The possibility of chemical encapsulation of surfaces of technological equipment made of PVC materials into porous H+- or OH–-conducting and hydrogen- or oxygen-producing layers. They consist of activated carbon grafted with ethanolamine derivatives of PVC and aqua complexes H2SO4, NaOH, or KOH and are bridges between electrolyte solutions in reactive electrochemical matrices. With cathodic polarization, the layer becomes a source of hydrogen, and with anodic polarization, it becomes a source of oxygen. The rate of their release into the reaction masses is determined by the magnitude of the current in the matrix.

In this paper, we developed an effective method for purifying oil sludge using a sorbing electrochemical matrix and assessed the prospects of this method in comparison with conventional hydrocracking. We synthesized Ni-W supported hydrocracking catalysts with different morphology and studied their activity under various conditions, we compared the obtained catalysts with commercial catalyst SGK-5. We demonstrated that the introduction of a secondary mesoporous structure in the catalyst leads to an increase in the yield of light fractions to 52 wt.%. The possibility is demonstrated to obtain hydrocarbons from reservoir oil sludge, dispersed into an aqueous solution of detergent, by the method of low-temperature hydrogenation in sorbing electrochemical matrices. The obtained product was characterized by low viscosity, low content of transition metals (<320 ppm), and sulphur (<260 ppm).

Dispersion of oil-tank sludge using compositions of cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants followed by isolation of synthetic oil is a processing method with several disadvantages such as residual S-containing compounds and toxic spent solutions. The present work proposes the use of polycomplexants (sodium salts of iminodiacetate derivatives of fatty-acid triglycerides and mucosaccharides) as promising and affordable replacements for traditional surfactants. A methodology for processing oil-tank sludge using these compounds and results of laboratory tests showing decreased S contents and significantly lower densities and viscosities of the oil-tank sludge are given.

This communication describes the possibility of developing new metal complex bactericides with detergent properties that have no analogues. They irreversibly suppress bacteriophages, intestinal bacteria, virions, cocci, salmonella, trichomonas, and Becreus spores in fat-containing contaminants on the surfaces of various materials, in combination with washout of contaminants. In doses lethal to pathogens, the bactericide is safe for microflora, animals, and humans. The results seem to be relevant to the case of COVID-19 and possible worsening of the epidemiological situation.

A promising nontoxic and environmentally safe detergent consisting of sodium salts of iminodiacetate derivatives of fatty acid tri- and diglycerides and acetate derivatives of polymucosaccharides was synthesized, and its composition and structure were studied. Fractions consisting of fats, sodium salts of polymucosaccharides, and sodium salts of α-amino acids, obtained from liquid base hydrolyzates of protein-containing waste, served as feedstock. Polymucosaccharide derivatives coordinate tri- and diglyceride derivatives along the chains via hydrogen bonds to form host–guest complexes with the hydrocarbon radicals directed toward different sides. When dissolved, the complexes form thread-like particles incorporating biphilic molecules, wetting agents, and complexones.

The limit sorption capacity of active carbon layers with grafted ethanolamine, sodium or potassium glycinate derivatives of PVC with different fractions of components formed on a PVC film was measured under sorption of saturated benzene and water vapor. Sorbents are considered as systems with two porous phases chemically bounded at the interface. The compound to be sorbed is absorbed from the outside by the polymer with the formation of molecular complexes with PVC derivatives and through it passes into carbon to establish the equilibrium state of the distribution under conditions of maximum saturation of the polymer. It is shown that the amount of benzene and water in carbon is less than its capacity. It depends on the nature of the radicals in the PVC derivatives.

A systematization is presented of studies of carbon sorbent functionalization based on chemical modification of the active carbon surface by covalent grafting of macromolecular N-substituted cyclic amines. Thus, porous electron-conducting and luminescent layers grafted onto supports are obtained. The layers can sorb organic compounds. After sorption of acids, hydroxides, and metal salts, the layers become electron- and ion-conducting. Here, hydrogen is formed as in cathodically polarized electrochemical bridges and oxygen is formed as in anodically polarized electrochemical bridges. Principles of layer formation are considered on the surface of the material of cellulose fibers and asbestos cloth, as well as nickel filaments. Specific features of such functionalized sorbents are shown.

Porous layers from activated carbon with macro-molecular cyclic amines based on PVC and modyfied by primary amines were synthesized and its properties were described. Layers were grafted to the surface of a PVC film, cotton medical gauze and asbestos fabric. The nature of benzyl alcohol solvatation and the mechanism of suspension formation within layers of macro-molecular cyclic amines were investigated by methods of IR-spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy and described. The structural features of grafted PVC was identified and the influence of the substrate nature on the structure was traced. Upon contact of particles with benzyl alcohol molecules from solvatocomplexes PVC-related aromatic groups replace benzyl alcohol in solvatocomplexes. This leads to non-covalent binding of groups on the surface of the particles. It was shown that sorption of organic molecules does not affect the number of structural types of oxoamines.

Isotherms of benzene and water vapor adsorption onto a composite material made of a layer of active carbon microparticles and cyclic ethanolamine macromolecules bonded to cellulose are measured. The layer is formed by carbon particles with sizes of 2.5–4 µm and grafted porous macromolecular ethanolamine. The latter combines the particles into electron-conducting and luminescent aggregates. The pores in carbon are connected with those of cyclic amines through voids formed by the cycles of oxo-amine groups and conjugated carbon groups on the surfaces of carbon particles. It is found that when the relative pressure is increased, the pores in amines, where the sorbed molecules are combined into host–guest complexes, are filled first. This is followed by estafetee filling of the pores with water or benzene molecules.