Dispersion of oil-tank sludge using compositions of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants followed by isolation of synthetic oil is a processing method with several disadvantages such as residual S-containing compounds and toxic spent solutions. The present work proposes the use of polycomplexants (sodium salts of iminodiacetate derivatives of fatty-acid triglycerides and mucosaccharides) as promising and affordable replacements for traditional surfactants. A methodology for processing oil-tank sludge using these compounds and results of laboratory tests showing decreased S contents and significantly lower densities and viscosities of the oil-tank sludge are given.

A study was carried out on the dispersion of heavy petroleum feedstock in aqueous solutions of polycomplexon surfactants derived from triglycerides and mucopolysaccharides with and without sodium hydroxide. Up to 97.5% of the sulfur-containing compounds and up to 86% if the vanadium and nickel compounds enter the aqueous phase along with the mucopolysaccharide derivatives upon phase separation depending on the contents of surfactant and sodium hydroxide. A portion of the triglyceride derivatives remains in the petroleum phase.

The methods of silicotungstic acid (SiW) immobilization on conducting substrates were studied. For SiW immobilization by codeposition, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) redox polymer was used. The most effective codeposition of SiW and PPD was demonstrated on a graphene oxide (GO) film. Meanwhile, GO is reduced to form RGO-PPD-SiW electroactive composite. The structure of the novel material was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry and IR and Raman spectra. PPD-SiW and RGO-PPD-SiW composites were studied by impedance spectroscopy, where an equivalent circuit was proposed. Film resistance Rf was shown to decrease in the series of PPD → RGO-PPD → RGO-PPD-SiW. Further, RGO-PPD-SiW has better transfer properties (bulk film diffusion rate). This enabled suggesting that the composite has better electrocatalytic properties than PPD and RGO-PPD as was evidenced for example of [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− redox transfer on the electrode coated with the novel material.

Original termination of the detonation nanodiamond (DND) was changed by active chemical media interaction. Oxidation in boiling chloric acid, by hydrogen and chlorination by carbon tetrachloride vapor was applied. FTIR, TGA, and photoluminescence techniques revealed the DND functional termination changing. At hydrogenation treatment monofunctionally of the surface demonstrated. The totality of presented results demonstrates the possibility of substantial and controlled changes in the DND functional properties, for their subsequent use in the self-organization processes, at nanocomposites preparation and for other aims.

A novel electroactive composite based on silicotungstic acid (SiW), poly-о-phenylenediamine (PPD) and reduced form of graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared by electrochemical synthesis on a planar screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) coated with graphene oxide (GO). The new material was shown to have expressed electrocatalytic activity for the example of electrochemical behavior of the p-benzoquinone/hydroquinone redox couple on the RGO-PPD-SiW-modified electrode. Unlike most composites containing heteropolyacid anions, RGO-PPD-SiW demonstrates its properties not only in an acid but also in a neutral saline solution. The potential cycling in a saline solution retains some cyclic voltammogram (CVA) peaks observed in 1 М H2SO4 environment. An addition of a local anesthetic of amide series (lidocaine, naropin, or chirocaine) to a saline solution was shown to change the CVA shape immediately. This example demonstrates that the novel composite may be further used in creating a sensor of planar design.

A promising nontoxic and environmentally safe detergent consisting of sodium salts of iminodiacetate derivatives of fatty acid tri- and diglycerides and acetate derivatives of polymucosaccharides was synthesized, and its composition and structure were studied. Fractions consisting of fats, sodium salts of polymucosaccharides, and sodium salts of α-amino acids, obtained from liquid base hydrolyzates of protein-containing waste, served as feedstock. Polymucosaccharide derivatives coordinate tri- and diglyceride derivatives along the chains via hydrogen bonds to form host–guest complexes with the hydrocarbon radicals directed toward different sides. When dissolved, the complexes form thread-like particles incorporating biphilic molecules, wetting agents, and complexones.

The internal friction spectra λ = f(T) and the temperature dependence ν = f(T) of the frequency of free damping in the temperature range from –150°C to 120°C of microwave-irradiated and nonirradiated samples of polyvinyl alcohol were obtained. A theoretical analysis of nature of the peak located on the ascending branch of the α-peak of relaxation losses on the internal friction spectrum is carried out, and its disappearance after the microwave irradiation is explained. A comparison of changes in the continuous spectrum of relaxation times in the region of glass-transition temperature is performed. It is established that microwave irradiation expands the spectrum of relaxation time, and, consequently, increases the relaxation microinhomogeneity of the α-relaxation process.

A systematization is presented of studies of carbon sorbent functionalization based on chemical modification of the active carbon surface by covalent grafting of macromolecular N-substituted cyclic amines. Thus, porous electron-conducting and luminescent layers grafted onto supports are obtained. The layers can sorb organic compounds. After sorption of acids, hydroxides, and metal salts, the layers become electron- and ion-conducting. Here, hydrogen is formed as in cathodically polarized electrochemical bridges and oxygen is formed as in anodically polarized electrochemical bridges. Principles of layer formation are considered on the surface of the material of cellulose fibers and asbestos cloth, as well as nickel filaments. Specific features of such functionalized sorbents are shown.

Isotherms of benzene and water vapor adsorption onto a composite material made of a layer of active carbon microparticles and cyclic ethanolamine macromolecules bonded to cellulose are measured. The layer is formed by carbon particles with sizes of 2.5–4 µm and grafted porous macromolecular ethanolamine. The latter combines the particles into electron-conducting and luminescent aggregates. The pores in carbon are connected with those of cyclic amines through voids formed by the cycles of oxo-amine groups and conjugated carbon groups on the surfaces of carbon particles. It is found that when the relative pressure is increased, the pores in amines, where the sorbed molecules are combined into host–guest complexes, are filled first. This is followed by estafetee filling of the pores with water or benzene molecules.

Porous layers from activated carbon with macro-molecular cyclic amines based on PVC and modyfied by primary amines were synthesized and its properties were described. Layers were grafted to the surface of a PVC film, cotton medical gauze and asbestos fabric. The nature of benzyl alcohol solvatation and the mechanism of suspension formation within layers of macro-molecular cyclic amines were investigated by methods of IR-spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy and described. The structural features of grafted PVC was identified and the influence of the substrate nature on the structure was traced. Upon contact of particles with benzyl alcohol molecules from solvatocomplexes PVC-related aromatic groups replace benzyl alcohol in solvatocomplexes. This leads to non-covalent binding of groups on the surface of the particles. It was shown that sorption of organic molecules does not affect the number of structural types of oxoamines.

Materials are produced with porous layers based on ethanolamine derivatives of PVC or compounds of active carbon with hydroxyethylcyclam derivatives of PVC with aqua complexes of chloride hydrogen cross-linked with the surface of cellulose or asbestos fabric. Their capacity for sorption with respect to hexane and benzene in the saturated vapor and liquid phases is determined. The dependences of current on voltage in a circuit are determined for bridges composed of these materials in air, and in the vapor and liquid phases of benzene and hexane between 3 M HCl solutions and 3 M HCl solutions containing 3 M CaCl 2 . It is established that only H + ions migrate along the bridges between the HCl solutions, and H + and Cl – ions were the only species that moved along the bridges between the HCl solutions containing CaCl 2 . The voltages at which the movement of ions starts are determined, and constants characterizing the conductivity of the layers are found. It is shown that these parameters depend on the structure of a layer, the nature of the fabric, and the medium surrounding a bridge.

A review of methods for the synthesis of new composite materials—electroactive and adsorption-active tissues, their electrochemical properties, and potential applications is presented. These are cellulose or asbestos fibers with porous layers linked to their surface, which consist of cyclam derivatives of PVC filled with active carbon, providing electric conductivity. The H+ or OH– ion conductivity is provided by the H2SO4 or NaOH aqua complexes with aza-crown groups in the pore walls. The high rate of ion transport was demonstrated in air, hexane, benzene, and their vapors. When the current is passed, H2 or O2 is evoluted, or redox transformations of the adsorbed substances occur on the carbon particles. The dependence of the characteristics of the material on its composition and adsorption equilibrium conditions was analyzed. The mechanism of its functioning was suggested. The material was shown to be promising for use in the production of H2 or O2 and acid–base or redox transformations of substances adsorbed from gaseous media or nonaqueous solutions.

A fundamentally new low-temperature method of synthesizing ammonia has been suggested, which is carried out directly in a hydrogen-producing matrix with a material made of cellulose fabric with porous layers of ethanol–cyclam PVC derivatives with activated carbon with aquacomplexes of sodium hydroxide grafted onto its fibers. Complexes of zero-valent nickel and iron within the cyclam structure are formed in the matrix. Hydrogen is formed on the cathode in the course of electrolysis of water from sodium hydroxide aqua complexes on particles of activated carbon as microelectrodes. Hydrogen forms bonds with complexes of zero-valent nickel. Nitrogen from adsorbed air is bound in complexes of zero-valent iron and interacts with active atomic hydrogen. Water is transported to carbon particles through the fabric onto which the layer is grafted. The process is carried out at the room temperature. It has been found that the forming hydrogen is almost completely used. As opposed to the existing methods of synthesis of ammonia, the suggested process is carried out at room temperature and normal pressure.