The article presents the findings of a study on the ethnolinguistic well-being of the Russian ethnic community in Yakutia within the context of dynamic processes of sociocultural integration. The researcher introduces the concept of ethnolinguistic well-being as a category for objectifying the nature of interethnic relations from the standpoint of the primary cultural marker - ethnic language. The proposed approach was tested through the analysis of field materials obtained via ethnosociolinguistic surveys, interviews, and associative experiments conducted between 2007 and 2024 among the Russian population of Yakutsk. The data are compared with analogous studies of the Sakha (Yakut) population of the city. The ethnolinguistic well-being of Yakutsk's Russian population is characterized by several features. As part of the national linguistic and cultural community, this group maintains a stable ethnolinguistic identity and confidence in the favorable prospects of the Russian language in the region-though with a slight decline among the older generation - alongside a reduction in youth involvement in Yakut language competence. The linguistic coexistence of Sakha and Russians is moderately complicated by individual prejudices, specifically by nihilistic attitudes toward the social functions of the Yakut language among middle-aged and older Russian respondents. Through the joint, long-term adaptation to harsh environmental and climatic conditions, as well as the high value placed on native languages (62% of Russians and 67% of Sakha identify language as the dominant ethnodetermining trait), which shapes social choices and behavior, a harmonious situation of interethnic accord has developed in the region. Young people exhibit flexible language strategies and non-confrontational communication patterns that facilitate integration processes. A directed associative experiment reflects the identity of the associative fields of the concepts "Russian language" and "Yakut language" within the communicative consciousness of Russians and Sakha. The linguoconceptual content of their core and near periphery fully represents both ethnolinguistic well-being and national-linguistic relations.

An experimental study has been conducted on the effect of wind blowing on a wave induced by a wave generator in a direct channel. It is shown that with a small wave steepness ak<0.1 and wind speed W<2.3 m/s, a drift current is generated on the water surface due to the action of viscous forces. A formula for calculating its velocity is proposed. It has been found that the phase velocity of the wave increases with the emergence of drift current and can be calculated by the formula obtained for linear waves in a flow with a constant velocity shear. With an increase in wave steepness ak>0.19 and wind speed W>2.3 m/s, the formation of a vortex deforming the water surface over the wave crest was observed in the air flow over the wave crest. The vortex destroys the viscous layer, reducing the drift velocity. This also reduces the phase velocity and the length of the wave. A mechanism explaining this process has been proposed.

In 2023, comprehensive studies of shallow-water methane gas emissions were conducted during expeditionary work in the coastal area of Laspi Bay (southwestern coast of Crimea). The research included determining the component and isotopic composition of bubble gas, measuring methane concentration in the gas emission area, estimating bubble flux rates, and measuring hydrophysical parameters above the seep site. The obtained results of the carbon isotopic composition of methane and ethane in the studied samples corresponded to (δ13Cmean = –36.0 ± 0.8‰, δ13Cmean = –37.5 ± 0.2‰, respectively) and indicate the presence of thermocatalytic methane migration along fault systems. It was found that the methane seeps of the Crimean coast are relatively low-flow, with a specific flux ranging from 5 to 10 m3 year-1 from an individual seep. The presented temporal dynamics of dissolved СН4 concentration above the seep and changes in the isotopic ratio of δ13C-СН4 in bubble gas indicate the constancy of the process over time and the absence of connection with external hydrological changes in the water area. The obtained ratios of the carbon isotopic composition of methane and ethane demonstrate that the gas mixture was most likely generated from source organic matter of marine origin, and one of the main sources of hydrocarbon fluids is the Upper Eocene and Oligocene deposits in the Western Black Sea basin.

Along with the sociolinguistic study of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, the study of the ethnolinguistic well-being of the ethnic community of Russians, the Russian-speaking population in the regions is an obligatory stage in the study of the language situation from the point of view of identifying the characteristics of national-linguistic relations and representing the linguistic consciousness of native speakers in a single communicative space, identifying positive and negative factors in development of interethnic relations. The article proposes the first stage of development of an interdisciplinary integrated methodology for studying the language situation in conditions of linguistic heterogeneity with two dominant languages in the status of state languages, as well as native speakers of the Russian language in order to establish their ethnolinguistic well-being, which is established by determining dynamic changes in demographic, linguistic and demographic parameters, social functions , language preferences and attitudes in the context of general sociocultural processes in the region. The triangulation method, combining quantitative (mass sociolinguistic surveys) and qualitative (expert and autobiographical interviews, directed associative experiment (hereinafter - NAE), expands the possibilities of representative methods, while the results of NAE can be extrapolated to the field of research of linguistic competence, ethno-linguistic identity and national-linguistic relations. Together with other sociolinguistic correlations, the method has shown the expediency of its use in the development of scenarios of a linguistic situation, linguistic forecasting. Based on the final results of the study, the problems of the language situation will be understood, the results of the project will be used in the development of educational, ethnocultural programs, training seminars for specialists involved in language policy, national policy under the Federal Agency for Peoples' Affairs of the Russian Federation (FADN), etc.

In the paper, the effect of natural dust deposited from the air on the evaporation rate from the water surface is experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted for stationary liquid without wind blowing across the surface and with mild wind that does not deform the surface, at a constant rate of particle deposition. It is shown that the evaporation rate is a linear function of the difference in the saturated vapor pressure at the water surface and the partial pressure of the air mixture at the temperature and relative humidity in the laboratory at the beginning of the deposition process, when the proportion of the surface covered with dust is small. With the increase in deposition time, hydrophobic particles gather into conglomerates, reducing the proportion of the exposed surface and the evaporation rate.

The article undertakes an analysis of the linguistic challenges pertaining to everyday language use and the distribution of language in the urban context of the Sakha (Yakuts) population in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia, Russia). The analytical framework is constructed on the basis of extensive sociolinguistic surveys conducted in 2021 in Yakutsk. The study presents a dynamic portrayal of the functioning of the Yakut language in the polyethnic urban landscape of Yakutsk, drawing from prior research conducted in 1985, 2007, and 2014. Additionally, a comparative examination of the linguistic landscape in mono-ethnic rural areas within the republic is carried out.A discernible trend is identified wherein the Yakut language is progressively assuming broader functions in interpersonal communication within the urban milieu. Urbanized Sakha individuals predominantly utilize the Yakut language in domestic settings, as well as in interactions with friends and colleagues. The sustained use of the Yakut language is primarily attributed to the heightened demographic and communicative influence of the urban Yakut-speaking population, which has undergone migration from rural areas. However, intergenerationally, there is a notable shift towards the displacement of the Yakut language by Russian. Bilingualism, particularly prevalent among the younger generation, functions as a transitional stage in this linguistic evolution. This phenomenon is observed not only in urban settings but is also evident in rural areas, potentially laying the groundwork for further linguistic transformations. The study emphasizes that the infiltration of non-ethnic languages, facilitated by the propagation of imbalanced bilingualism and the adoption of new digital communication practices in unregulated (amorphous) communicative domains, may substantially erode the position of the regional non-dominant language, which holds official status within the republic.

The article explores the issue of language reproduction in family communication among the Yakut people in the context of transformational tendencies in the development of urban families during the industrialization era. Using a multidisciplinary approach and sociolinguistic surveys conducted in 2007, 2014, and 2021, the study aims to identify dynamic changes in the functioning of the native (ethnic) language in family communication among rural and urban Yakut people. The results show that the ethnic function of the Yakut language is relevant only for half of urban Yakut families (52.1%) and 89.2% of rural Yakut families. In the context of general social transformation of the family institution, the main findings indicate a reduction in the volume of communication with children in everyday communication, a decrease in intergenerational family communication space on the ethnic language (grandmothers communicating with grandchildren), and a slight increase in parental communication with children. The social function of the ethnic language in rural family communication remains stable due to relative mono-ethnicity and geographical remoteness, but the introduction of digitization into everyday language use leads to cases of younger children switching to another language.

— Gas seep and fluid flows from the seabed are an environment-forming factor of the aquatic environment, mainly due to their influence on the dissolved gases in the water, including dissolved oxygen. During the summer seasons from 2019 to 2021 in the area of shallow water gas emission site off the southern coast of the Heracles Peninsula, series of vertical probing profiles were carried out to determine hydrological parameters of the water: dissolved oxygen concentration (O 2 ), temperature ( T ), salinity ( S ), and flow velocity ( U ). The study area is an underwater ledge with faults in the form of three canyons composed of dense limestones, two of which contained bubble gas emissions. Significant variability in O 2 was identified in canyons where gas emissions are observed: from 1 to 80% saturation in the bottom layer, in contrast to normoxia at the background sites. Hypoxia was observed in the bottom layer above the emission sites in the absence of turbulence at temperature stratification. The values S decreased with depth, and the maximum difference reached 0.4‰. The bubble gas was dominated by methane (68.5–75.5%), and the carbon isotope composition of the bubble methane gas varied from –67.9 to –59.8‰ VPDB in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This generally indicates that the CH 4 is of predominantly microbial genesis, was formed under different conditions, and matured in various periods of research during the monitoring period. Bacterial mats (mostly sulfur-oxidizing bacteria) were found in the areas of gas emissions.

The article explores the effect of a natural dust film, deposited from the air, on the generation of gravity–capillary wind waves with a wavelength λ<0.06 m. It is shown that with an increase in the deposition time of hydrophobic dust particles on the water surface, the contact wetting angle between the water surface and the hydrophobic particle increases, indicating an augmentation in the surface tension coefficient. At the same time, the approach time of hydrophobic particles lengthens. It is found that as the film concentration increases for a given wind speed, the wavelength of the wind wave in the generation zone decreases, while the steepness grows, which is associated with an increase in roughness and the friction coefficient at the interface boundary. Nonlinear plane waves with steepness 0.13

The influence of a water surface film composed of hydrophobic particles on the development of drift current under the effect of wind is investigated. In a uniform airflow on a flat water surface, the drift current is caused by viscous forces and increases along the fetch. The formation of stationary waves on the drift current has been observed when the drift velocity U_dr exceeds 0.23 m/s. In a decelerating airflow, in the presence of wind waves, the total component of the drift velocity U_sum cyclically increases and drops until it reaches the viscous component upon a steep wind wave breaking into longer linear waves. As the particle settling time T_s increases, the maximum ratio of the wave component of the drift velocity to the total component U_w/U_sum decreases from 0.6 for clear water to 0.3 for T_s=4 days.

The effect of a film of hydrophobic dust particles on the water surface on the development of a drift current under the influence of wind is studied. In a uniform air flow on a flat water surface, the drift current is caused by viscous forces and increases along the fetch. The formation of stationary waves on a drift current is found if the drift velocity is 𝑈𝑑𝑟> 0.23 m/s. In a decelerating air flow in the presence of wind waves, the total component of the drift velocity 𝑈𝑠𝑢𝑚 cyclically increases and drops to a viscous component when a steep wind wave breaks up into longer linear waves. As the particle settling time Ts increases, the maximum ratio 𝑈𝑤/𝑈𝑠𝑢𝑚 decreases from 0.6 for pure water to 0.3 for Ts = 4 days

From 2019 to 2021, integrated studies of new shallow-water methane bubble gas seeps were carried out in the coastal zone near Cape Fiolent (Southwest Coast of Crimea). The studies included determination of the hydrocarbon and isotope composition of bubble gas, measurement of the methane and nutrient concentration in the water in the areas of gas seeps, estimation of the value of bubble flows, and measurement of the hydrophysical parameters over the seep sites compared to background areas. A seasonal type of Cape Fiolent methane seeps was noted, and the durations of its active gas emission phases differed in different years. The increased pore water silica concentration at the seep sites and their localization in the vicinity of freshwater slope springs may indicate its association with submarine freshwater discharge in the area. However, no significant desalination of either pore water or the bottom water layer above the seeps was recorded. Dissolved methane concentrations in pore water at seep sites were two orders of magnitude higher compared to the background areas, reaching 448 μmol/L. High values were also obtained for surface water directly above the bubble gas emission points (maximum 353 nmol/L). Multihour monitoring of the hydrophysical parameters above the active seeps showed a decrease in dissolved oxygen compared to the background sites. The maximum difference in O2 concentrations was 3 mg/L. The carbon isotope composition of bubble gas methane δ13C-CH4 (–62.84 to –38.27‰) and carbon dioxide δ13C-CO2 (–16.83 to –10.17‰) corresponded to a mixture of isotopically heavy gas and near-surface isotopically light gas of microbial origin. The question remains open: what are the reasons for the change in the summer active and cold season passive gas emission phases?

This work is devoted to studies of the shallow methane seepages temporal variability in the coastal area of Laspi Bay and high-frequency monitoring of the hydrological parameters daily dynamics in this area. The paper presents results obtained during the summer months of 2016, 2018-2021, and early February 2023. Using the passive acoustic method, it is shown that the intensity and periodicity of bubble gas emission by individual point sources can vary during the day and from season to season. It was obtained that a decreased content of dissolved oxygen and its saturation is observed above the active site of the seepages as compared to the distant (background) site. Moments of sharp decrease in oxygen content not accompanied by changes in temperature and other hydrological parameters were noted.

The vertical distribution of temperature ( T ), salinity ( S ), dissolved oxygen (O2) concentration, flow velocity ( U ) in the underwater canyon over the gas seepage site in the Golubaya Bay (the Black Sea) is studied. A significant decrease in the O2 concentration in the bottom water layer over the seep site as compared to the background site is shown, with a minimum of 0.2 mg/l, which was kept during the entire measurement period. The minima at the bottom were also revealed in the distribution of salinity in the first dataset; in the second dataset, desalination lenses were registered at a depth of 4, 10, and 8 m for three consecutive soundings. Such distribution potentially indicates a pulsed freshwater discharge, during which the desalination lenses gradually rise to the surface. The bottom current in the canyon was on average two times weaker than at the background station, where its velocity varied within 0.04-0.09 m/s. The described features of the distribution of hydrological parameters are associated with the gas bubble seepage and geomorphology of the study area.

The effect different types of bottom soil have on the acoustic signal produced by air bubbles passing through the soil into water is considered. The gas flux is calculated using data from recording of the acoustic signal produced by active bubbling methane seepages in Laspi Bay, allowing for the error introduced by the soil. The inconsistency in the intensity of the methane fluxes is demonstrated.

The issues of the Yakut language functioning — the native language of the majority of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) inhabitants — in the field of education are considered. The authors proceed from the fact that, being one of the key areas (along with such regulated areas of communication as the sphere of official office work, the media, science, etc.) necessary for the preservation and sustainable development of the language, the education sector is able to reflect the current language situation in the region, identify risks and threats to the existence of a particular language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that we are on the eve of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022—2032), proclaimed by the UN General Assembly. The results of a comparative analysis of the status of the Yakut language de jure and de facto based on the analysis of relevant legislative acts and the results of surveys among residents of Yakutia in 2021 are presented. It is concluded that the analysis carried out makes it possible to judge the negative dynamics, which manifests itself in a moderate but continuous decrease in linguistic competence among native speakers of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. It is noted that this situation at the present stage is noticeable only to experts and philologists, but it poses a certain threat to the existence of the language in the long term.

The article discusses the nature of the linguistic identity of contemporary Sakha youth living in Yakutsk, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), including the aspect of its dynamics. It is based on the research data obtained during ethnic, social, psychological and linguistic monitoring that was conducted in 2007, 2014 and 2021.The consistency of the ethnolinguistic identity of the Sakha youth under the acute influence of external factors (an objective decrease in language competence, deterioration of active skills and improvement of passive ones) has been determined. The communicative strategy is characterized by the substitution of linguistic competence with sociolinguistic competence and accommodation. A significant sociolinguistic characteristic of the youth is the availability of ethnolinguistic resources for the reproduction of their native language. They are in a very inert state due to the transformation of the oncoming generation's values, the degradation of the conditions of bilingualism under the influence of linguistic and political as well as socioeconomic factors, the negative impact of mass digitalization.

The results of a sociolinguistic analysis of factors that reduce the language competence of Sakha schoolchildren in a broad extralinguistic context based on field data representing the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the research object is presented in the article. Attention is paid to the functioning of the Yakut language in the field of education, which is undergoing various transformations depending on the course of the state educational policy, the socio-economic state of the region and the processes of globalization, the consequences of which form risks for the ethnocultural component of communities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with non-dominant languages. It is argued that the language policy in the field of education, which implements “de jure” bilingual, polylingual models, in the implementation of which the formal approach prevails, actually minimizes the presence of the Yakut language in the education system due to insufficient consideration of linguistic attitudes and the real needs of the Sakha ethnic community. It is noted that the conditions of active contact bilingualism in the regions of the Russian Federation, a variety of ambiguous extralinguistic factors predetermine the strengthening of institutional support, state protectionism in the field of optimal linguistic support of training and educational processes. It is proved that taking into account the experience of research on family, civil language policy can help in obtaining an optimal solution to the problems of language reproduction on regional material.

Terminal acylacetylenes act as trimodal auxiliaries in SHN cross-coupling of pyridines with phosphine chalcogenides. The reaction proceeds via phosphorylation of the pyridine 2 position followed by 2 → 4-migration of phosphoryl moieties.

An algorithm is developed that allows automatic calculation of the number of gas bubbles seeping from a point source. The algorithm is based on an analysis of recorded acoustic signals generated by the bubbles. The algorithm is tested under field and laboratory conditions. It can be used to calculate gas flows during long-term sessions of monitoring natural methane seeps.