink control data were transmitted on board SC, and 250 Gbyte of scientific data were received by DAGS.

The iterative majority improved decoders are described. They are called multithreshold decoders (MTD). These decoders have a property of convergence to the solution of the optimum decoder with keeping linear complexity of implementation, which one is a property of usual threshold procedures. Different decoding applications are discussed. Experimental results are submitted. Decoder realization at the PLIS basis is discussed also.

The principles of operation and performance of multithreshold decoders (MTD) are reviewed in the field of high levels of a channel noise. These methods in many cases are so effective, as optimum decoding procedures with total search. The complexity of their implementation is practically linear on code length. The generalizations of MTD for nonbinary signals is suggested also.