Background/Objectives: To identify major dietary patterns among adults aged ≥45 years and examine their associations with metabolic health-obesity phenotypes. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 32,091 adults aged ≥45 years from the 2015 China Adults National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. Diet was assessed using three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, with household condiment weighing used to improve estimation of cooking oil and salt intake. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis and categorized into quartiles. Multinomial logistic regression adjusted for energy intake and key sociodemographic/lifestyle factors to estimate odds of metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) versus metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO). Results: Four patterns with geographic variation were identified: (1) the Rice-Vegetable-Pork pattern; (2) the Fruit-Egg-Dairy pattern; (3) the Red Meat-Offal-Snack pattern; and (4) the Soybeans-Tubers-Grains pattern. Compared with Q1, Q4 of Pattern 1 was associated with lower odds of MHO (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.38-0.46) and MUO (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.36-0.44). Pattern 2 and Pattern 3 were associated with higher odds of MHO (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.42 and 1.21) and MUO (OR = 1.36 and 1.14, all p < 0.001). Pattern 4 was inversely associated with MHO (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79-0.92) but positively associated with MUNO (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08-1.24). Conclusions: The Rice-Vegetable-Pork pattern was associated with more favorable obesity-related metabolic phenotypes, whereas energy-dense, animal-derived patterns were associated with higher odds of obesity phenotypes; the Soybeans-Tubers-Grains pattern showed mixed associations.

No nationally representative cut-offs of serum uric acid (SUA) have been proposed for screening high SUA levels in children and adolescents in China. We aim to develop percentile cut-offs for SUA among children and adolescents based on the China national survey. We used SUA data from 42,227 normal-weight children and adolescents aged 6–17 years from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Children and Lactating Mothers conducted in 2016—2017. Age- and sex-specific percentile values for SUA were established using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS). Appropriate SUA cut-offs were selected according to the association between high SUA levels and the clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. Furthermore, we assessed the effectiveness of the established cut-offs in screening high SUA levels compared with the adult cut-offs. We determined smoothed age- and sex-specific SUA percentiles (P3-P97) using a normal-weight sample, showing a sharp increase in SUA levels in boys and a steady rise in girls from age 10, with both genders leveling off between ages 14 and 17. Based on the association of high SUA levels with ≥ 2 or ≥ 3 MetS risk factors, the P90 level of SUA could be a potential threshold for screening high SUA. Furthermore, we suggest simplified SUA cut-offs based on P90 values: for boys, > 360 μmol/L (ages 6–9), > 400 μmol/L (ages 10–12), and > 500 μmol/L (ages 13–17); for girls, > 350 μmol/L, > 380 μmol/L, and > 400 μmol/L. In the 2016–2017 Chinese national survey, the prevalence of high SUA was 13.2

Background/Objectives: Metabolic-obesity phenotypes are dynamic, yet little is known about how their longitudinal transitions affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aimed to characterize these transitions and examine their associations with incident CVD in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Methods: We included 4516 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) who were free of CVD at the follow-up baseline (wave 3). Metabolic-obesity phenotypes (metabolically healthy non-obese [MHNO], metabolically unhealthy non-obese [MUNO], metabolically healthy obese [MHO], and metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]) were assessed in 2011 and 2015, and six trajectory patterns were defined. Incident CVD (heart disease or stroke) was ascertained from 2015 to 2020. Cox proportional hazards models estimated associations between trajectory groups and incident CVD, and Kaplan-Meier curves compared cumulative incidence across groups. Results: Stable MHNO accounted for 35.96% of the cohort, whereas the stable non-MHNO group accounted for 28.06%. After multivariable adjustment, the small obesity recovery group (n = 89) showed an elevated CVD risk estimate compared with the stable MHNO (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.33-4.05), while stable non-MHNO group were associated with higher CVD risk (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.36-2.18). Incident obesity showed elevated but non-significant risk (HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.94-3.10), and metabolic decline showed borderline significance (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.00-1.85). Sex-stratified analyses showed heterogeneous risk patterns. Conclusions: Metabolic-obesity phenotypes are dynamic, but unfavorable phenotypes often persist. The obesity recovery group, defined using BMI, may represent a heterogeneous group and does not necessarily indicate true cardiometabolic recovery; the observed association should not be interpreted as evidence that weight loss itself increases CVD risk. These findings highlight the importance of jointly considering longitudinal changes in metabolic health and obesity when examining their associations with incident CVD.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and common frailty-related comorbidities, including sarcopenia and dysphagia, in community-dwelling older people, and to analyze the influence of varying inflammatory conditions. METHODS:From August to December 2020, 894 community-dwelling older people aged ≥65 years were recruited from Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Inner Mongolia. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, physical measurements, sarcopenia assessment(grip strength, gait speed, body composition), dysphagia evaluation, and blood biomarker testing(vitamin D, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP)). Multivariate Logistic regression models were employed to examine the associations between vitamin D and frailty-related comorbidities, as well as the interaction effects of inflammatory levels. RESULTS:A total of 884 older people completed the survey. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 14.48%, and the prevalence of dysphagia(including suspected dysphagia) was 34.84%. The median levels of 25-(OH)D_2(0.28 ng/mL) and 25-(OH)D_3(24.69 ng/mL) in the dysphagia group were significantly lower than those in the non-dysphagia group(0.45 ng/mL and 27.18 ng/mL, respectively; P&lt;0.01). A significant interaction was observed between 25-(OH)D_3 and hsCRP in relation to dysphagia(P&lt;0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that in older people with hsCRP&lt;3 mg/L, 25-(OH)D_3 levels were negatively associated with suspected dysphagia(OR=0.98, 95%CI 0.96-0.99, P&lt;0.05), whereas no significant association was found in those with hsCRP&gt;3 mg/L. CONCLUSION:Serum vitamin D levels in community-dwelling elderly individuals were significantly associated with swallowing function, and this association was influenced by inflammatory status: in the population with low inflammatory levels, serum vitamin D levels were negatively associated with the risk of dysphagia, while there was no significant association in the population with high inflammatory levels.

Background: Sarcopenia associated with aging severely affects the quality of life of the elderly; diets have been shown to elicit an inflammatory response in the body, and diets that promote inflammation may lead to damage to muscles. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) has been developed to quantify the inflammatory potential of individual diets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the DII, sarcopenia and its components in elderly Chinese people. Methods: In this study, data were obtained from the China Nutrition Improvement Strategies and Applications for the Elderly Research Programme. An assessment of sarcopenia was carried out according to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia’s (AWGS2019) criteria. The DII was calculated using food intake data obtained using the FFQ method, and then the quartile method was used to categorize the subjects into four groups. Multifactor logistic regression was conducted to examine the associations between DII, sarcopenia and its components. Results: This study included 993 subjects over the age of 65, and the prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.2%. The mean DII score of the study population was 0.99 ± 0.1. After adjusting for the confounders age, gender, marital status, and educational level, the risk of sarcopenia was 1.66 times higher in group Q4 than in group Q1 (p-trend < 0.05). However, this relationship is not statistically significant when other more confounding factors are added. Nevertheless, when further analyzing the relationship between DII and sarcopenia components, it was found that after adjusting the model, a higher DII was associated with a risk of muscle strength loss (OR = 1.65, p-trend < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher DII scores increase the risk of muscle strength loss in older adults. By guiding older adults to adopt a more anti-inflammatory diet, muscle health can be improved in terms of increased muscle strength. Further cohort or interventional studies are necessary to validate our findings.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the association between inflammation-related dietary patterns and sarcopenia and its related muscle health indicators in the elderly. METHODS:For this study on improving nutrition among the elderly in China, we selected Wuyuan County in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Taicang City in Jiangsu Province; and Yuexiu District in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province.834 eligible subjects aged 65 and above were finally included. Dietary data were collected through the food frequency questionnaire(FFQ). Inflammation-related dietary patterns were extracted using the reduced-rank regression method, and sarcopenia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group on Muscular Attenuation(AWGS) 2019 recommendation criteria. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between inflammation-related dietary patterns and sarcopenia and muscle health-related indicators in the elderly. RESULTS:The prevalence of sarcopenia in the study population was 19.9%. The inflammatory markers hypersensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-12 were significantly associated with the risk of sarcopenia(OR=1.12(95%CI 1.06-1.18), OR=1.08(95%CI 1.03-1.14)). Analysis of dietary patterns related to inflammation showed that poultry meat, legumes, flour, animal oil and other foods were more consumed, while vegetable oil, rice, soybeans, eggs, fruits, potatoes, vegetables and other foods were less consumed. In the adjusted model, there was no significant correlation between inflammation-related dietary patterns and the risk of sarcopenia. Further analysis found that this pattern was significantly positively correlated with lower muscle mass in the elderly(P&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION:This study did not find a direct association between inflammation-related dietary patterns and the risk of sarcopenia, but revealed a negative association with muscle mass in the elderly.

BackgroundSarcopenia is prevalent in older adults and not only severely affects their health, but also brings a greater economic burden on the patient’s family as well as society. High-quality diet is one of influencing factors of sarcopenia, particularly important for muscle mass and function. This study aims to examine the dietary patterns of community-dwelling older adults in a typical region of China and explore the relationship between these dietary patterns and sarcopenia.MethodsWe used data of the Nutrition and Health Follow-up Study of the Chinese Population in 2021. Food frequency questionnaires were used to obtain food items intake frequency during the last year. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), muscle strength and physical performance were assessed according to the Asian Sarcopenia Working Group (AWGS2019) criteria. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia.ResultsA total of 1,967 participants over the age of 65 were included in the study, and the prevalence of sarcopenia was 17.0%. According to the factor loadings of all of the 18 food groups, three dietary patterns were identified. These dietary patterns include the diversified dietary pattern, which is mainly characterized by the intake of soybeans, fungi and algae, animal meat, fruits, and legumes; the traditional dietary pattern, which is mainly defined by the consumption of rice, pork, poultry, vegetables, and aquatic products; and the wheat-based dietary pattern, which is mainly characterized by the intake of wheat, tubers, and other cereals. The diversified dietary pattern (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) and the traditional dietary pattern (OR = 0.51, p < 0.05) were linked to a lower risk of developing sarcopenia, whereas the wheat-based dietary pattern (OR = 3.54, p < 0.05) was associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia. All three dietary patterns exhibited significantly correlated with muscle mass, grip strength, and physical performance (p < 0.05).ConclusionDietary patterns are associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults in China. Adopting a healthy and sensible balanced diet and avoiding a single dietary preference may reduce the risk of sarcopenia in older adults.

To follow up long-term dietary status, physical condition, behavioral lifestyle and health status of Chinese residents, this study was carried out based on Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012(CNHS 2010-2012). According to east-west-central regional stratification, Jiangsu, Fujian(eastern region), Shanxi(central region), Chongqing and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(western region) were included into the study, with 2 follow-up sites of each province. Dietary intake, physical status, psychological behaviors, physical activities, lifestyle, nutrition-related diseases, muscle and cognitive function of the elderly aged 65 and above were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements, dietary surveys and laboratory tests. The project was implemented through a scientific research design, standardized survey procedures and full-process quality control, relying on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention System. A total of 10 659 participants were enrolled. The decade-long dynamic data on nutrition and health provide basic data and scientific references for formulating nutrition and health-related policies for Chinese residents.

Background: The China Diet Balance Index 2022 (DBI-2022), released in 2024, is the latest dietary quality assessment tool developed in alignment with the updated Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2022). However, its association with hypertension in the Lingnan region-a geographic area distinguished by a unique dietary culture-has not been fully examined. Objective: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the dietary quality of Lingnan residents using DBI-2022 and explore its association with hypertension. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance, focusing on 2982 Lingnan residents aged 45 years and older. Dietary information was collected via 3 consecutive days of 24-h dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires, supplemented by standardized anthropometric measurements. We assessed the contribution of specific dietary components to overall quality and investigated the association between DBI-2022 indices and hypertension using multivariable regression models. Results: Among the 2982 participants, 821 (27.5%) were identified with hypertension. The primary dietary imbalances in the Lingnan population were characterized by moderate insufficient consumption (Low Bound Score [LBS] = 40.48) and moderate excessive intake (High Bound Score [HBS] = 22.58), with insufficient intake being the more prominent concern. Cereals, cooking oils, and salt emerged as key contributors to poor dietary quality, whereas soybeans, fruits, adequate water consumption, and dietary diversity were associated with better dietary quality. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of Diet Quality Distance (DQD) had significantly higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.05-2.35) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Similarly, the odds were elevated for those with high LBS (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.24-2.87). Conclusions: Dietary insufficiency appears to be a more critical issue than excessive consumption among the Lingnan population. Poor dietary quality, particularly insufficient intake of protective foods, is significantly associated with elevated odds of hypertension. These findings support the applicability of DBI-2022 for regional dietary surveillance and highlight key priorities for targeted nutritional intervention strategies.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the effects of dietary patterns and enterotypes on frailty-related metabolic indicators, specifically glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c), in elderly diabetic patients. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 72 diabetic patients aged 65 years and older from Liyang City, Jiangsu Province, and Wuyuan County, Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Data collected included basic information, dietary intake, HbA1c levels, and fecal samples analyzed via 16S rDNA sequencing. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the impact of dietary patterns and enterotypes on elevated HbA1c. Additive models were employed to assess interaction effects. RESULTS:After adjusting for gender, age, residence location, body mass index, and blood glucose management method, Logistic regression analysis revealed that: A dietary pattern characterized by low intake of soybeans and soy products, fresh vegetables, red meat, and poultry was a risk factor for elevated HbA1c in the participants(OR=3.4, 95%CI 1.1-10.6, P&lt;0.05). The Prevotella-dominant enterotype was a protective factor against elevated HbA1c(OR=0.2, 95%CI 0.1-0.8, P&lt;0.05). Interaction analysis of risk factors for elevated HbA1c showed no additive interaction between dietary pattern and enterotype. CONCLUSION:A dietary pattern featuring low intake of soybeans and soy products, fresh vegetables, red meat, and poultry is a risk factor for elevated HbA1c in elderly diabetics, while the Prevotella-dominant enterotype is a protective factor against elevated HbA1c.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and the risk of new onset hypertension in Chinese adults aged 18 and above. METHODS:Data was extracted from follow-up study for Nutrition and Health of Chinese Residents(2021), which was conducted from May 2021 to December 2022. Stratified systematic sampling method was used to select 10 survey sites from 150 surveillance sites based on the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012. demographic information, physical status, lifestyle were collected through questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. The TyG index was calculated using baseline fasting serum triglyceride and blood glucose, and was divided into quartiles(Q1-Q4). Multiple-adjusted logistic regression was used to test the association between the TyG index and the risk of hypertension, after adjusting for basic demographic information, physical characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and intake of oil and salt. The restricted cubic spline model was applied to analyze the dose-response relationship between the TyG index and hypertension. Stratified analysis and interaction tests were conducted to evaluate the interaction in different subgroups. RESULTS:A total of 2516 subjects with normal blood pressure at baseline was included, with mean TyG of 8.53±0.67 on baseline. And the rate of new onset hypertension was 57.95%. Significantly positive correlation trend was observed between the TyG index and hypertension(β=1.51, P&lt;0.05). Consistently, high levels of TyG index were significantly associated with increased risk of new-onset hypertension when TyG index was grouped into quartiles. Compared with Q1, the risks were 1.28 times(95%CI 1.01-1.62, P&lt;0.04), 1.39 times(95%CI 1.09-1.76, P=0.01), and 2.11 times(95%CI 1.64-2.71, P&lt;0.01)in Q2-Q4, respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a positive linear relationship between the TyG index and the incidence of hypertension(P_(overall)&lt;0.01, P_(nonlinear) = 0.54). The associations were consistent in various subgroups(P&lt;0.05) such as age, gender, living area, education, household income, second-hand smoking, physical activity, family history of hypertension, cooking salt and oil intake, overweight and obesity, and central obesity. CONCLUSION:High TyG index was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Chinese adults.

BackgroundGeographic distribution of dietary inflammatory index (DII) in China has not been thoroughly evaluated and evidence on the association between DII and hypertension among Chinese middle-aged and older population was inadequate.ObjectiveTo investigate the geographic disparities of DII and its association with hypertension among Chinese middle-aged and elders.MethodsData was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS 2015) for middle-aged and older participants. The DII for each participant was determined through a combination of 3 days 24 h dietary recall interviews and a food frequency questionnaire. Spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of DII in China. Restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between DII and hypertension. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied for identifying key hypertension-related factors, which was then included in the establishment of a risk prediction nomogram model, with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) being built to evaluate its discriminatory power for hypertension.ResultsA total of 52,087 middle-aged and older participants were included in the study, among whom 36.6% had hypertension. it revealed that a clear spatial correlation in the national distribution of DII scores (Moran I: 0.252, p = 0.001), with higher DII scores concentrated in the northwest region and lower DII scores concentrated in the southeast region. Hypertensive participants had higher DII scores compared to those without hypertension (OR: 1.507 vs. 1.447, p = 0.003). Restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive association between DII and hypertension after adjusting for potential confounding factors. There was a significant increasing trend in the proportion of hypertensive individuals as DII scores increase (p for trend = 0.004). The nomogram model, constructed using key factors identified through LASSO regression, demonstrated a robust discriminative capacity, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 73.2% (95% CI, 72.4–74.0%). Decision curve analysis confirmed the reliability and effectiveness of the nomogram model. Sensitivity analysis conducted within the subpopulation aged under 45 years yielded results consistent with the primary analysis.ConclusionIn Chinese adults middle-aged and older, geographic disparities in dietary inflammatory potential are notable, with lower levels observed in the southeastern coastal regions of China and higher levels in the northwestern regions. Meanwhile, there is a positive association between the inflammatory potential of the diet and hypertension. Additional research is needed to investigate regional disparities in dietary inflammatory potential and pinpoint specific dietary patterns associated with lower inflammation.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risk of developing hypertension. Methods A cohort study of 14,883 Chinese adults without hypertension at baseline with were followed for an average of 8.9 years. Dietary intakes of BCAAs, including Ile, Leu, and Val, were collected using 3-day 24-h meal recall and household condiment weighing. Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic splines, interaction analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the relationship between dietary BCAAs and risk of developing self-reported hypertension, adjusting for age, gender, region, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking status, physical activity, energy intake, salt intake. Results Among 14,883 study subjects, 6386(42.9%) subjects aged ≥ 45 years at baseline, 2692 (18.1%) had new-onset hypertension during the study period, with a median age of 56 years. High levels of dietary BCAAs were associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension. Compared with the 41st–60th percentile, multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension was 1.16 (95% CI 1.01–1.32) for dietary BCAAs 61st–80th percentiles, 1.30 (1.13–1.50) for 81st–95th, 1.60 (1.32–1.95) for 96th–100th. The cut-off value of new-onset hypertension risk, total BCAAs, Ile, Leu, and Val were 15.7 g/day, 4.1 g/day, 6.9 g/day, 4.6 g/day, respectively, and the proportion of the population above these intake values were 13.9%, 13.1%, 15.4%, and 14.4%, respectively. Age, BMI, and salt intake had an interactive effect on this relationship ( P < 0.001). Conclusion There was a significant positive association between total dietary BCAAs, Ile, Leu, Val intake and the risk of developing hypertension, after adjustment for confounders. This relationship was influenced by age, BMI, and salt intake. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism and potential role of BCAAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the dietary fiber intake status and analyze the relationship between dietary fiber and glucose metabolic disorder of the elderly in China.METHODS:Data were collected from the participants of Chinese adult chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance in 2015. General information were collected by standardized questionnaires, anthropometric index and blood pressure of respondents were measured according to standard method. Food intake was collected by three consecutive day 24 h dietary recalls, dietary fiber was calculated through China food composition. Fasting venous blood were collected to measure glucose, HbA1C, and other related biochemical index. Subjects were divided into three groups: normal glucose(NG, normal glucose), pre-diabetes(Pre-DM, pre-diabetes mellitus) and diabetes(T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus). Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary fiber intake and Pre-DM as well as T2DM.RESULTS:A total of 20 996 elderly people aged 60 years and above were included. There 10 773 cases were males(51.3%) and 10 223 cases were females(48.7%), the age of both gender were(68.21±6.26) years and(67.67±6.26) years. A total of 6526 cases of pre-diabetes were detected in 20 996 elderly participants with detection rate of 31.1%. There 3274 cases were male and 3252 cases were female, the detection rates of both genders were 30.4% and 31.8%, respectively. While 1572 participants were detected as T2DM(784 of males and 788 of females), the detection rate of T2DM was 7.5%, 7.3% for males and 7.7% for females. There were significant differences in mean age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, HbA1c level among different dietary intake groups(P&lt;0.005). With the increase of dietary fiber intake, the proportion of overweight and obesity, central obesity and dyslipidemia showed an increasing trend(P&lt;0.05), and the proportion of hypertension showed a decreasing trend(P&lt;0.000 1). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared to participants with lowest fiber intake, participants in subgroups of lower, minor lower, and higher fiber intake were associated with decreased risk of pre-diabetes, the OR and 95%CI were(OR=0.911, 95%CI 0.835-0.993), (OR= 0.861, 95%CI 0.790-0.938) and(OR= 0.913, 95%CI 0.838-0.994), respectively. However, there was only a statistically significant negative association between the higher intake of dietary fiber and T2DM(OR = 0.848, 95%CI 0.726-0.991).CONCLUSION:Dietary fiber intake was negatively related with diabetes and pre-diabetes mellitus. The risk of glucose metabolic disorder was decreased with the increase of dietary fiber intake.

Objective To understand the serum cholesterol levels and their changes among residents(18-59 years old)in rural areas of Shanxi Province,and provide the reference basis for further development of cholesterol prevention and control strategies.Methods The data were from the Shanxi Family Cohort Study on Nutrition and Chronic Diseases,the rural residents(18-59 years old)in the investigations who performed in 2002,2015,and 2019 served as the subjects for the across section study,The three investigations were performed with the questionnaires,physical examinations and laboratory tests.The t test,analysis of variance,Bonferroni two-by-two comparison,and x2 test were used to analyze the data.The used software was SAS 9.4.Results The number of subjects in 2002,2015 and 2019 investigations were 1 321,1 748 and.1 291 cases,respectively;and the mean age of the subjects was(41.5±10.4),(45.7±10.1)and(47.8±9.2)years old,respectively.The ratios of male to female in 2002,2015 and 2019 investigations were 1∶1.18,1∶1.14 and 1∶1.21,respectively.Serum cholesterol(TC)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels in 2015 and 2019 were significantly higher than those in 2002;the serum TC and LDL-C levels of females in 2002 were significantly lower than those of males,but the serum TC and LDL-C levels of females in 2019 were significantly higher than those of males(P＜0.05).Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)level were lower in 2015 and 2019 than that in 2002.Three investigations showed that TC and LDL-C levels in 50-59 years old group were significantly higher than those in 18-29 years old group(P＜0.05);TC and LDL-C levels in overweight and obese group were significantly higher than those in normal weight group(except for TC level in 2019),TC and LDL-C levels in central obese group were significantly higher than those in normal waistline group;HDL-C level in females was significantly higher than that in males;HDL-C level in non-smokers was significantly higher than that in smokers;HDL-C level in overweight and obese group was significantly lower than that in normal weight group;HDL-C level in central obese group was significantly lower than that in normal waistline group(P＜0.05).The results of gender comparison among all age groups showed that TC levels of 30-39 years old group in females in three investigations were significantly lower than those in males;in 2015 and 2019 investigations,TC and LDL-C levels of 50-59 years old group in females were significantly higher than those in males;in three investigations,HDL-C levels of 40-49 years old and 50-59 years old groups in females were significantly higher than those in males(P＜0.05).Conclusion Serum TC and LDL-C levels of Shanxi rural residents in 2015 and 2019 increased significantly,as compared with 2002,but HDL-C level decreased significantly.In the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia,it should pay attention to serum cholesterol level in rural areas.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of dietary patterns and their association with T2DM among Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. Methods: Data was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (2015). Dietary intake for each participant was determined through a combination of 3-day 24-h dietary recall interviews and food frequency questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to extract dietary patterns and spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of them. T2DM was diagnosed using criteria of ADA 2018, and binary logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and T2DM. Results: A total of 36,648 participants were included in the study; 10.9% of them were diagnosed as T2DM. Three dietary patterns were identified with the name of plant-based pattern, animal-based pattern, and oriental traditional pattern, which were represented located in northern, northwest, and southern regions, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the plant-based pattern were associated with lower T2DM odds (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.90) when comparing with the lowest quartile. However, participants inclined to higher quartiles of animal-based pattern had a higher risk of T2DM (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27) compared with those in the lower quartiles. No significant association was found between the oriental traditional pattern and T2DM (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.14). Conclusion: Dietary patterns of Chinese population revealed geographical disparities, with plant-based dietary pattern showing protective effects and animal-based pattern carrying high risks for T2DM. Regional dietary variations and food environment are paramount in T2DM prevention and management.

目的 抽样调查和分析我国医院的营养服务能力.方法 以《2019年中国卫生健康统计年鉴》中31个省二级和三级医院数量作为抽样框,各省按10％的比例分别进行抽样,对抽中医院的官方网站营养科室设置、营养服务能力等信息进行检索并分析.结果 共抽样调查1 176家医院,其中二级医院914家,三级医院262家;综合医院990家,专科医院186家;公立医院836家,民营医院340家.设置营养科室的医院有207家,占17.6％.营养科室的名称繁多,以营养科和临床营养科命名为主.营养科室归属于医技的为39.6％,归属于其他和临床的分别为30.0％和19.3％.营养科室人员配置主要为10人及以下,占48.8％.科室主任职称多为临床系列,营养师系列者所占比例仅为3％.提供营养门诊、医疗膳食、肠内营养、肠外营养和临床会诊的比例分别为76.8％、75.4％、60.4％、33.3％和61.4％.结论 我国医疗机构营养科室需要规范化管理,二级医院的营养服务能力亟需提升.

Abstract Background: Evidence on the Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Hypertension among Chinese Population aged 45 and above Objective： To investigate the association between DII and hypertension in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. Methods： Data was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (2015) for participants who were 45 years of age or above. The DII for each participant was determined through a combination of 3 day 24-hour dietary recall interviews and a food frequency questionnaire. Spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of DII in China. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between DII and hypertension. Results： A total of 39,282 middle-aged and elderly participants were included in the study, among whom 6,133 had hypertension. The DII scores of participants with hypertension were higher compared to those without hypertension (1.507 vs. 1.447, P = 0.003). There was a significant increasing trend in the proportion of hypertensive individuals as DII scores increase (P for trend = 0.004). Spatial analysis revealed a clear spatial correlation in the national distribution of DII scores (Moran I: 0.252, P = 0.001), with higher DII scores concentrated in the northwest region and lower DII scores concentrated in the southeast region. Restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive association between DII and hypertension after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Conclusions： Dietary inflammatory index was positively associated with hypertension in Chinese adults aged 45 years and above, and dietary intervention might be a promising method in the prevention of hypertension.

Objective: To analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and the related genetic and non-genetic factors in non-diabetic women of childbearing age in China. Methods: Subjects were randomly selected from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. The data of sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were obtained through questionnaire survey. Anthropometry was measured by trained interviewers, and fasting blood was collected to test 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and other related parameters. Generalized linear mode and multivariate logistic analysis were performed to analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D and MetS and its components, adjusting for the possible confounders. Results: Body mass index (BMI), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 25(OH)D, phosphorus (P), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were associated with the number of MetS’s components. G allele carriers of GC rs2282679 had higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and FBG levels compared with the TT genotypes, while higher genetic risk score (GRS) seemed to be associated with reduced HDL-C level. The odds ratio (OR) for MetS in lowest group of 25(OH)D was 1.533 (0.980–2.399) after adjusting for season, district, area type, latitude, age, BMI, PTH, P, ALT, CRE, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hs-CRP, compared with the median group, but the association was not significant. An insufficient 25(OH)D concentration (<14.22 ng/mL) was significantly related to the risk of elevated waist circumference (WC) (OR = 1.612 (1.014–2.561)) and TG (OR = 2.210 (1.318–3.706)), and reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.639 (1.206–2.229)) after adjusting for the confounders among these women. Moreover, these relationships were not affected by vitamin D metabolism-related gene polymorphisms. Conclusion: After comprehensively considering various influencing factors, significant associations between insufficient serum 25(OH)D and MetS‘s components, including elevated WC, TG, and reduced HDL-C, were observed. However, MetS, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were not found independently associated with 25(OH)D levels.

目的:探讨中国45岁及以上居民膳食果糖的摄入状况及其食物来源.方法:利用2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中膳食调查数据,结合美国食物成分数据库和中国预包装食品中单体糖和总糖含量数据库中果糖和蔗糖数据,对34 264名45岁及以上居民的膳食果糖摄入状况及食物来源进行分析.结果:中国45岁及以上居民平均每日膳食总果糖的摄入量为8.29 g,其中游离状态果糖为4.78 g、结合状态果糖为3.51 g.膳食总果糖的摄入量随年龄的增加而降低,男性高于女性,城市高于农村.蔬菜类及制品、水果及制品、谷类及制品是膳食总果糖前三大类食物来源,共占膳食总果糖的69.72％.不同食物来源膳食果糖对总果糖的贡献在城市和农村间存在差异,城市居民来源的前三大类食物为水果及制品、蔬菜类及制品、零食类,农村居民为蔬菜类及制品、水果及制品、谷类及制品.结论:中国45岁及以上居民膳食总果糖的摄入量平均为8.29 g/d,处于相对较低水平.蔬菜类及制品、水果及制品、谷类及制品是其最主要的食物来源.