针对拟建大型灌区工程从水库引水后可能对水库下游河道造成流量减小及鱼类生态系统破坏等问题,对已建的麻栗坝大型水库下游36.9km的南宛河研究河段采用水文学法的Q90法与水力学法的R2-Cross法进行生态流量研究.根据两种方法计算结果并取其中最大值作为最终生态流量值,为水利工程建设后生态流量计算和水资源管理提供依据.

引调水工程利用天然湖泊调蓄,将引起调蓄湖泊水文情势、水质发生一定变化,对与湖泊水环境关系密切的水生生物、湖滨植被、湿地鸟类产生影响.以金沙江某提水工程方案比选阶段利用拉市海调蓄方案为例,采用图形叠置法、类比分析法、生态机理法等方法,分析工程运行对拉市海水生生物、湖滨植被、湿地鸟类的影响,为引调水工程对调蓄湖泊的生态环境影响分析提供工作思路和方法借鉴,并为类似工程方案的科学决策提供参考.

基于全国90余座大中型水库环境影响报告书的水质数据,拟合典型污染物COD、NH3-N、TP、TN衰减系数与水位库容等因子相关曲线,对比分析我国南北方不同地区和不同规模水库的水体自净规律和水体自净能力差异及其原因.结果 表明,大型、中型水库的COD衰减系数为0.001 ～0.32 d-1和0.0018～0.27 d-1,NH3-N衰减系数分别为0.0012 ～0.18 d-1和0.0015～0.15 d-1;整体上,南方水库的自净能力比北方水库强,且南方水库的自净能力与地域性和类型相关,差异显著;不同水库对COD、NH3-N等污染物的降解能力与水库正常水位库容、坝址处多年平均径流量呈正相关关系,衰减系数与水库正常水位库容、坝址处多年平均径流量相关性不显著,呈较弱的负相关关系.

云南某大型水库为季调节水库.采用宽度平均的立面二维水温数学模型对典型平水年的水库水温分布、下泄水温及其灌溉干渠沿程水温进行了预测和分析,结果表明:该水库水温结构呈过渡型水温结构和季节性水温分层现象,其中2—5月存在表层温跃层,分层现象较明显,垂向最大温差3.3℃.水库运行对下游水温过程有一定程度的春夏季低温水影响.下泄水温在2—7月比建坝前坝址水温有所降低,最大温降达2.3℃,年均下泄水温比建坝前降低0.2℃.经分析,水稻生长各期的灌溉水温均在水稻正常水温承受范围内,水稻正常生长不受影响.

Social and economic development processes require large amounts of natural resources and in some cases seriously deteriorate river water quality. Since the reform and expansion era began, China has vigorously pursued socioeconomic development but neglected environmental protection. However, in recent years, improvements in environmental awareness and the implementation of environmental protection measures have led to a balanced relationship between economic development and the environment. In this study, the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin were selected as research areas. We used a combination of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and a distance-based influence assessment method to quantitatively assess the influence of socioeconomic development on river water quality. The results revealed a strong correlation between socioeconomic development and river water quality. The degree of influence of socioeconomic development on water quality varied not only temporally but also spatially due to differences in socioeconomic development and hydrometeorology in the two basins in North and South China. The average degree of influence in the Yangtze River Basin was between 0.22 and 0.27, and that in the Yellow River Basin was between 0.2 and 0.36. Moreover, the degree of influence in the Yangtze River Basin in the wet season was greater than that in the dry season, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in the Yellow River Basin. The degree of influence in both basins gradually declined after 2011, indicating that the coupling and coordination between socioeconomic development and environmental protection have continuously improved and that the water quality has gradually improved. By analysing the influences of various socioeconomic indicators on water quality, we found that the main factors that influence water quality are per capita GDP and urbanization rate in the Yangtze River Basin and urbanization rate in the Yellow River Basin. The results provide a basis for future sustainable development in the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin.

对拟建滇中引水工程大同取水口下游至虎跳峡前的43.5 km金沙江研究河段,采用流量历时曲线法和栖息地模拟法分别进行生态流量研究.栖息地模拟法选用目标鱼类长丝裂腹鱼,结合水动力学数值模拟与栖息地模型结合的方法,利用MIKE21建立研究河段的平面二维浅水水动力学模型.按长丝裂腹鱼对水深、 流速的适宜度标准确定不同流量下的栖息地加权可利用面积(WU A),得到栖息地面积WUA随流量的变化趋势,最终确定目标鱼类产卵繁殖期适宜的生态流量值.比较2种方法的研究结果,取其中最大值作为最终生态流量值.

Basin environmental retrospective investigation and analysis is the basic work of river basin planning environmental impact assessment.Due to the lack of technical guidance documents about retrospective assessment on planning environmental impacts of water conservancy and hydropower development,the normative documents of planning environmental impacts on basin scale are taken as references.Taking Nanjiang River Basin as an example,the influences of water conservancy and hydropower projects on water environment,aquatic ecology and terrestrial ecological are investigated and analyzed.On the basis of these analyses,the deficiency of current environmental protection measures for the projects under operation is realized.Based on the planning of water conservancy and hydropower project development in Nanjiang River Basin,the general plan for environmental protection measures is put forward which takes ecological environment protection requirements of entire basin into consideration.The results will provide reference for the decision-making on subsequent water conservancy and hydropower project development.

针对目前内河航道环境影响评价工作中有关溢油环境风险预测中常用计算方法,存在的局限性,提出应根据溢油扩离散、平移、输送过程和近岸地理条件变化等选择溢油扩离散模型,并依据河流流场和风场的长序列数据进行油膜漂移距离预测和事故应急响应时间计算,从而有效提高预测结果的准确性.同时,提出了河航道选址须符合饮用水水源地保护要求、建立全方位环境风险应急管理体系和监测网络、积极推动内河航道溢油应急标准体系建设、提高应急指挥决策和反应技术方案的科学性、制订应急水源供给保障方案等的内河航道溢油风险防控措施建议.

The construction of water resources and hydropower project is to cause a certain impact on the river eco-system and change its internal stability. In order to qualitatively and quantitatively study the eco-risk from the construction of water resources and hydropower project， the fault tree analysis method is introduced herein. With this method， a fault tree for the eco-risk from the construction of water resources and hydropower project is constructed， and then the relationships in-between all the related factors are revealed, thus the risks of the ecosystem damages are appraised as well.

针对水电工程建设带来的生态环境影响问题,采用实际调查和监测等方法,对水电站建设前后的环境变化进行了系统的研究.将社会关注度比较高的水环境、水生生态、陆生生态三个方面的调查和监测数据进行了对比分析,得出实际存在的环境效应,研究成果为水电开发环境影响研究提供参考.

水电工程建设通过直接的和间接的作用,影响了生态系统内部的稳定性,存在一定生态风险.为定量分析水电工程建设的生态风险,需要构建一套可操作的计算方法.为此,归纳借鉴国外生态风险评价的方法,结合水电工程建设对生态系统的影响机理,从影响和受体两个方面的相互作用出发,构建了水电建设生态风险评价概念模型.该模型可以定量分析水电工程的生态风险大小,可操作性强;其用于流域水电开发生态风险评价,可为决策部门提供数据依据,也可以为流域水电开发生态风险保护措施提供技术支撑.

针对跨境河流水电开发国际影响问题,采用层次分析法,将水电开发的国际影响分为需求、利益、权利和主权4个层次进行分析研究.在深入分析跨境河流水电开发可能引起的影响的基础上,筛选关键因子,建立指标体系.研究关键因子的变化导致不同层面的国际影响,并提出解决跨境河流水电开发国际影响问题的建议,为政府决策提供参考依据.

为了分析国际水条约对我国西南地区国际河流开发与保护的影响,对我国与西南国际河流相关国家签订的主要法律、条约以及下湄公河流域主要管理机构进行了系统的梳理,分析了各条约对我国水能开发可能产生的影响,明确了我国享有的权力和利益以及相关限制和所需承担的义务. 在此基础上,提出了对相关影响可采取的对策,可供我国与相关国家进行磋商和谈判.

基于GIS和Erdas平台,从不同区位、不同缓冲条带内的植被组成、空间分布状态及其景观格局,对青山嘴水库周边的陆域植被格局对水库修建的响应进行研究.研究表明,青山嘴水库建设前后,研究区植被均为7类,但建库后自然植被呈增长趋势(增加了403.40 hm2),植被生境总体上向生态质量较好的方向演变,但不同地段上植被分布格局与演变有差异.这主要是高干扰-低生态质量型生境类群与中干扰-过渡型生境类群或轻干扰-高生态质量型生境类群之间的转变程度或数量在空间上分配不均匀致且这种变化趋势集中发生于距水库500 m以内的缓冲区域内.在500 m以外区域内,不同区位植被生境均表现出不同程度的好转.

The experiment in the laboratory was designed for understanding the rule of growth and decay of ice-cover. The changes of three parameters ---ice thicknesses, water temperatures, and ice temperatures could be gained from this experiment. Water temperature model and the model of growth-decay of ice-cover were established, through the analysis of the physical process of water freezing and melting. The process of freezing and melting of water was simulated by coupling these two models. It was showed that the calculated results of the ice thicknesses and water temperature agreed to the measured results on the whole, by comparing the simulation results with the measured results. This result was able to provide theoretical principle for studying freezing mechanism and spatial-temporal distribution of water temperature in a reservoir at high-altitude and high latitude regions.

To study cumulative effects to water temperature of diversion cascade plant,the water temperature distribution of every cascade plant is predicted using the vertical one-dimensional water temperature model and warming rate.By analyzing the forecasting result,three forms of cumulative effects to water temperature were obtained,namely 1)Operation of first reservoir changed down-stream river water temperature distribution,induces water temperature delay phenomena: In the spring warming up is postponed,In the autumn cooling down is delayed.The water temperature delay phenomenon is transferred by diversion,so the water temperature delay phenomena of downriver cascade plant was more obvious.2) Water temperature of plant tended to flat.Flat phenomenon of water temperature in the plant became more obvious from first cascade to last cascade.3)Longitudinal water temperature change was reduced.The results provided scientific foundation for environmental impact assessment of river basin development.

Through analyzing the characteristics of an urban river reach in Middle Jinsha River,a two-dimensional water quality model is established to compute the water quality under condition that multiple sewage outfalls discharging at the same time.The pollution zone distribution is simulated under a coupled pollutant superposition condition by using high precision mesh in a 21km river reach;and analysis is made to find whether the pollutant will have great influence on the water intakes in the reach,and so as to provide scientific data for city planning.

To study the influence of low-temperature water of hydropower project's effluent on water temperature distribution and aquatic ecosystem in the downstream of a dam,the water temperature distribution in the reservoir and the effluent water temperature at three different intake locations were predicted(using) laterally averaged two-dimensional model in this paper.It is shown that the effluent water temperature from March to August decreased with the decrease of intake elevation,while from September to February in the following year increased with the decrease of intake elevation.It can be concluded that to a certain extent,layered intake can reduce the difference of water temperature between effluent and natural water,and mitigate the adverse effects of lower temperature effluent on aquatic ecosystem in the downstream of a dam.This study can provide a theoretical base for the assessment of environmental impact of water hydropower projects.

Through analysis of the interaction between branches and reservoirs,a simplified method for coupling analysis of branches and reservoirs is put forward by use of the elevation width-averaged 2-D water temperature model,and a water temperature model for reservoirs with consideration of the influence of branches is established.The comparison of the result about reservoir water temperature distribution,discharge water temperature distribution,and temperature distribution in vertical direction in front of the dam obtained by the present model with those obtained without consideration of the influence of branches shows that branches have certain influence on reservoir water temperature,and that the established model is effective and reasonable for reflecting and predicting the reservoir water temperature distribution under influence of branches.

The simultaneous observations on hydrology and water temperature were carried out on a river in order to find out the law of water temperature's change along the river and the impact of the hydropower station.It shows that water temperature increase 1.01 ℃ every 100km and decrease 0.309 with every 100m falling of attitude,and the operation of hydro power station is an important factor that affects of water temperature.