Objective To explore the mechanism of exercise intervention in improving autism-like behaviors in Shank3 gene knockout (Shank3(-/-)) induced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) rat models from an autophagy perspective through 8-week swimming intervention. Methods Based on genotype identification and exercise intervention, rats were divided into four groups (n=15): wild-type control group (WC), Shank3(-/-) control group (KC), wild-type swimming group (WS), and Shank3(-/-) swimming group (KS). KS and WS groups underwent 8 weeks of swimming exercise, 5 d/week, gradually increasing to and maintaining 40 min/session. Behavioral experiments, including self-grooming test, marble burying test, and hole-board test, were conducted 24 h after the final swimming intervention. Tissue sampling was performed 12 h after behavioral testing. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe autophagosome numbers in the striatum region. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to observe the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and selective autophagy adaptor protein (p62). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect protein and mRNA expression of Beclin1, LC3, p62, autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), autophagy-related 16-like protein 1 (Atg16L), and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) in striatal. Results Compared with the WC group, rats in the KC group exhibited significantly higher self-grooming frequency and duration (P<0.05), increased marble burying behavior (P<0.01), and elevated frequencies in both hole-board exploration and single-hole exploration (P<0.05). Following 8 weeks of swimming intervention, the KS group demonstrated significantly reduced self-grooming duration, marble burying behavior, and single-hole exploration frequency compared to the KC group. Furthermore, compared to the WC group, the KC group displayed abundant autophagosomes in the striatum region, along with significantly elevated protein and mRNA expression levels of Atg5, Atg16L, p62, and LC3II/LC3I ratio (P<0.05), increased Beclin1 protein levels (P<0.05), and markedly decreased LAMP1 protein and mRNA expression levels (P<0.05). Following the 8-week swimming intervention, the KS group exhibited significantly reduced protein and mRNA expression levels of Atg5, Atg16L, p62, and LC3II/LC3I ratio (P<0.05), decreased Beclin1 protein levels (P<0.05), and significantly elevated LAMP1 protein and mRNA expression levels (P<0.05) compared to the KC group. Conclusion Early 8-week swimming can alleviate stereotyped behaviors in Shank3(-/-) rats by regulating striatal cell autophagy.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the regulatory impact of early swimming intervention on striatal metabolism in Shank3 gene knockout ASD model rats. Methods:Shank3 gene knockout exon 11-21 male 8-day-old SD rats were used as experimental subjects and randomly divided into the following three groups: a Shank3 knockout control group (KC), a wild-type control group (WC) from the same litter, and a Shank3 knockout swimming group (KS). The rats in the exercise group received early swimming intervention for 8 weeks starting at 8 days old. LC-MS metabolism was employed to detect the changes in metabolites in the striatum. Results: There were 17 differential metabolites (14 down-regulated) between the KC and WC groups, 19 differential metabolites (18 up-regulated) between the KS and KC groups, and 22 differential metabolites (18 up-regulated) between the KS and WC groups. Conclusions: The metabolism of striatum in Shank3 knockout ASD model rats is disrupted, involving metabolites related to synaptic morphology, and the Glu and GABAergic synapses are abnormal. Early swimming intervention regulated the striatal metabolome group of the ASD model rats, with differential metabolites primarily related to nerve development, synaptic membrane structure, and synaptic signal transduction.

BACKGROUND:This study used network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of different exercise prescription variables (e.g., duration, frequency, intensity, and type) in improving inhibitory control in children with ADHD. METHODS:A systematic search was conducted on databases like EBSCO, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane until March 31, 2024. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed quality. Analyses were performed using Stata 17.0 and Review Manager 5.4, with rankings determined by SUCRA probabilities. RESULTS:The analysis included 17 studies with 640 participants. Aerobic exercise interventions demonstrated significantly superior effects in enhancing inhibitory control compared to Cognitive + exercise, Multicomponent exercise, and Mind-body exercise. An intervention period of ≥12 weeks showed significantly greater effects than 4-7 weeks and 8-11 weeks. A frequency of 2 times per week was more effective than 3 times per week, and low-intensity interventions outperformed moderate-intensity interventions. The optimal intervention combination was low-intensity Aerobic exercise lasting 70 min per session, administered 2 times per week over a period of ≥12 weeks. CONCLUSION:Low-intensity Aerobic exercise for 70 min, twice weekly, ≥12 weeks, was most effective for improving inhibitory control in children with ADHD. However, more research is needed due to the limited number of studies.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise intervention to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and thus improve cardiac function in myocardial infarction (MI) mice by regulating CTGF expression through miR-133a-3p. METHODS:Male C57/BL6 mice, 7-8 weeks old, were randomly divided into sham-operated group (S group), sham-operated +aerobic exercise group (SE group), myocardial infarction group (MI group) and MI + aerobic exercise group (ME group). The mice were anesthetized the day after training and cardiac function was assessed by cardiac echocardiography. Myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF%) was analyzed by Masson staining. Myocardial CTGF, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blotting, and myocardial miR-133a-3p was measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS:Compared with the S group, miR-133a-3p, Bcl-2 and EF were significantly decreased and CTGF, Bax, Bax/ Bcl-2, Caspase 3, Cleaved Caspase-3, LVIDd, LVIDs and CVF were significantly increased in the MI group. Compared with the MI group, miR-133a-3p, Bcl-2 and EF were significantly increased, cardiac function was significantly improved, and CTGF, Bax, Bax/ Bcl-2, Caspase 3, Cleaved Caspase-3, LVIDd, LVIDs and CVF were significantly decreased in ME group. The miR-133a-3p was significantly lower and CTGF was significantly higher in the H2O2 intervention group compared with the control group of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes. miR-133a-3p was significantly higher and CTGF was significantly lower in the AICAR intervention group compared to the H2O2 intervention group. Compared with the control group of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes, CTGF, Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly increased and Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the miR-133a-3p inhibitor intervention group; CTGF, Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly decreased and Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated in the miR-133a-3p mimics intervention group. CONCLUSION:Aerobic exercise down-regulated CTGF expression in MI mouse myocardium through miR-133a-3p, thereby inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improving cardiac function.

Objective To investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic exercise on the improvement of core behaviors of male and female autistic mice induced by valproic acid (VPA). Methods Experimental mice were randomly divided into the control group (CTL), VPA-induced autism group (VPA) and VPA+aerobic exercise group (VEX), with 10 mice in each group. The pregnant mice were injected with VPA intraperitoneally at E12.5, and their offspring were used as autistic mice. Pups were weaned 28 d after birth and began an 8-week aerobic exercise intervention. The day after exercise, mice were tested in behavioral experiments to detect exploratory behavior, social skills, repetitive stereotypic behavior, cognitive ability and mood. The mice were tested for social skills, repetitive stereotyped behaviors, cognitive and learning memory abilities, exploratory behaviors, and emotions by behavioral assays on the following day after the exercise. Results Both male and female mice in the CTL group showed a significant decrease in the total distance and percentage of time spent in the interaction zone in the 4th socialization compared to the 1st socialization (P<0.01); the total distance and percentage of time spent in the interaction zone in the 5th socialization was significantly increased compared to the 4th socialization (P<0.01); in VPA group, both male and female mice showed no significant change in the total distance and percentage of time spent in the interaction zone in the 4th and 5th socialization; in the VEX group, the total distance and percentage of time spent in the interaction zone by male mice in the 4th socialization was significantly decreased compared to the 1st socialization (P<0.01, P<0.05); and in the VEX group the total distance and percentage of time spent in the social interaction zone by both male and female mice in the 5th socialization was significantly increased compared to the 4th socialization (P<0.01, P<0.05). The results of the first phase of three-box socialization experiment showed that male and female mice in the CTL group spent more time socializing with their social partners than in contact with the empty cages (P<0.01); there was no difference in the time spent by male and female mice in the VPA group in socializing with their social partners and the empty cages; and male and female mice in the VEX group spent a longer time socializing with their social partners (P<0.01). The results of the second phase of three-box test showed that male and female mice in the CTL group showed a significant tendency to socialize with new social partners (P<0.01), whereas no significant changes were observed in the mice of VPA group; aerobic exercise significantly ameliorated this deficit in male and female mice with autism. Compared with the CTL group, VPA-induced significant decreases were observed in the total distance freely moved in the central area of the open field, the time and percentage of time spent in the open arm of cross maze, and the distance and time spent in the white box in both male and female autistic mice (P<0.01); a significant increase in the number of bead burials and time spent in self-grooming (P<0.01); a significant decrease in the cognitive index (P<0.01); a significantly longer latency to find the platform, and significantly decreased the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the number of times they traversed the platform (P<0.01). Compared with the VPA group, after 8 weeks of aerobic intervention, male and female mice in the VEX group showed a significant increase in total distance, open-arm dwell time, and percentage of free movement in the central area of the empty field (P<0. 05), and a trend toward a decrease in the dwell time of females in the white box was not significant, the number of beads burying and the time of self-combing were significantly lower (P<0.01, P<0.05); and a significant increase in cognitive index (P<0.05), a significantly shorter time to find the platform, and significantly increased percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the number of times they traversed the platform (P<0.01), showing excellent learning memory. Conclusion Autistic mice severely suffer from social and cognitive impairments, repetitive stereotyped behaviors, decreased activity level, and the exhibition of anxiety. 8 weeks of aerobic exercise can improve the social and cognitive abilities, alleviate the stereotyped repetitive behaviors, increase the activity level, and positively regulate the anxiety in autistic mice. It is hypothesized that aerobic exercise has an important role in motor rehabilitation of autism, in order to provide a theoretical basis for clinical research.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social disorder and stereotypical behavior, and its incidence rate is increasing yearly. It is considered that acritical period for the prognosis of young children with ASD exists, thus early treatment is crucial. Swimming, due to its comforting effect, is often used to induce enthusiasm in young children for completing activities and has a good effect in the treatment of ASD, but the effective path of swimming has yet to be reported. The intestinal microbiota of ASD patients and animal models has been reported to be different from that of healthy controls, and these changes may affect the brain environment. Therefore, whether the intestinal microbiota is involved in the treatment of ASD by early swimming is our concern. In this study, we used 8-day old Shank3 gene knockout rats with 8 weeks of early load swimming training and conducted behavioral, small intestine morphology, and intestinal content sequencing after training. The results showed that early load swimming significantly reduced the stereotyped and anxious behaviors of Shank3-/- rats, increased their muscle strength, increased the length of intestinal villi and the width of the muscular layer after Shank3 knockout, and affected the abundance of intestinal microorganisms. The abundances with statistical significance were Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, and Alloprevotella. To further confirm the role of intestinal microorganisms in it, we designed a 14-day intestinal stool transplantation experiment. Fecal microbiota transplantation demonstrated that load swimming can significantly reduce the anxiety behavior of Shank3 rats, increase their muscle strength, change the structure of the small intestine, and affect the abundance of intestinal contents. The abundance of Epsilonbateraeota, Prevotella, and Bacteroides significantly changed after transplantation. Our findings confirm the possibility of early load swimming therapy for individuals with ASD and explain that the intestinal microbiota is a key pathway for early exercise therapy for patients with ASD.

The effect of exercise interventions on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been demonstrated in many studies, and the discovery of a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS) has led to the concept of the microbial gut-brain axis (MGBA) and has linked the abnormal GM to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, autism being one of them. Research on improving the GM through exercise is also starting to come into focus. However, there are currently few studies on exercise intervention in the GM of autism. The purpose of this review was to find evidence to explore the possible potential effects of exercise to improve the behavior of individuals with autism in the MGBA in this treatment, as well as the potential of GM as an exercise treatment for autism. We will explore (1) changes in GM components of ASD and their relationship to the pathophysiology of ASD; (2) the relationship between exercise and changes in GM components, and (3) the effect of exercise on GM in CNS disorders. Ultimately, we concluded that Streptococcus , Bifidobacterium , Clostridium , Bacteroides , and Blautia may be potential effectors through the MGBA network during exercise to ameliorate ASD targeting microbiotas. They deserve high attention in the follow-up studies.

研究目的:通过调查北京射击队82名射击运动员的伤病情况,总结分析主要伤病部位、组织类型、病程、程度及诱因,掌握伤病特征规律,提出切实可行的预防策略.研究方法:采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计法进行伤病现状调查研究,结合项目特点和实际情况进行分析.研究结果:①82名射击运动员中有57名患有运动损伤,占比69.5％,总损伤人次为123次.②不同射击项目损伤率分别是:手枪项目为73.1％,飞碟项目为68.4％,步枪项目为66.7％.③不同性别射击运动员损伤发生率为:女性占比75.7％、男性占比64.4％.④射击运动员损伤分布在12个部位,分别是:颈部(29.3％)、腰部(18.7％)、肩背部(17.9％)、膝部(17.1％)、腕部(6.5％)、踝部(4.9％)、手部(1.6％),以及髋部、上臂部、腿部、肘部、足部(均为0.8％).⑤损伤组织与类型有22种,包括肌肉劳损(47.2％)、神经卡压(10.6％)、关节劳损(8.9％)、韧带劳损(8.1％)等.⑥损伤病程:慢性损伤占比90.2％,急性损伤占比9.8％.⑦损伤程度:轻伤占比82.9％,中度损伤占比16.3％,重伤占比0.8％.⑧损伤诱因:由专项训练引起占比83.7％,由课余体育活动引起占比7.3％,由日常活动、遗传因素等其他因素引起占比9.0％.结论:①射击运动员损伤情况较为普遍.②不同射击项目损伤率不同,手枪项目损伤率最高,其次为飞碟项目,最后为步枪项目.③不同性别射击运动员损伤率不同,女性射击运动员损伤率高于男性射击运动员.④射击运动员主要损伤部位集中在颈部、腰部、肩背部、膝部、腕部、踝部等处.⑤最常见的损伤组织为肌肉组织,最常见的损伤类型为劳损.肌肉劳损是射击运动员的主要损伤病种.⑥损伤病程特点为:慢性损伤占比远高于急性损伤.⑦损伤程度特点为:轻伤占比最高,其次为中度损伤,重伤占比最少.⑧损伤诱因特点为:由专项训练引起的损伤占比最高,其次为由课余体育活动引起,最后为生活、遗传等其他因素引起.建议:①因项、因时、因人而异合理安排训练负荷,防止过度疲劳的出现.②加强思想教育和理论指导,提升教练员、运动员预防伤病意识.③促进康复——体能一体化,加强专项力量训练防伤防病,对伤病运动员进行科学合理的物理治疗与运动治疗.④重视专项训练前后的热身激活和拉伸放松,避免运动损伤的发生.

Exosomes （EXs） are important vesicles for intercellular signaling and play an important role in organismal homeostasis. Exosomal microRNAs （miRNAs） are one of the key components of EXs to protect against myocardial infarction （MI）， which is one of the major killers threatening human health， characterized by high morbidity， high disability and high mortality. Ischemia/reperfusion is the main treatment for MI. The myocardial ischemic condition caused by MI changes the components of exosomes， in the meanwhile， exercise stimulates the secretion of exosomes， exerts their biological and cardioprotective effects， inhibits the pathological progression of MI. In this review， by summarizing the role of exosomal miRNAs in MI， we propose the possible mechanism by which exercise improves cardiac function in MI， aiming to provide new ideas and targets for experimental research and clinical treatment involving exercise intervention in control of coronary heart disease.

北京冬残奥会我国轮椅冰壶队获得冠军,使该项目赢得广泛关注.为厘清轮椅冰壶投壶成功率与比赛成绩之间的相关性,运用文献资料、数理统计、访谈等方法,对北京冬残奥会轮椅冰壶比赛中国队投壶成功率数据进行横向分析.结果表明:中国队循环赛全队平均投壶成功率为 70.8%、决赛全队平均投壶成功率为 83%,投壶成功率与比赛胜率存在内在联系;除一垒外,其余各垒及全队的胜负场次投壶成功率具有显著性差异,尤其四垒存在显著关联,更为关键;轮椅冰壶的投壶成功率受多种因素的影响,主要包括对运动员技术及心理调节能力的训练,以及团队的协作和相互信任.建议完善训练体系,通过强化技术细节,确保轮椅冰壶运动员技术的稳定性;加强轮椅冰壶团队协作训练,通过团队活动、心理辅导等方式强化内部凝聚力,提高团队执行力和投壶成功率.

Background:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by social behavior deficits and stereotyped behaviors in childhood that lacks satisfactory medical intervention. Early swimming intervention is a noninvasive method combining enriched environment and exercise, which has been proven to improve brain development in young children and to treat neurodevelopmental diseases.Methods:In this study, we tested the autism-like behavior of rats with deletions in exons 11-21 of the Shank3 gene and evaluated the effect of early swimming intervention (from postnatal day 8 to 60) on the behavior of this animal model of autism. In addition, the transcriptomes of the striatal tissues of wild-type, Shank3 knockout and Shank3 knockout swimming groups rats were analyzed.Results:Shank3 knockout rats exhibit core symptoms of autism, and early swimming improved the social and stereotyped behaviors in this autism rat model. Transcriptomics results revealed that compared to the wild-type group, 291 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the striatum of the Shank3 knockout group. Compared to Shank3 knockout group, 534 DEGs were identified in the striatum of Shank3 knockout swimming group. The DEGs annotated by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway shows that the impacts of Shank3 deletion were primarily reflected in synaptic structure, development, morphology, receptor function and signaling, and swimming primarily changed the terms related to the synapses in the striatum of Shank3 knockout rats, including the morphology, structure, composition, development and regulation of synapses.Conclusion:Early swimming intervention can ameliorate behavioral abnormalities caused by Shank3 knockout, by a mechanism that may involve the process of striatal synaptic development and should be further investigated.

Aim: To explore associations between sleep duration and physical fitness (PF) of children aged 3–6 years. Methods: This study investigated the sleep duration and PF data of children aged 3–6 years by stratified random sampling. The restricted cubic spline model and binary logistic regression analysis were mainly used for the empirical analysis of the correlation effect between sleep duration and PF. The final data had a total of 21,857 children, of which 11,245 (51.45%) were boys and 10,612 (48.55%) were girls. Results: The PF level of the children in this study showed a relatively positive level (pass rate = 93.6%), and 19.7% of them had abnormal sleep duration; the results of the restricted cubic spline showed an inverted U-shaped association between the level of PF and the risk of abnormal sleep duration (X2 = 28.13, p < 0.0001). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that children with abnormal sleep duration were more likely to have a low PF, body morphology and motor ability levels at an OR (95% CI) of 1.077 (1.023–1.133), 1.077 (1.016–1.142) and 1.035 (1.08–1.062), respectively. The results of the bias correlation analysis showed varying degrees of correlation between sleep duration and various components of children’s PF. Conclusion: Insufficient or excessive amounts of sleep were significantly associated with PF in children, with abnormal sleep duration leading to reduced levels of PF and its components.

1College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/ National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 6Autism Research Center of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

PURPOSE:To explore the association between the physical health (PH) and physical activity behavior (PAB) of children aged 3 to 6 years, and to provide a basis for the scientific planning of children's physical activity behavior in kindergarten. METHODS:A total of 18041 children in China aged 3 to 6 years were selected as the research subject. The PH monitoring indicators were measured according to "The National Physical Fitness Measurement Standards Manual" (Preschool Children Version) (NPFMSM), and PAB was reported by teachers. The chi-square test was used to test for differences in PH and PAB across groups, the percentile method was used to rank PAB, correlation analysis was used to analyze the association between components of PH and PAB, and multiple linear regression was used to determine the independent association between PAB and PH. RESULTS:Participants in this study exhibited poor PH status, and the detection rates of failure were 16.4% for boys and 16.8% for girls, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing age. The grade difference and sex difference in PH components were statistically significant (P<0.01). PAB changes to static activities with increasing age, mainly to static indoor physical activities (SIPAs). The regression effects of the total duration of physical activity (TDPA) and dynamic physical activity (DPA) on PH score and physical fitness (PF) score were significant (P < 0.01) but not statistically significant with static physical activity (SPA) (P>0.05). Dynamic outdoor physical activity (DOPA) is the core factor affecting children's PH, and is significantly positively correlated with the components of PH. CONCLUSION:PAB in kindergarten can improve children's PH, and reasonable planning of PAB in kindergarten has a targeted effect on PH promotion.

INTRODUCTION:SHANK3 is an important excitatory postsynaptic scaffold protein, and its mutations lead to genetic cause of neurodevelopmental diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Philan McDermid syndrome (PMS), and intellectual disability (ID). Early prevention and treatment are important for Shank3 gene mutation disease. Swimming has been proven to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases.METHODS:Shank3 gene exon 11-21 knockout rats were intervened by a 40 min/day, 5 day/week for 8-week protocol. After the intervention, the rats were tested to behavioral measures such as learning and memory, and the volume and H-spectrum of the brain were measured using MRI; hippocampal dendritic spines were measured using Golgi staining and laser confocal.RESULTS:The results showed that Shank3-deficient rats had significant deficits in social memory, object recognition, and water maze learning decreased hippocampal volume and number of neurons, and lower levels of related scaffold proteins and receptor proteins were found in Shank3-deficient rats.CONCLUSION:It is suggested that early swimming exercise has a positive effect on Shank3 gene-deficient rats, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and recovery of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose. Urine can sensitively reflect early pathophysiological changes in the body. The purpose of this study was to explore the changes of urine proteome in rats with regular swimming exercise. Methods. In this study, experimental rats were subjected to daily moderate-intensity swimming exercise for 7 weeks. Urine samples were collected at weeks 2, 5, and 7 and were analyzed by using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results. Unsupervised clustering analysis of all urinary proteins identified at week 2 showed that the swimming group was distinctively different from the control group. Compared to the control group, a total of 112, 61 and 44 differential proteins were identified in the swimming group at weeks 2, 5 and 7, respectively. Randomized grouping statistical analysis showed that more than 85% of the differential proteins identified in this study were caused by swimming exercise rather than random allocation. According to the Human Protein Atlas, the differential proteins that have human orthologs were strongly expressed in the liver, kidney and intestine. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these differential proteins were involved in glucose metabolism and immunity-related pathways. Conclusion. Our results revealed that the urinary proteome could reflect significant changes after regular swimming exercise. These findings may provide an approach to monitor the effects of exercise of the body.

编码SH3 (Src homology domain 3)和多个锚蛋白重复结构域蛋白3(SHANK3)基因广泛分布于大脑的各个脑区,定位于兴奋性突触后致密部(postsynaptic density,PSD).SHANK3基因不同位点突变的鼠类模型已被广泛构建,以模拟孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)的行为表现,探究异常行为背后的机制.各脑区的兴奋抑制平衡(E-I balance)是ASD的发生机制之一,与ASD的行为表现密切相关.SHANK3基因不同位点的突变可能会导致不同脑区E-I平衡的变化,从而产生ASD样行为.该文主要综述SHANK3基因不同位点突变ASD鼠类模型不同脑区E-I平衡的变化、与行为之间的联系及相关机制的研究进展,为SHANK3基因突变ASD鼠类模型的发病机制及干预的进一步深入研究提供借鉴.

疫情期间,全国大规模在线教学实践引发了很多热点,在线教育城乡差异的讨论是其中之一.本研究采用调查研究法,以城乡中小学生为调查对象,从在线学习准备、在线学习情况、在线学习体验等方面调查了在线学习的现状,通过独立样本T检验分析城乡学生在线学习的差异,并寻找引发差异的原因.研究发现,城乡中小学生在线学习条件、自主学习能力以及对在线学习认同度三个方面存在显著差异,其中网络条件是引发差异的基本因素,自主学习能力是关键因素,对在线学习的认同度是核心因素.基于此,本研究从增强"硬实力"、提高"软实力"、发展"新模式"三个方面提出建议,以发挥在线教育促进教育公平的作用.