Overweight and obesity are well-recognized risk factors for a wide variety of chronic diseases and have become a significant public health issue worldwide[1,2].

Genetically modified (GM) maize carrying two insect resistance genes, mCry1Ab and mCry2Ab has benefits for crop production. To adequately evaluate its safety, a one-year feeding study was conducted in wistar rats (n = 120, half male and half female). All the rats were randomized into three groups, GM maize group (GM group, 70% GM maize), a non-GM parental maize control group (NG group, 70% zhengdan 958 maize), and AIN-93 standard diet control group (AIN group). Body weight and food intake were recorded. And blood biochemistry tests were performed at months 3 and 6 and at the end of the trial, respectively, and urine and histopathology were performed at the end of the trial, and metabolites in the terminal serum were also analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The results showed some differences between the GM group and the NG group or the AIN control group in the results of food consumption and utilization, hematology and urinalysis, blood biochemical parameters, and organ coefficients, but no adverse effects were observed in the histological examinations. Metabolomics analysis showed significant gender differences in metabolites, but no between-group differences were found for the same sex. In conclusion, no chronic toxicity or other unintended adverse effects were found in rats after long-term consumption of GM maize at a high level up to 70%.

Purpose:Pre-diabetes significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Magnesium deficiency is common and may contribute to dysglycemia. However, evidence for the efficacy of magnesium supplementation in pre-diabetes, especially in older adults with hypomagnesemia, remains limited and inconclusive. This exploratory trial aimed to evaluate the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic parameters and conducted exploratory metabolomic profiling in this population. Methods:In this 4-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 71 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 68.7 ± 6.0 years) with pre-diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L and/or HbA1c 5.7%-6.5%) and hypomagnesemia (plasma magnesium ≤ 0.80 mmol/L) were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either magnesium oxide (360 mg elemental Mg/day) or an identical placebo once daily. The primary outcome was the change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Secondary outcomes included changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, glycated albumin, and inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-6). Exploratory non-targeted metabolomic profiling was performed. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values, following the intention-to-treat principle. Results:Sixty-five participants completed the trial. At baseline, the magnesium group had significantly higher insulin and HOMA-IR levels (both p < 0.05); analyses were adjusted accordingly. Compared to placebo, magnesium supplementation significantly increased plasma magnesium (adjusted mean difference: 0.056 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.028 to 0.085; p < 0.001) and reduced FPG (adjusted mean difference: -0.497 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.818 to -0.176; p = 0.003). The reduction in HOMA-IR favored the magnesium group but was not statistically significant after adjustment (p = 0.296). No significant between-group differences were observed for HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, glycated albumin, or inflammatory markers. Exploratory metabolomics revealed alterations in putatively identified metabolites, with pathway analysis suggesting involvement of lipid and insulin resistance-related pathways; these findings are considered hypothesis-generating. Conclusion:In older adults with pre-diabetes and hypomagnesemia, magnesium supplementation effectively corrected magnesium deficiency and reduced FPG, but did not improve other glycemic indices including HbA1c or insulin resistance. The clinical significance of the isolated FPG reduction remains uncertain. The metabolomic findings require validation. Larger, longer-term trials are needed to determine if magnesium supplementation can prevent diabetes in this population. Clinical trial registration:www.chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2100047666.

OBJECTIVE:To measure the basal metabolic rate(BMR) of Chinese adults aged 40-60 years using indirect calorimetry, analyze its variation characteristics and influencing factors with respect to age, gender, and body weight status, and compare the consistency between measured BMR values and those calculated by commonly used predictive equations in this population. METHODS:Participants were recruited in Tianjin and Guangzhou according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into overweight/obesity and normal-weight groups based on body mass index. BMR was measured using a portable cardiopulmonary function device. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the main influencing factors, and the Bland-Altman method combined with paired-sample t-tests was applied to evaluate the agreement between four commonly used BMR predictive equations and the measured values. RESULTS:A total of 61 participants with valid BMR data were included in the analysis, mean age(49.9±6.2) years; 33 males, 28 females. BMR was significantly higher in the overweight/obesity group than in the normal-weight group of the same gender(male:(1712.9±162.4) vs. (1525.3±104.4) kcal/d, P&lt;0.001; female:(1416.3±127.7) vs. (1143.6±123.6) kcal/d, P&lt;0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that when fat-free mass(β=30.89, P&lt;0.001) was included in the BMR prediction model instead of body weight, the influence of gender became non-significant, suggesting that fat-free mass was a key variable explaining the effects of body weight status and gender differences. Bland-Altman analysis indicated that current commonly used BMR equations, both domestic and international, exhibited varying degrees of bias when applied to calculate BMR in this age group. CONCLUSION:In Chinese adults aged 40-60 years, BMR is higher in overweight/obese individuals, and fat-free mass may be a core factor explaining individual and gender differences in BMR. The application of existing predictive equations in this population shows varying degrees of bias, underscoring the need for developing more targeted BMR formulas in the future. For individuals requiring precise assessment, direct measurement method such as indirect calorimetry remain the recommended priority.

Objectives: Although some studies have assessed Selenium nutritional status in different populations, determining the plasma Selenium levels and describing the distribution of dietary Selenium intake in Chinese female adults by using nationally representative data was lacking. The objective was to describe the plasma/dietary Selenium status in Chinese female adults and analyze the possible influencing factors related to dietary Selenium levels. Method: A total of 3016 female adults from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2015 (CNHS 2015) were included. The plasma Selenium concentration was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary Selenium intake (Y, μg/d) was calculated from plasma Selenium concentrations (X, μg/L) using the formula lg(Y) = 1.624 lg(X) + 3.389. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the risk factors of low dietary Selenium intake. Results: The median levels of plasma Selenium and dietary Selenium in Chinese adult females were 89.97 μg/L and 49.03 μg/d, respectively. The normal reference range of plasma Selenium in this population was 72.04~141.11 μg/L. There was a higher risk of low dietary Selenium intake in central, western, and northern regions. In general, the plasma Selenium levels in Chinese adult females were lower than those in countries such as the United States and Japan but higher than those in some European countries. Conclusions: The plasma Selenium levels varied greatly in different regions of China, with typical regional characteristics. Therefore, it was necessary to monitor Selenium nutrition monitoring in specific regions.

Selenium (Se) status has been reported to be associated with the risk of impaired glucose metabolism, Yet the relationship remains inconclusive, and the potential mechanisms are unclear. The present study aimed to examine the associations of selenium biomarkers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and glucose metabolism among females over 45 years and to explore the mediation effects of inflammation and oxidative stress. The cross-sectional study was conducted based on China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015–2017), including 1,430 participants. Plasma concentrations of selenium biomarkers [Se, selenoprotein P (SeP), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3)] and glucose metabolism indicators [fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] were measured. Representative inflammatory and oxidative stress indicators were selected, and inflammatory score and oxy-score were further calculated to integrate the effects of single indicators. A high level of SeP was associated with a higher risk of T2D (OR = 1.48, 95

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a well-established biomarker in clinical practice, particularly for heart failure, but its role in predicting atrial fibrillation (AF) risk is not fully understood. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between NT-proBNP levels and AF incidence, and to explore the potential of NT-proBNP in enhancing AF risk prediction models. METHODS:We systematically searched databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus) up to August 2024 for prospective studies that reported associations between baseline NT-proBNP levels and incident AF. HRs or relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS:This analysis included 136 089 participants from 16 cohorts, with 8017 incident AF cases. Elevated NT-proBNP levels were associated with a higher risk of developing AF (top vs bottom quartile, RR=3.84, 95% CI 3.03 to 4.87; per SD increment, RR=1.70, 95% CI 1.54 to 1.88). A significant non-linear dose-response relationship was observed (Pnon-linearity<0.05), and stronger associations were noted in older populations and when serum samples were used. Adding NT-proBNP to traditional AF risk models improved predictive accuracy, suggesting its value in AF risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS:NT-proBNP levels are strongly associated with an increased risk of AF, particularly in older adults. Incorporating NT-proBNP into risk prediction models may enhance early identification of individuals at risk of AF, with potential implications for population-based screening. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER:CRD42024538714.

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death and health loss. The epidemiology and factors influencing CVD in children are unique, making it essential to first evaluate current and future trends to guide interventions and reduce the disease burden. Objective:To analyze the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of CVD in children aged 0-14 from 1990 to 2021, and explore global disease burden, risk factors, and trends over the next 30 years. The study focuses on China, Japan, South Korea, India, and Singapore to aid in developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies. Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 1990-2021, we assessed age- and sex-specific morbidity, mortality, and DALY of CVD in Asian children aged 0-14 and computed the EAPC. We analyzed risk factors, specific causes, and projected prevalence trends through 2050 using the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model. Results:From 1990 to 2021, CVD incidence among Asian children aged 0-14 decreased by 8.03 % (95 % UI:13.63 to -4.02). Mortality saw a significant drop of 67.98 % (95 % UI:73.73 to -62.23), with the greatest decline in children aged 2-4, and the highest death rate in those under 1 year. Disability and mortality patterns were similar across gender, age, etiology, and overall trends. In 2021, South Asia had the highest rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability. Rates varied significantly, with Mongolia exhibiting the highest rate and Cyprus the lowest, showing a sixfold difference. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and intracerebral hemorrhage were the most critical diseases needed attention. Abnormal temperatures were identified as a risk factor associated with CVD outcomes in children. The burden of CVD is projected to increase in various regions and countries across Asia. Conclusion:The burden of CVD continues to challenge children aged 0-14 in Asia. Enhancing our understanding of pediatric CVD epidemiology, addressing risk factors, and reinforcing prevention and control measures are essential for reducing this burden.

It was reported that vitamin D deficiency is common in Chinese women of childbearing age. Although most government dietary guidelines recommend routine-dose (400–800 IU/d), the evidence from intervention studies using routine-dose is quite limited. In this study, the effects of daily supplementation with routine-dose of vitamin D3 in women of childbearing age with vitamin D insufficiency on vitamin D nutritional status and bone metabolism markers were assessed by dynamic tracking, and the thresholds for appropriate levels of vitamin D in this population was also explored. Single-group repeated measures design was performed. Forty-five women of childbearing age (18–50 years) with vitamin D insufficiency [serum total 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL] were recruited. A 26-week trial of oral vitamin D3 supplementation at 400 international units (IU)/day (n = 15) and 800 IU/day (n = 25) was conducted for subjects in the intervention group with a parallel observation group (n = 5). Trends in serum total 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were observed at baseline, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 26 weeks, while free and bioavailable 25(OH)D and bone turnover markers (BTMs) were dynamically tracked. The intervention effect was then further analyzed by subgroup including 400 IU/d + low PTH group (n = 7), 400 IU/d + high PTH group (n = 8), 800 IU/d + low PTH group (n = 12), and 800 IU/d + high PTH group (n = 13) based on baseline serum PTH concentration. The appropriate level of total 25(OH)D was defined as the thresholds at which serum PTH can be maximally suppressed or plateaued and was explored by polynomial comparison and Gaussian process regression. A total of 44 out of 45 (97.8 https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=162610

Objective:This study aimed to investigate possible serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] cutoffs for the associations between 25(OH)D and Bone turnover markers (BTMs), and how GC gene variation influences such cutoffs in Chinese women of childbearing age. Methods:In total, 1,505 non-pregnant or non-lactating women (18-45 years) were recruited from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. Serum 25(OH)D, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), β-CrossLaps of type 1 collagen containing cross-linked C-telopeptide (β-CTX), and single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined. Locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot and segmented regression were performed to estimate the 25(OH)D thresholds. Results:The median serum 25(OH)D was 16.63 (11.96-22.55) ng/mL and the prevalence of low serum 25(OH)D (< 12 ng/mL) was 25.2%. Women with the lowest 25(OH)D had the highest β-CTX. After adjustment for the confounders, 25(OH)D cutoffs for OC [14.04 (12.84-15.23) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.94 (12.49-15.39) ng/mL], and P1NP [13.87 (12.37-15.37) ng/mL] in the whole population, cutoffs for OC [12.30 (10.68-13.91) ng/mL], β-CTX [12.23 (10.22-14.23) ng/mL], and P1NP [11.85 (10.40-13.31) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele, and cutoffs for OC [12.75 (11.81-13.68) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.05 (11.78-14.32) ng/mL], and P1NP [12.81 (11.57-14.06) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 T allele, were observed. Below these cutoffs, BTMs were negatively associated with 25(OH)D, while above these cutoffs, BTMs plateaued. Conclusion:In Chinese women of childbearing age, there were thresholds effect of serum 25(OH)D concentrations on BTMs. The results indicated that serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 13.87 ng/mL in this population had adverse influences on maintaining bone remodeling. BTMs were suppressed at a relatively lower serum 25(OH)D in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele compared with those with the T allele.

The P-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are crucial for RNA editing and post-transcriptional regulation in plant organelles, particularly mitochondria. This study investigates the role of OsPPR674 in rice, focusing on its function in mitochondrial RNA editing. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated ppr674 mutant and examined its phenotypic and molecular characteristics. The results indicate that ppr674 exhibits reduced plant height, decreased seed-setting rate, and poor drought tolerance. Further analysis revealed that in the ppr674 mutant, RNA editing at the 299th nucleotide position of the mitochondrial ccmC gene (C-to-U conversion) was abolished. REMSAs showed that GST-PPR674 specifically binds to RNA probes targeting this ccmC-299 site, confirming its role in this editing process. In summary, these results suggest that OsPPR674 plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial RNA editing, emphasizing the significance of PPR proteins in organelle function and plant development.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between vitamin K levels and pregnancy-related diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in early pregnancy. METHODS:A convenience sampling method was used to select 367 women in early pregnancy who were enrolled in the Shunyi Women&apos;s and Children&apos;s Hospital of Beijing Children&apos;s Hospital from October 2018 to September 2019. Basic information such as age, height, and pre-pregnancy weight of the respondents was collected, blood samples were taken and the concentration of vitamin K(vitamin K1, MK-4 and MK-7) was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). Follow-up visits were conducted to collect information on whether the respondents had pregnancy-related disease and their pregnancy outcomes. The relationship between vitamin K concentration and pregnancy-related diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed by partial correlation test and binary logistic regression. RESULTS:The mean age of the respondents was 29.3 years, with a range of pre-pregnancy body mass index from 15.43 to 40.40 and weeks of pregnancy range from 5.9 to 14.0 weeks. The concentrations of MK-7, vitamin K1, and MK-4 in pregnant women(M(P25, P75))were 1.093(0.295, 3.325)ng/mL, 0.526(0.359, 0.681)ng/mL and 0.021(0.018, 0.026)ng/mL, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between serum MK-7 levels in early pregnancy and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)(P=0.032). The result of binary logistic regression analysis showed that MK-7 deficiency was a risk factor for GDM(OR=4.276, P=0.034) after adjusting for confounding factors: age, ethnicity, BMI, parity, vitamin D level, physical activity, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), high-density lipoprotein(HDL), and gestational age. CONCLUSION:Serum MK-7 levels in early pregnancy are negatively associated with the development of GDM in women. It is therefore essential to pay more attention to the nutritional status of vitamin K in pregnant women in early pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the status of vitamin K(VK) dietary intake in healthy Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. METHODS:The population sample was extracted from the Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance(CACDNS) 2015-2017. A total of 1409 subjects were enrolled after screening. Food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate dietary intake data, and the VK food composition database(including VK_1, MK-4, MK-7 and MK-9) established by the "China Food Composition Database" team was updated for the analysis of VK dietary intake. We calculated the dietary intake of various VK subtypes and added them up to obtain the total VK intake. RESULTS:The median intake of VK_1, MK-4, MK-7 and VK_2 were 77.49, 7.53, 1.39 and 9.01 μg/d, respectively. The median dietary intake of total VK was 91.87 μg/d. In differential analysis, there were statistically significant differences in dietary intake of total vitamin K among different age groups, residence categories, and southern and northern populations(P&lt;0.05). The VK dietary intake in 75 years old and above group was lower than that in 50-64 years old and 65-74 years old groups, the intake in urban group was higher than that in rural group, and the intake in southern group was higher than that in northern group. The main food source of VK_1 was vegetables(82.26%), while the main food sources of VK_2 were eggs(71.32%) and meat(22.42%). CONCLUSION:The total dietary intake of vitamin K of the middle-aged and elderly population in China is higher than the current adequate intake(AI) in dietary reference intakes(DRIs). We suggest that the AI values of total VK, VK_1 and VK_2 in the diet of healthy middle-aged and elderly people in China be 90, 80 and 10 μg/d, respectively.

Objective Studies on the relationship between iodine,vitamin A(VA),and vitamin D(VD)and thyroid function are limited.This study aimed to analyze iodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)status and their possible relationships with VA,VD,and other factors in postpartum women. Methods A total of 1,311 mothers(896 lactating and 415 non-lactating)from Hebei,Zhejiang,and Guangxi provinces were included in this study.The urinary iodine concentration(UIC),TSH,VA,and VD were measured. Results The median UIC of total and lactating participants were 142.00 µg/L and 139.95 µg/L,respectively.The median TSH,VA,and VD levels in all the participants were 1.89 mIU/L,0.44 μg/mL,and 24.04 ng/mL,respectively.No differences in the UIC were found between lactating and non-lactating mothers.UIC and TSH levels were significantly different among the three provinces.The rural UIC was higher than the urban UIC.Obese mothers had a higher UIC and a higher prevalence of excessive TSH.Higher UICs and TSHs levels were observed in both the VD deficiency and insufficiency groups than in the VD-sufficient group.After adjustment,no linear correlation was observed between UIC and VA/VD.No interaction was found between vitamins A/D and UIC on TSH levels. Conclusion The mothers in the present study had no iodine deficiency.Region,area type,BMI,and VD may be related to the iodine status or TSH levels.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the blood cadmium concentrations and the related change in Chinese urban children derived from the China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 and 2012(CNHS 2002 and CNHS 2012).METHODS:The Chinese urban children aged 6-11 years were selected according to gender, age and regional distribution using the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, as well as the corresponding whole blood samples. The blood cadmium concentration was carefully determined by the quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and the percentage of blood cadmium over 2 μg/L was subsequently estimated. In addition, the upper limit values of the 95%CI of the 95th percentiles of available blood cadmium data was assessed as the threshold of cadmium exposure.RESULTS:Totally, 2182 Chinese urban children were included, and of these, 1036 children were from the CNHS 2002 and 1146 children were from the CNHS 2012. From the CNHS 2002 to the CNHS 2012, the median blood cadmium concentration was increased from 0.28 μg/L to 0.95 μg/L, and the percentage of blood cadmium with over 2 μg/L was elevated from 1.45% to 10.47%. In addition, the new estimated threshold of blood cadmium was ascended from 1.24 μg/L up to 2.89 μg/L.CONCLUSION:The risk of cadmium exposure in Chinese urban children aged 6-11 years was increasingly aggravated from the CHNS 2002 to the CNHS 2012.

Background: Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element and participates in many metabolic pathways. Many studies have found a certain negative correlation between magnesium and blood glucose parameters, but the dose–response relationship between them is still a relatively narrow research field. We aim to explore the dose–response relationship between plasma and dietary Mg and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among childbearing women in a nationally representative sample. And we will also initially explore the threshold of dietary and plasma magnesium in the prevention of T2DM and their consistency. Methods: A total of 2912 18–44 year-old childbearing women were recruited from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015). Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the dose–response relationship between plasma and dietary Mg and glucose parameters. The threshold effect between Mg and T2DM was explored by a restricted cubic spline regression. Results: It was found that when plasma Mg was increased by 0.041 mmol/L, the risk of T2DM, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and HbA1c-hyperglycemia was reduced by 18%, 19%, and 18%, respectively. The possible threshold value for plasma Mg to prevent the risk of T2DM was 0.87 mmol/L. Through the quality control of the sample dietary survey data, 2469 cases were finally included for dietary analysis. And the possible threshold value for dietary Mg to prevent the risk of T2DM was 408 mg/d. Taking the recommended dietary Mg intake of 330 mg/d as the reference group, when the Mg intake reached 408 mg/d, the risk of T2DM was significantly reduced. And the average plasma Mg level of the people whose dietary intake reached 408 mg/d was 0.87 mmol/L. Conclusions: These results indicate that dietary Mg and plasma Mg have good consistency on the threshold effect of glucose parameters in women of childbearing age.

The trillions of commensal microorganisms living in the gut lumen profoundly influence the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver through a unique gut-liver axis. Disruptions in the gut microbial communities, arising from environmental and genetic factors, can lead to altered microbial metabolism, impaired intestinal barrier and translocation of microbial components to the liver. These alterations collaboratively contribute to the pathogenesis of liver disease, and their continuous impact throughout the disease course plays a critical role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Persistent inflammatory responses, metabolic rearrangements and suppressed immunosurveillance induced by microbial products underlie the pro-carcinogenic mechanisms of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, intrahepatic microbiota derived from the gut also emerges as a novel player in the development and progression of liver cancer. In this review, we first discuss the causes of gut dysbiosis in liver disease, and then specify the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the malignant progression from chronic liver diseases to hepatobiliary cancers. We also delve into the cellular and molecular interactions between microbes and liver cancer microenvironment, aiming to decipher the underlying mechanism for the malignant transition processes. At last, we summarize the current progress in the clinical implications of gut microbiota for liver cancer, shedding light on microbiota-based strategies for liver cancer prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

Background/Objectives: The relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of abnormal glycemic status remains contradictory. Whether sufficient 25(OH)D plays a role in reducing the risk of diabetes and prediabetes is debatable. Its dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold are not clear. This study investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of abnormal glycemic status to explore the optimal cut-off value. Methods: This study included 5856 Chinese older adults aged 60 years and above from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey (CACDNS 2015–2017). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured via an enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. Abnormal glycemic status in the present study includes diabetes and prediabetes. Statistical methods such as a locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot (LOESS), restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) and binary and trend logistic regression were used to explore the dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold. Results: The concentration of 25(OH)D was nonlinearly related to the levels of FPG and HbA1C in the LOESS curves. The nonlinear relation between 25(OH)D and the risk of diabetes and prediabetes was illustrated in the RCS curves and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold beneficial for diabetes was preliminarily explored to be 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold for prediabetes was found. The dose–response results showed that for each 1 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D, the risk of the fasting glucose type of diabetes reduced by 2.1%, the risk of the abnormal HbA1C type of diabetes reduced by 2.2% and the risk of the mixed type of diabetes reduced by 1.7%, whereas a dose–response relationship was not found for prediabetes. Conclusions: Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Chinese older adults were associated with a reduced risk of glycemic abnormalities. The optimal 25(OH)D cut-off value was sufficiently beneficial if the diseased diabetes risk was 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold was found for prediabetes.

PurposeMagnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for the maintenance of vital physiological functions. Magnesium deficiency is associated with diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, conclusions have been inconsistent, and there is a particular lack of evidence regarding this association in Chinese population older than 45 years. This study aimed to assess the association between plasma magnesium and the risk of MetS and its components, the dose–response relationship, and the threshold effect relationship in a Chinese population involving older than 45 years.MethodsA total of 2,101 individuals were randomly selected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) (2015–2017) by considering monitoring points. We used the joint statement of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2009 to define participants with MetS. The plasma magnesium was tested by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were used to analyze the association and dose–response relationship between plasma Mg and MetS and its components.ResultsCompared with the lowest quintile (Q1) for plasma Mg, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for MetS, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hypertension, and triglyceride (TG) elevation at the highest quintile (Q5) were 0.419 (0.301, 0.583), 0.303 (0.221, 0.415), 0.446 (0.322, 0.618), and 0.526 (0.384, 0.720), respectively, with all p < 0.05. However, in the components of decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and central obesity, no trend toward lowering with higher plasma magnesium was observed (p = 0.717, p = 0.865). These associations were not altered by further adjustment for potential confounding variables, including age, gender, education, nationality, area, residence, body mass index (BMI), and heart rate. The RCS analysis showed that, when plasma magnesium was lower than 0.85 mmol/L, the curve was leveled off, and then, the curve showed a decreasing trend with the increase in plasma magnesium.ConclusionTherefore, plasma Mg was negatively associated with MetS and its components (including IFG, hypertension, and elevated TG) in people older than 45 years. In addition, plasma Mg greater than or equal to 0.85 mmol/L, which is higher than the commonly used threshold of 0.75 mmol/L, may be protective against MetS and its components (including elevated FPG, elevated blood pressure, and elevated TG). More prospective studies, such as randomized controlled trials, are necessary to confirm the effective impact of Mg on MetS and its components. Plasma Mg levels in the MetS population older than 45 years require attention.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the protein efficiency ratio(PER) of genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene(GM group), and thus evaluate whether the nutritional evaluation value of fat-1 gene pork powder has changed.METHODS:Sixty weaned SD rats(60-80 g) were randomly divided into casein group, parental control group and GM group according to sex and weight, 20 rats in each group, half of each sex. The rats in the three groups were fed with corresponding formulated feed containing 10% protein for 28 days. The body weight and food intake of each group were recorded weekly. Blood was collected at the end of the experiment to determine hematology and blood biochemical indexes. The food utilization rate, organ/body weigh indexes, PER and corrected PER were calculated.RESULTS:The weight of rats in all groups increased steadily during the experimental period. Statistically significant differences were found in some hematology and blood biochemical indexes and organ/body weigh indexes. No biologically significant changes were found. The food utilization rate of GM group was higher than that of casein group(P&lt;0.05), which was equivalent to that in the parental control group. The PER of both genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene and parental white pork powder were higher than that of casein(P&lt;0.05).CONCLUSION:The PER of genetically modified pork powder with fat-1 gene was equal to that of its parental white pork powder.