Ni-rich cathode materials are highly promising for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, owing to their superior overall electrochemical properties. The electrochemical performance of these materials is intimately linked to the degree of ordered development within their layered structure. However, the optimal lithiation calcination temperature for achieving highly ordered layered structures varies among Ni-rich materials with different nickel contents, and this critical parameter has not been thoroughly investigated. This study systematically addresses this gap by selecting four precursors with distinct nickel contents and subjecting them to lithiation calcination across a series of stepwise temperatures. Through in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XRD Rietveld refinement, we deciphered the dynamic evolution characteristics of layered structures during lithiation in materials with varying nickel contents. Furthermore, we clarified the regulatory effect of lithiation temperature on the materials’ structural order and concurrently evaluated their electrochemical performance. Ultimately, this research clarifies the intrinsic relationship between lithiation temperature, layered structure characteristics, and electrochemical performance, offering significant guidance for the precise design and preparation of high-performance Ni-rich cathode materials.

Correction for “Ultra-stable solid-state lithium metal batteries with ferroelectric oxide-enhanced PVDF-based hybrid solid electrolytes” by Jie Zhao et al. , J. Mater. Chem. A , 2025, 13 , 9347–9356, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA08724K.

Entropy engineering strategies have emerged as a transformative approach for enhancing the structural stability and electrochemical performance of nickel-based layered cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. By introducing multiple principal elements, these strategies leverage high configurational entropy to suppress phase separation, mitigate structural degradation, and improve cycling stability. This review systematically explores the principles of entropy engineering, including high-entropy doping, coating, and structural design, highlighting their impact on phase stability, ion transport, and capacity retention. The implementation of high-entropy oxides, core-shell architectures, and advanced surface coatings is discussed, with a focus on recent advancements that have demonstrated superior performance under high-rate and high-voltage cycling conditions. Despite these promising developments, the practical application of entropy engineering strategies faces significant challenges, including complex synthesis processes, scalability limitations, and the lack of a systematic theoretical framework for optimizing multi-element compositions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental mechanisms underlying entropy engineering, critically examines the current state of high-entropy cathode materials, and proposes future research directions for overcoming existing limitations. By offering an in-depth understanding of entropy engineering strategies, this work aims to guide the design and development of next-generation lithium-ion battery cathodes.

The development of metal oxides featuring stable anion decoration represents an effective and promising strategy to boost their electrocatalytic performance. In this work, oxygen vacancy-rich NiFe2O4 (Ov-NiFe2O4) spinel oxides decorated with non-crystalline phosphate are prepared as efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The redox reaction between oxidative Ni3+(Fe3+) and reductive H2PO2− at low temperature results in the formation of non-crystalline (NiFe)3(PO4)2 on the surface of Ov-NiFe2O4. Benefiting from the stable phosphate decoration, the as-prepared P-Ov-NiFe2O4@NF-x (x = 3, 6, and 9) exhibit increased electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), enhanced corrosion resistance, and reduced charge transfer resistance (Rct). The optimized P-Ov-NiFe2O4@NF-6 achieves a low overpotential of 224 mV at an OER current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 49.2 mV dec−1 in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. This work provides a general strategy for fabricating stable phosphate-decorated metal oxides with enhanced OER electrocatalytic performance.

LiNiO2 (LNO), as the ultimate form of Ni-rich layered cathodes with a capacity exceeding 230 mAh g-1, faces severe challenges including Li+/Ni2+ cation disordering, high interfacial reactivity, and lattice instability, which collectively lead to sluggish Li+ kinetics, parasitic side reactions, and detrimental phase transitions during cycling. Conventional strategies such as elemental doping and surface coating fail to simultaneously address the trade-off between capacity and stability. Herein, we propose a synergistic approach that combines high-entropy doping and precise composition modulation. A structurally reinforced high-entropy doped LNO material is synthesized via coprecipitation, where atomic-level dispersion of dopants and entropy stabilization effects collaboratively optimize multielement synergy. This design suppresses cation disordering, enhances Li+ diffusion kinetics at high rates, strengthens lattice robustness in highly charged states, and ultimately improves the durability of LNO cathode.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as strategic energy storage devices for large-scale power grids and wearable electronics due to their high safety, low cost, high theoretical specific capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application of AZIBs under extreme conditions, such as low and high temperatures, mechanical deformation, and chemical/electrochemical abuse, still suffers from significant challenges. These harsh environments can exacerbate issues, including freezing or evaporation of the aqueous electrolyte, side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, zinc dendrite growth, and structural degradation of cathode materials, leading to severe performance degradation or failure of the batteries. This review summarizes recent advances in the optimization strategies to enhance the environmental adaptability of AZIBs. The electrode material modifications, electrolyte designs, and interface regulations are mainly introduced. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are outlined.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has emerged as a promising electrode material for hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) lithium extraction from salt-lake brines, yet its performance is hindered by intrinsic limitations in electronic/ionic conductivity. Herein, we report a carbon-bridged LFP composite (LFP/BCC) fabricated by integrating bacterial cellulose-derived carbon (BCC) into commercial LFP via the ball-milling method. This composite leverages LFP’s olivine lattice for ion-sieving and utilizes BCC’s 3 D conductive network for enhanced charge-transfer kinetics. Serving as a cathode in a membrane-free HCDI system, the optimized LFP/BCC-2 electrode exhibits exceptional Li+ electrosorption capacity of 22.5 mg·g-1 and maintains a high retention of 91% even after 50 cycles. The LFP/BCC-2 electrode demonstrates remarkable Li+/Mg2+ selectivity (separation factor = 99.1 at CMg2+:CLi+ = 30:1). Combined ex-situ XRD/XPS and electrochemical analyses reveal that Li+ storage in the LFP/BCC composites involves reversible Fe2+/Fe3+-associated Faradaic (de)intercalation, with the overall kinetics exhibiting mixed control, in where diffusion predominates. This work provides new insights for designing high-performance electrodes for selective lithium extraction from high-Mg2+ brines.

The crystallization of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics is strongly governed by nucleation behavior in multicomponent glass systems, yet the roles of commonly used nucleants remain insufficiently clarified. Here, we systematically examine the substitution of P2O5 by TiO2 within a fixed base composition and its influence on nucleation, crystallization pathways, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals that increasing TiO2 stabilizes the glass network and shifts crystallization to higher temperatures. Phase and microstructural analyses show that P2O5 acts as an effective bulk nucleant, promoting early lithium metasilicate precipitation, a Type II crystallization pathway, and refined, homogeneous lithium disilicate microstructures. In contrast, TiO2 suppresses bulk nucleation and shifts crystallization toward growth-dominated regimes, resulting in grain coarsening and pronounced texture development. These microstructural variations produce a clear hardness-toughness trade-off, where nucleation-dominated microstructures favor higher hardness and growth-dominated structures enhance fracture resistance. This work establishes the non-interchangeable roles of P2O5 and TiO2 and provides nucleation-level guidelines for microstructural and mechanical optimization in lithium disilicate glass-ceramics.

OBJECTIVES:To clarify how the Al2O3/CaO molar ratio governs crystallization pathways, phase evolution, microstructure and mechanical performance in lithium disilicate (LS2) glass-ceramics designed for CAD/CAM restorative applications.These results establish the Al2O3/CaO ratio as a practical compositional lever to route LS2-based glass-ceramics among Type I/II/III crystallization pathways and to engineer interlocking microstructures, providing a rational basis for tailoring the microstructure and properties of lithium disilicate CAD/CAM materials for restorative dentistry. METHODS:A multicomponent Li2O-SiO2-P2O5-K2O-Na2O(-Al2O3-CaO) glass system was formulated with a fixed m(SiO2)/m(Li2O) ratio of 2.42 and a constant Al2O3+CaO content of 5 mol%, while varying Al2O3/CaO. Parent glasses AC0-AC4 were fabricated via melt-quenching technique, and their thermal behavior was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. Crystallization sequences and phase assemblages were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement on glass-ceramics heat-treated up to 830 °C. Microstructural evolution was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after HF etching. Vickers hardness and toughness (Vickers indentation fracture method) were measured for glass-ceramics derived from AC1-AC4 at 700, 800 and 830 °C. RESULTS:The Al2O3/CaO molar ratio tuned the crystallization sequence from Type III (LS2 only, 0-1.25 mol% Al2O3) to Type I (Li2SiO3 (LS) + LS2 coprecipitation, 2.5 mol% Al2O3) and further to Type II (LS-first → LS2, at 3.75-5 mol% Al2O3). Increasing Al2O3 content shift the first exotherm to lower temperature. In Al2O3-containing compositions, β-quartz precipitates near 775 °C and transforms into β-spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) by 830 °C. Rietveld refinement confirms LS2 as the dominant phase for all samples, which decreased from 73.8 wt% to 43.5 wt% as β-spodumene increased from 0 to 32.6 wt% with increasing Al2O3/CaO ratio. Variations in Li3PO4 content correlate with lithia consumption by lithium-bearing phases. Microstructures evolved from nanoscale grains to densely interlocked elongated LS2-rich architectures, most pronounced at 2.5-3.75 mol% Al2O3. Type III glass-ceramics exhibited a hardness-toughness trade-off, whereas Type I/II compositions showed steadily increasing toughness due to evident crystal growth with only small changes in hardness. SIGNIFICANCE:These results establish the Al2O3/CaO ratio as a practical compositional lever to route LS2-based glass-ceramics among Type I/II/III crystallization pathways and to engineer interlocking microstructures, providing a rational basis for tailoring the microstructure and properties of lithium disilicate CAD/CAM materials for restorative dentistry.

Though lithium disilicate (LS2)-based glass-ceramics have been widely used for clinic applications, the further advancement of this dental material is impeded by poorly resolved, coupled effects of routine modifiers, such as Na2O, K2O and CaO, in multicomponent compositions. Here we adopt a ternary modifier engineering strategy to control crystallization pathways, microstructure, and mechanical response in lithium disilicate glass-ceramics. Holding the base chemistry constant, we independently scan K2O/Na2O at fixed CaO and the R2O/CaO balance at fixed K2O/Na2O = 1:1, thereby isolating the roles of Na+, K+, and Ca2+. It is found that the K2O/Na2O ratio emerges as a primary lever for pathway selection, shifting crystallization among Type III, Type I, and Type II. Replacing Na2O with K2O raises T-g with negligible impact on T-m, and efficiently promotes low-temperature nucleation of lithium metasilicate (LS). Na2O-rich glasses nucleate LS2 directly and produce relatively short columnar crystals, whereas increasing K2O yields interlocking architectures from crystals with higher aspect ratio. Adjusting R2O/CaO ratio from 2:5 to 7:0 led to relatively moderate effect on pathway - transitioning from Type I to Type II - but exerts a stronger influence on T-m. Interestingly, cristobalite was found to form transiently during the LS -> LS2 transformation in CaO-containing Type II compositions. Compositionally guided heat treatments tune hardness from 5.2 to 6.7 GPa and elevate fracture toughness, peaking at similar to 2.66 MPa m(0.5) in a composition with R2O/CaO ratio of 6:1 after a short final hold at 790 degrees C. By clarifying the roles and useable ranges of Na2O, K2O and CaO and their design windows, we establish composition-processing-structure-property links that guide the innovation of high-performance lithium disilicate glass-ceramics for dentistry.

Ni-rich layered cathode materials (LiNixM1-xO2, x ≥ 0.8) offer high capacity and high energy density, but their cycling stability severely suffers from Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing, H2-H3 phase-transition strain, interfacial side reactions, and sluggish Li+ transport, especially under harsh conditions such as elevated temperature and high cutoff voltage. In this work, a Mg/Zr/Nb tri-doping strategy is proposed to construct Li(Ni0.9Co0.05Mn0.05)0.97Zr0.01Mg0.01Nb0.01O2 (MZN-NCM) cathode for synergistic stabilization under different operating conditions. The results show that Mg/Zr/Nb co-doping regulates the Ni valence distribution, reduces Li+/Ni2+ cation mixing, enhances the stability of the transition-metal layer and oxygen framework, and suppresses interfacial side reactions and CEI degradation during cycling. MZN-NCM retains 90.1% of its capacity after 100 cycles at 25 °C and 89.8% at 60 °C, compared with only 59.8% and 41.7% for Pristine-NCM, respectively. Under a high cutoff voltage of 4.5 V, MZN-NCM also maintains a higher capacity retention of 87.7% after 100 cycles. Moreover, kinetic and interfacial chemical analyses indicate that multielement doping improves both charge-transfer behavior and Li+ diffusion, enabling a synergistic enhancement of structural stability, interfacial stability, and ion transport. This work demonstrates that Mg/Zr/Nb synergistic doping is an effective material-design strategy for extending the applicable operating conditions of Ni-rich cathodes.

Ni-rich layered cathodes are among the most promising candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to their high reversible capacity, cost-effectiveness, and potential for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles. However, the high nickel content that enables superior energy density also accelerates structural degradation, particularly the formation of microcracks, which compromise both the mechanical stability and electrochemical performance of the batteries. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of microcrack initiation and propagation, including structural phase transformations, non-uniform lithium distribution, anisotropic lattice volume changes, and stress accumulation during the M–H2–H3 transition. On this basis, recent advances in inhibition strategies, including elemental doping, surface coating, structural design, and single crystallization, as well as multi-strategy and emerging approaches such as entropy stabilization and self-healing interfaces, are critically evaluated. The advantages, limitations, and technical bottlenecks of each method are highlighted, with emphasis on the necessity of synergistic regulation. Finally, perspectives on future directions are presented, aiming to guide the rational design of stable, crack-resistant Ni-rich cathodes for high-performance LIBs. This review provides new insights into the fundamental understanding of microcrack evolution and offers guidance for the rational design of durable Ni-rich cathode materials for advanced LIBs.

The accurate and efficient non-enzymatic detection of glucose remains a significant challenge. This study reports a novel tri-metallic CoCuMoOx oxide synthesized via the co-deposition of Co2+ and Cu2+ on electrochemical oxidation derived MoOx as sensitive glucose sensor. The incorporated Co2+ and Cu2+ bring real active sites Co2+/3+, Co3+/4+, and Cu2+/3+ redox couples for electrochemical oxidation of glucose. More importantly, the inactive Mo6+ can activate the Co2+ and Cu2+ sites for glucose oxidation by acting as an electron acceptor. Due to the new pathway activated by Mo6+, the optimized CoCuMoOx@CC electrode exhibits superior glucose sensing performance, including a high sensitivity of 5958.7 μA·mmol−1·cm−2 in the linear range of 10 μmol to 1 mmol, a rapid response time of 3 s, a low detection limit of 2.2 μmol, and superior anti-interference performance. Meanwhile, the electrochemical measurements show good long-term stability of CoCuMoOx@CC electrode, with 92.5% of the original current remained at the 28th day. This work not only develops a promising non-enzymatic glucose sensing material but also advances the material design principles for glucose sensors based on high-valence transition metal ions.

There is urgent need of thermally stable phosphors for fabricating high-performance white light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, Sr2SiO4:0.02Ce3+,xDy3+, 2 SiO 4 :0.02Ce 3+ ,xDy 3+ , (0.02+x)Na+ + phosphors were successfully synthesized by the solid-state reaction method and their luminescence properties were studied. Phase analysis shows that single- phasic alpha-Sr2SiO4 2 SiO 4 was prepared when x was greater than 0.006, while a mixed phase of alpha-Sr2SiO4 2 SiO 4 and 3- Sr 2 SiO 4 were obtained in the samples with x of 0.006 or less. When excited at 344 nm, there is a major emission band at 380-500 nm corresponding to the 5d-4f transition of Ce3+, 3+ , and other emission peaks with a dominated one at 575 nm corresponding to the 4F9/2 F 9/2- 6 H 13/2 transition of Dy3+. 3+ . The as-developed Sr2SiO4:Ce3+,Dy3+,Na+ 2 SiO 4 :Ce 3+ ,Dy 3+ ,Na + phosphors exhibit excellent thermal stability. To be specific, the intensity retention rate of 425 and 572 nm at 300 degrees C is as high as 103.6 % and 89.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, near-ultraviolet (nUV) chip-pumped white LED prototypes were assembled using the co-activated phosphor and commercial green and red phosphors, which demonstrate its great potential in high-power white LEDs for solid-state lighting applications.

Freshwater scarcity has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) represents a promising technology for achieving efficient and low-energy seawater desalination. This study presents a novel flow-electrode material, nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC), which is derived from biomass and demonstrates both cost-effectiveness and high performance. The NPC material is synthesized from bean shells through high-temperature pre-carbonization followed by activation with KHCO3, resulting in a rich porous structure, increased specific surface area, and high graphitization degree, which collectively confer superior capacitance performance compared to activated carbon (AC). Desalination experiments indicate that the FCDI performance of the NPC flow-electrode surpasses that of the AC flow-electrode. Specifically, at a voltage of 2.5 V in a 6 g center dot L-1 NaCl solution, the NPC system achieves an average salt removal rate (ASRR) of 104.9 mg center dot cm-2 center dot min-1, with a charge efficiency (CE) of 94.0% and an energy consumption (EC) of only 4.4 kJ center dot g-1. Furthermore, the NPC-based FCDI system exhibits commendable desalination cycling stability, maintaining relatively stable energy consumption and efficiency after prolonged continuous desalination cycles. This research holds significant implications for the advancement of environmentally friendly, low-cost, high-performance FCDI systems for large-scale applications. (c) 2025 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The Ni-rich cathode material LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 is a promising candidate for power lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity. However, it suffers from inherent structural instability and severe interfacial side reactions, leading to rapid capacity degradation and thermal instability. In this study, we employed a slight Tirich doping strategy to enhance the structural and interfacial stability of the LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 cathode. The slight Ti-rich doping achieves dual-site modification (TM and Li), inhibits the anisotropic lattice changes, and improves the reversibility of electrochemical reactions. Additionally, it induces the formation of a Li2TiO3 coating on the particle surface, which inhibits interfacial side reactions, reduces the deposition of decomposition products, and enhances thermal stability. This strategy significantly improves the cycling stability of the LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 cathode, achieving a capacity retention rate of 94.4 % at 1C after 150 cycles. This effective approach paves the way for enhancing the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathodes.

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) severely limits the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production. Developing cost-effective and efficient OER electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant elements is thus highly desirable. Herein, we report a nanoporous (CoNiFe)OOH electrocatalyst decorated with Zn(OH)42-anions, synthesized via electrochemical surface reconstruction of ZnO-decorated CoNiFe medium-entropy alloys (MEAs). The reconstructed (CoNiFe)OOH adsorbed with Zn(OH)42-anions serves as the real active phase, featuring abundant catalytic sites and enhanced OH- accessibility. Adsorbed Zn(OH)42-anions promote OH-transfer and facilitate electron redistribution at the active sites, particularly enhancing Co site activity, as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As a result, the optimized CoNiFeZn@NF-EO electrode exhibits outstanding OER performance, achieving a low overpotential of 264 mV at 10 mAcm-2, a Tafel slope of 46.6 mVdec-1, and remarkable long-term stability in alkaline electrolyte. This work provides new insights into the synergistic effect between surface reconstruction and Zn-based species, offering a promising strategy for designing high-performance OER electrocatalysts.

Deep-red-emitting phosphors are crucial for various applications including plant-growth LEDs, high color rendering index (CRI) lighting, biomedical imaging, and anti-counterfeiting. Among them, Eu3+-activated phosphors represent an important class; however, they often exhibit strong 5D0 -> 7F1 and 7F2 transitions, relatively low external quantum efficiency and noticeable thermal quenching at temperatures over 150 degrees C. In this study, Eu3+/Li+ co-doped alpha'-Sr2SiO4 phosphors featuring strong 5D0 -> 7F4 transition (702 nm emission) were successfully synthesized, achieving high quantum efficiencies and superior thermal stability. Rietveld structure refinement revealed that Eu3+ preferentially occupies nine-fold coordinated Sr2 site, while Li+ occupies 10-fold coordinated Sr1 site of alpha'-Sr2SiO4. The non-centrosymmetric Cs symmetry of Sr sites contributes to the unusually intense 5D0 -> 7F4 transition. The introduction of Li+ as a charge compensator significantly enhanced the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) by 4.5 times, increasing from 19.5 % to 88.1 %. The Sr2SiO4:0.11Eu3+/0.11Li+ phosphor with optimal doping exhibited an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 13.2 %. Notably, the phosphor demonstrated zero-thermal-quenching behavior up to 200 degrees C, retaining 101.1 % of initial integrated intensity at this temperature. A white LED (WLED) was prototyped to demonstrate the phosphor's potential for broadspectrum (380-710 nm) application. With its intense 702 nm red emission, enhanced quantum efficiencies and superior thermal stability, this phosphor stands out as a promising candidate for next-generation LED applications.

To enhance the room-temperature lithium-ion conductivity and interfacial stability of Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolytes, a co-doping strategy with Ga3+ and Nb5+ was employed. By systematically optimizing the sintering protocol - including heating rate, temperature, and dwell time - highly dense and phase-pure cubic-phase LLZO ceramics were successfully synthesized. The co-doping approach effectively stabilized the cubic garnet structure and regulated the lattice framework to facilitate Li+ transport pathways. Under optimized conditions, compared to undoped LLZO (0.31 mS cm(-1), 0.362 eV), the co-doped ceramic exhibited significantly enhanced total ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cm(-1)) and reduced activation energy (0.207 eV), confirming the superior transport performance enabled by the co-doping strategy. Furthermore, the electrolyte showed good wettability and interfacial compatibility with metallic lithium, enabling stable cycling performance in symmetric Li parallel to Ga/Nb-LLZO parallel to Li cells over short durations. These results confirm the practical potential of the co-doped LLZO electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries. This study provides a viable pathway for the material design and processing of high-performance LLZO-based solid electrolytes.

Developing selective electrodes for lithium extraction from brines remains challenging. This work reports room-temperature synthesized cubic copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) nanoparticles for hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI). The CuHCF framework exhibits a high surface area (715.84 m(2)& centerdot;g(-1)), dual redox-active sites ([Fe-III(CN)(6)](4-)/[Fe-II(CN)(6)](3-) and Cu+/Cu2+), and excellent cyclability (99.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles). In HCDI system, the CuHCF cathode demonstrates remarkable Li+ ions selectivity, achieving a 25.5 mg & centerdot;g(-1) adsorption capacity in 500 mg & centerdot;L-1 LiCl solution with 94% charge efficiency at 1.2 V. Notably, in mixed Li+/Mg2+ solutions (30:1 molar ratio), CuHCF nanoparticles maintain a high separation coefficient of 3.1, attributed to the synergistic effects of ionic sieving and preferential redox interactions. Mechanistic studies confirm Li+ (de)intercalation via reversible [Fe-III(CN)(6)](4-)/[Fe-II(CN)(6)](3-) and Cu2+/Cu+ transitions. Density functional theory calculations reveal Li+ exhibits lower adsorption energy than Mg2+ (-3.72 eV vs. -1.49 eV), which fundamentally explains the preferential extraction capability of Li+ ions over Mg2+ ions during the separation process. This study advances ion-selective pseudocapacitor design for sustainable lithium extraction from high-salinity resources. (c) 2025 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.