Abstract. The ancient woodblocks were typically used as engraving plates for printing books and served as important tools for the dissemination of culture, scholarship, and religion. However, due to the long survival time and the influence of the natural environment, the woodblocks have suffered different degrees of damage, with blurred inscriptions or lost information. Therefore, we propose a digital protection method based on hyperspectral image and close-range photogrammetry technology. Firstly, by virtue of the high spectral resolution and penetrability of hyperspectral imaging, we synthesized the image of the woodblocks with different bands selected from the hyperspectral image, which was enhanced by combining the low-light illumination map estimation (LIME) and the dark-channel algorithms. It can improve the detailed information in the woodblocks. Secondly, due to the existence of multiple damage in the woodblocks, we proposed a digital restoration method that enhance the structural information to restore cracks and missing regions in the woodblocks. During the restoration process, a curvature function was introduced into the data term to address the issue of insufficient consideration of structural information in traditional patch-based algorithms. A boundary function is incorporated to prioritize the restoration of regions with distinct structural features. The method was validated on the Tripitaka woodblocks produced during the Emperor Qian Long period of Qing Dynasty, China (A.D. 1736–1796). The experimental results show that the method can effectively restore the damage and reveal more detail information on the woodblocks. It can provide a feasible technical solution for the digital conservation of the ancient woodblocks.

古书画在保存过程中容易滋生霉斑病害,霉斑不仅影响书画的外观,还会对纸质文物造成不可逆转的永久性破坏.为了给霉斑清洗提供直观参考,提出基于丰度反演及光谱变换的书画霉斑提取与虚拟修复方法.选取与霉斑区域光谱曲线存在明显差异的450～600 nm之间244 个波段作为特征波段,通过连续最大角凸锥端元提取与灰度分割,提取霉斑区域.再对高光谱影像进行主成分变换,选取包含信息量最大的前三主成分合成影像,利用Criminisi算法对霉斑区域进行修复,再将修复后的影像进行主成分逆变换,完成高光谱影像的虚拟修复.以中国近现代画家倪田的《捕鱼图》为例进行了研究,发现修复后的霉斑区域与画体融入性较好,边界自然平滑,均方根误差值普遍变小.研究结果可为书画霉斑清洗提供直观的修复依据,具有较强的实用性.

Ancient paintings are valuable historical heritages of human society with profound cultural connotations.However, the repairing of cracks by pasting rice paper on the back of paintings generates hidden strip information.To accurately extract the hidden strip information in ancient paintings, a method of hidden strip information extraction from hyperspectral images of ancient paintings is proposed.Firstly, we use the minimum noise fraction transform to remove the noise information and convert the image into bands arranged in order of decreasing signal-to-noise ratio.Secondly, we introduce the average gradient and cross-entropy as indicators to evaluate the informativeness of each band.A band that is richer in strip information has a larger gradient, which can be used as a reference for band selection.Finally, we combine the original image with the selected optimal band to complete the extraction of strip information.The results of our paper are expected to be useful in the protection, restoration, and identification of cultural relics.

近年来博物馆行业飞速发展,博物馆的数量和业务范围都在扩增,文物保护作为主要业务之一越来越受重视,但在博物馆建设中如何做好文物保护功能区需求调研却鲜见研究报道.本文以大型综合类博物馆大运河博物馆(首都博物馆东馆)为例,在总结了首都博物馆本馆文保区目前运行状况的基础上,讨论了博物馆建设前期文保业务调研的必要性、文保业务方案设计及特殊需求保障.前期充分调研利于为文保功能区位置选择、面积设置、建筑工艺设计和施工阶段的预埋预留提供主要依据,减少建成后的拆改,避免造成人力、资金的浪费,给文物保护工作留出可持续发展空间,期望能对后续博物馆文保区建设提供参考.

古书画中所记载的文字是了解历史的珍贵资料,对褪色文字进行提取和识别是挖掘和展示历史价值的基础.本工作首次提出基于光谱增强指数与LeNet-5相结合的古书画褪色文字提取与识别方法:利用高光谱成像无损检测、光谱范围广等优点,获取古书画的高光谱数据,分析文字与背景的光谱特征,构建字迹增强指数,实现古书画中褪色文字的增强;构建LeNet-5卷积神经网络,利用手写汉字集进行训练,对密度分割后的字迹图像进行自动识别.以清代画家张士保所作《论道图》中部分褪色文字为例进行了验证,文字识别的正确率为70.8％.结果表明,本工作所提出方法可有效提高古书画褪色文字提取与识别的智能化程度.

丝绵锦袍出土于尼雅95MNⅠM3号墓,穿于女墓主人上身最外侧.由于长年埋藏于地下,锦袍出现糟朽、破裂、残缺等严重病害.为了研究丝绵锦袍的腐蚀机理,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱、红外光谱等方法进行综合分析.测试结果表明,纤维表面出现缺失、断裂,纤维特征也已经不再明显,锦袍的丝纤维红外光谱指纹区吸收峰与标准丝纤维谱图差异较大,吸收峰强度明显减弱并发生位移.由此可得锦袍的老化劣化情况严重,应及时采取保护措施.

Three novel carboxylic arylhydrazone compounds named 2- oxo propionic acid terephthalal acyl dihydrazone (1), 2-ketoglutaric acid terephthalal acyl dihydrazone (2) and 2-ketoglutaric acid salicyl- hydrazone (3) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR. The antibacterial activities of 1 and 2 against wheat rust and coliform were investigated. The results showed that 1 had more excellent antibacterial properties than 2 against both wheat rust and coliform. In addition, the title compounds interaction with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were measured by fluorescence spectra method which indicating that they combined with CT-DNA by groove binding through hydrogen bonds.

Seals, a common part of Chinese painting and calligraphy, play a key role in identification, collection, and other activities of painting and calligraphy. However, most of the seal age-analysis methods are still dependent on the experience and judgement of the experts. Thus, scientific evidence in this field is required. This study aims to explore the changes in the reflectance spectra by heat-aging on seal samples to establish a spectral heat-aging model that can be used to estimate the aging times of seals. An experiment was conducted to detect the reflectance spectral changes of sample seals on Chinese paintings and calligraphy after different heat aging times, and a model incorporating the spectral changes over aging time was built. After heat aging, the visible near-infrared spectra of the seal samples were acquired and analyzed. The results show that the cinnabar pigment contained in the samples exhibited no significant change in spectra. The spectral change bands of the rice paper and the seal-ink did not overlap, and the spectral changes of the seal-ink aging were found to be mainly come from the additive. Its sensitive bands that means those bands with distinct characteristics of reflectance spectra are concentrated in the spectral ranges of 1700-1800 nm and 2250-2400 nm. As the aging time prolonged, the additives of the seals were found to gradually undergo changes, whereas, the composition of the cinnabar pigment tended to be stable. Finally, a spectral heat-aging model was established using multivariable linear regression. The accuracy of this model was tested using 16 samples that were not used during training. The coefficient of determination (R-2) value was found to be 0.83, and the correlation between the real and estimated aging times was 0.65. Results demonstrated that the visible near-infrared reflectance spectra changes could be used to estimate the age of seals on Chinese paintings or calligraphy. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Background Mixed pigment analysis is an important and complex subject in preserving and restoring Chinese paintings since the colors observed by our naked eyes or instruments such as hyperspectral cameras are usually a mixture of several kinds of pigments. The purpose of this study was to explore a more effective method to confirm the type of every pure pigment and their proportion in pigment mixtures on the surface of paintings. Methods Two endmember extraction algorithms were adopted to identify the types of pigments and an improved method of ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine their proportion. Main works (1) Extracting the pure pigment components from mixed spectrum by adopting two blind source separation algorithms: Independent Component Analysis and Non-negative Matrix Factorization; (2) matching the separated pure spectrum with the pigment spectral library built in our laboratory to determine the pigment type; and (3) calculating the proportions of mixed pigments using the Ratio Spectra Derivative Spectrophotometry based on Mode, which is improved based on the original algorithm. Finally, a comparison was made with two abundance inversion algorithms: Least Squares Algorithm and Minimum Volume Simplex Analysis. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error were used to provide evidence for accuracy evaluation. Conclusions (1) Non-negative matrix factorization is more suitable for endmember extraction; and (2) Ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry based on mode is more suitable for abundance inversion.

Stains, as one of most common degradations of paper cultural relics, not only affect paintings’ appearance, but sometimes even cover the text, patterns, and colors contained in the relics. Virtual restorations based on common red–green–blue images (RGB) which remove the degradations and then fill the lacuna regions with the image’s known parts with the inpainting technology could produce a visually plausible result. However, due to the lack of information inside the degradations, they always yield inconsistent structures when stains cover several color materials. To effectively remove the stains and restore the covered original contents of Chinese paintings, a novel method based on Poisson editing is proposed by exploiting the information inside the degradations of selected three feature bands as the auxiliary information to guide the restoration since the selected feature bands captured fewer stains and could expose the covered information. To make the Poisson editing suitable for stain removal, the feature bands were also exploited to search for the optimal patch for the pixels in the stain region, and the searched patch was used to construct the color constraint on the original Poisson editing to ensure the restoration of the original color of paintings. Specifically, this method mainly consists of two steps: feature band selection from hyperspectral data by establishing rules and reconstruction of stain contaminated regions of RGB image with color constrained Poisson editing. Four Chinese paintings (‘Fishing’, ‘Crane and Banana’, ‘the Hui Nationality Painting’, and ‘Lotus Pond and Wild Goose’) with different color materials were used to test the performance of the proposed method. Visual results show that this method can effectively remove or dilute the stains while restoring a painting’s original colors. By comparing values of restored pixels with nonstained pixels (reference of their same color materials), images processed by the proposed method had the lowest average root mean square error (RMSE), normalized absolute error (NAE), and average differences (AD), which indicates that it is an effective method to restore the stains of Chinese paintings.

以二丙酮酸缩对苯二甲双酰腙(C14H14N4O6,H4L)和稀土硝酸盐(RE(NO3)3·nH2O)为原料,在水-乙醇混合溶剂中,制备了13种二丙酮酸缩对苯二甲双酰腙稀土配合物.采用元素分析、摩尔电导率、红外光谱、紫外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射和热重分析等手段对目标产物的结构进行了表征和测试,确定出配合物的组成为RE2(H2L)3·nH2O(RE=Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Er、Yb、Lu,n=1、2、3、4、5),推测配合物中稀土离子与配体按照2∶3的物质的量比进行配位,稀土离子的配位数为九,配合物分子中配体的化学环境相同,稀土离子的化学环境相同,配合物的外界无其它离子存在,晶格中含有一定数目的结晶水.采用孢子萌发法测试了部分配合物对小麦条锈病菌的生物活性,结果显示:配合物对小麦条锈病菌的生物活性随浓度的减小而降低,在浓度为2500 mg/L时,Nd2(H2L)3·2H2O、Dy2(H2L)3·2H2O和Y2(H2L)3·4H2O对小麦条锈病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100％,La2(H2L)3·4H2O和Eu2(H2L)3·3H2O的抑制率分别为83.8％和84.1％,说明选取配合物Nd2(H2L)3·2H2O、Dy2(H2L)3·2H2O和Y2(H2L)3·4H2O对小麦条锈病孢子的萌发有较强的抑制作用,La2(H2L)3·4H2O和Eu2(H2L)3·3H2O的性能稍差.

A new Cu(II) complex with bi-[N-(propionic acid)] terephthalal diacythydrazon (H4L) was obtained by the reaction of CuCl2•2H2O and H4L in 1:1 pyridine and methanol. According to X-ray diffraction, the product was a binuclear complex, [Cu2L(pyridine)6]•2H2O. Each Cu(II) in the complex is six-coordinated by one N and two O atoms of H4L and three N atoms from pyridine. The coordination polyhedron around Cu(II) can be described as an octahedron with slightly distorted. Inaddition, antibacterial activities of the complex against coliform were investigated. The results showed that the inhibit rates of binuclear complex were 83% against coliform.

Ancient paintings, as one of the most important forms of artistic expression of Chinese traditional culture, are the most valuable and non-renewable treasure of human civilization. However, unfortunate situations occur, causing stains on paintings. Stains disfigure their artistry and values, and it is desirable to remove them. Traditional removal methods using physical means or chemicals may damage the original paintings. Recent virtual restoration effort may cause inconsistent content when applied to larger regions. This paper proposes a new virtual restoration method of stains based on the maximum noise fraction (MNF) transformation with the hyperspectral imaging. The method has two steps. Firstly, it carries out the forward MNF transformation to concentrate the main features of ancient paintings into the several top principal components. Secondly, it determines the principal component that contains the large spectral information of stains, and applies the inverse MNF transformation to several top components except for the chosen components to reduce the stain effect on the image and restore the original spectral information and color as much as possible. This paper selects a paper painting of the Qing Dynasty as the experiment data, and the results show that the method has the effect of diluting or eliminating image spots, and can restore the style of ancient paintings to a large extent without causing a large loss of data information.

Painting and calligraphy works are the important part of human cultural heritage.Hyper-spectral imaging technology is widely used in the study of cultural relics,for its features of'image-spectrum merged'and nondestructive testing.In this paper,hyper-spectral imaging technology combined with Raman spectra and fluorescence spectra is used to analyze the "Sanqiutu" of WANG Zhen.In the experiment,the pigment in the painting is analyzed,the image is enhanced and the features are extraced by using principal component analysis and SAM classification,in order to mine the hidden information.The experimental results show that hyper-spectral technology will be an effective method for the study of painting and calligraphy.

揭展是书画重新装裱过程中最重要的一环.在装裱过程中所用的浆糊往往与画心、命纸很难分离,导致揭展过程复杂,且容易造成古书画的损毁.传统的水闷润揭展法对于难揭展的纸质画心极易揭晃.为解决这一问题,利用芽胞杆菌发酵产生的含有淀粉酶的胞外液制备生物揭展剂,并通过作用于宣纸老化材料验证了揭展效果.试验结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌的发酵液去除菌体并透析后获得的生物揭展剂揭展效果较好.利用扫描电镜和拉力强度检测分析了生物揭展剂对书画文物的影响.结果表明:该生物揭展剂能够降低剥离力和纤维指数,与用水闷润相比,增加了宣纸样品在闷润后的抗拉强度,且对宣纸微观结构无明显影响;观察生物揭展后100天的样品并没有霉菌生成,表明该生物揭展剂具有很好的揭展安全性.在此基础上,对成套明代水陆画进行揭展,取得了良好效果.

高光谱仪作为一种无损检测方法,其"图谱合一"的特性使很多在正射影像上无法区分的类别变得可分.因此,本研究以清代张士保《论道图》为例,利用高光谱相机采集影像,经过最小噪声分离变换、主成分变换、掩膜等处理对画作的墨线进行了提取,实现了图像增强效果,并且发现了两处人眼无法识别的隐含信息.图像增强及隐含信息的发现对书画鉴定、修复提供重要依据,并开拓了新视野.

In the field of cultural relics restoration,to determine the proportion of mixed pigment has been a troublesome thing.The traditional cultural relics repair method is usually based on the repair worker's experience,in which efficiency is not high.By improving the method of selecting characteristic bands,the derivative of ratio spectroscopy based on the mode is proposed.The simulation data and real data results show that this method can reduce the test range of color in the repair process,improve the unmixing accuracy,which might have great potential application in the analysis of cultural relics pigments recognition.

文章基于书画鉴定的角度,对印泥的起源、演变和制作工艺进行了分析,旨在通过梳理印泥的发展历程,探寻印泥作为书画鉴定的手段,该如何研究.

空气污染使得文物的蒙灰现象变得十分普遍,若不及时处理,会掩盖文物信息,更甚者灰尘会渗入文物本体,形成共生体,另外灰尘夹杂的有害物质就会危及文物的安全.本次试验主要采用的是物理方法-面团除尘,此法适用于强度相对较大的石刻、青铜器文物.研究了小麦面粉和莜面、以及保湿剂甘油、除静电剂金纺、防霉剂中草药分别以不同比例混合后的除尘效果,结果表明:同种面团在相同条件下,浓度与黏丝距离、黏附性和最大黏度成正比,浓度越大,黏附性参数随之增加.150g莜面面粉+50g小麦面粉+150ml中药汁+1mL金纺+1mL甘油制作的面团更符合本次试验目的,黏丝距离小,不黏物品;最大黏度不大,除尘物品上残留物少.对文物的除尘效果最好.

Using wheat starch and wheat flour, used as the binding materials in the traditional mounting of calligraphies and paintings, as the raw materials, their gelatinized products were investigated by using a rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA). The gelatinization curves obtained from the both materials at different concentrations, peak temperatures, mixing times and shirring speeds were compared. The effects of standing time on the adhesion of gelatinized starch and of ageing on the peeling strength, colour shading and pH value of the mounting samples were tested. The results showed that the effect of the wheat variety and the gelatinization conditions on the gelatinization curves was not conspicuous; the longer the standing time, the lower the peeling strength.