根据护理学本科培养目标和学情分析,结合生理学学科特点,基于OBE理念构建"一体多维"的教育教学资源体系和以问题引导式案例教学为主的混合兼组合式教学方法,将课程思政融入生理学教学,有助于增强学生的职业认同感,为培养德才兼备的高素质护理专业人才奠定基础.

医学生理学实验是医学类本科生的专业必修课,是所有医学类院校面向医学专业一、二年级的本科学生开设的课程,在实践教学中长期存在教学内容陈旧、教学理念陈旧、原有教材不能满足学生的"新"需求、教学培养目标单一、思政教育融入性不够五大教学痛点.在新医科背景下,教学团队以岗位胜任力为导向,以学生的学习效果为主体,通过创新教学新路径、课程思政有机融入、逻辑思维能力培养、情景教学运用及课程多元化评价等教学方法的创新探索,构建医学生理学线上线下混合式实验教学新路径.改革后,课程经验示范性好,成效显著,实现教学创新成果的推广交流.

提高学生学习医学生理学的效率、提升学生自主学习的能力是进一步提高生理学教学质量的重要保证.教师根据实际情况进行线上线下混合式教学,将传统的教师讲授型逐渐向学生参与型的实践性教学模式转变,带动学生多思考、多总结、多动笔、多参与、多动手、多实验,使学生从被动的学习者转变成为主动的探索者.

围绕医学生理学课程思政课堂教学,对医学类专业本科生进行问卷调查.结果:学生认识到专业课德育的必要性,倾向于案例和情境教学与课堂讲授相结合的育人方式,要求德育内容有利于专业知识的学习储备.结论:医学生理学要坚持以问题为导向,以专业知识为本,不断探索创新课程育人体系.

医学机能学实验室在培养本科生实践能力、科学思维和创新意识方面发挥着关键作用.通过多年的教学实践,发展了多样化的实验项目类型和混合式的实验教学手段相互结合的实验教学模式.以生理学实验教学为例,开设了"五类型三阶段"模式的实验项目,融入了小型局域网、电子教室、智能黑板、QQ学习群、实验微视频、网络学习平台和虚拟仿真实验等混合式实验教学手段,通过线上、线下教学相结合的方式全方位覆盖实验教学课前、课中和课后全部过程.实践证明,该模式激发了学生学习实验课程的积极性,提升了实验课程教学效果,有利于"双一流"建设背景下具有实践创新能力的综合型医学人才的培养.

阐述了在大班授课过程中如何引导学生构建医学生理学知识框架:通过目录和生理活动过程构建医学生理学基本知识框架,通过案例分析搭建和强化知识点间的联系,通过思维导图细化知识框架.这种教学模式不仅提高了教和学的效率,还促进了学生综合素质的发展,有助于缓解大班授课方式的局限性与医学生培养要求之间的矛盾.

“课程思政”是时代对高校医学生理学教学提出的新要求.医学生理学具有“课程思政”的建设优势,需要系统谋划课程设计和建设方案、润物无声开展课堂教学,达到价值塑造、能力培养、知识传授于一体的教学目标,构建医学生理学“课程思政”教育体系.

目的:观察口服丹参水煎剂对去卵巢肥胖大鼠的影响.方法:将24只健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型对照组和丹参组3组,每组8只.以氯胺酮100μg/g腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,模型对照组、丹参组大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术.假手术组重复卵巢切除术的手术步骤;但保留卵巢,仅切除与卵巢等大小的脂肪.实验持续55 d,每天测动物摄食量及饮水量,每5天称量各组大鼠的体质量.股动脉取血测定雌激素、白细胞介素-6及瘦素,并测量其体长,计算Lee's指数.结果:模型对照组大鼠体质量高于假手术组大鼠,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01).丹参组大鼠体质量低于模型对照组,差别有统计学意义(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01).模型对照组摄食量、Lee's指数均高于假手术组(P＜0.01).模型对照组瘦素水平高于假手术组(P＜0.05).丹参组瘦素水平低于模型对照组(P＜0.05).模型对照组、丹参组雌二醇水平均低于假手术组(P＜0.01).假手术组、模型对照组、丹参组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)对比,差别均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:口服丹参水煎剂能够明显抑制去卵巢肥胖大鼠的摄食量和体质量的增加,可能是通过丹参增加对瘦素的敏感性,抑制摄食量,使脂肪堆积减少而实现的.

目的 观察不同剂量H2S对肾缺血再灌注所致心肌损伤的作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 成年健康雄性SD大鼠60只随机分成5组,各组动物造模24 h后,取血测定血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN);摘取心脏,测定心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)及内皮素(ET).结果 不同剂量H2S可显著降低肾缺血再灌注损伤(RI/RI)的大鼠血中BUN和Scr的浓度,同时可降低心肌组织MDA、LDH、CK和iNOS的含量,提高心肌组织SOD活力,增加NO含量.结论 不同剂量H2S可减轻RI/R大鼠心肌组织损伤,保护心肌,机制可能与其减低ET的含量有关.

目的：观察口服丹参水煎剂对去卵巢肥胖大鼠体质量及肿瘤坏死因子-α( TNF-α)的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：将24只健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、去卵巢组和丹参组3组,每组8只。去卵巢组及丹参组大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术；假手术组进行与卵巢等大小的脂肪切除术,保留卵巢。实验持续55 d,每天观测动物摄食量及饮水量,每5天称量各组大鼠的体质量。实验结束时,股动脉取血检测血糖、胰岛素、雌激素、白细胞介素-6( IL-6)及TNF-α,并测量体长,计算Lee′s指数。结果：①去卵巢组大鼠体质量高于假手术组,丹参组大鼠体质量低于去卵巢组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。②去卵巢组摄食量、Lee′s指数均高于假手术组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③去卵巢组TNF-α水平高于假手术组,丹参组TNF-α水平低于去卵巢组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05或 P<0.01)。结论：口服丹参水煎剂可以抑制去卵巢肥胖大鼠的肥胖,可能是通过丹参抑制TNF-α的合成、使脂肪堆积减少而实现的。

Objective:To observe the effects of water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae on serum lipids and the level of malondialdehyde(MDA) in ovariectomized rats.Methods:Adult female SD rats weighted(220±3)g were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rats in each group:sham operated group,ovariectomized group and Fructus Psoraleae group.These rats were underwent a bilateral ovariectomy except those in sham operated group which were subjected to the removal of bilateral fat as much as ovaries with the ovaries remained.After the operation,the rats in sham operated group and ovariectomized group freely drank water while those in Fructus Psoraleae group took the water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae.The body weight was measured every five days.At the end of the experiment,femoral artery blood samples of the rats were collected to determine the levels of estrogen,total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and MDA.Results:(1)The body weights of the rats in ovariectomized rats were significantly higher than that of those rats in sham operated group and ovariectomized group(P0.001,P0.05 respectively).(2) The levels of TC,TG and LDL were significantly higher than those of the rats in sham operated group(P0.001,P=0.002,P= 0.0032 respectively);the level of TG in Fructus Psoraleae group was significantly lower than that in ovariectomized group(P0.01).(3) The level of estrogen in ovariectomized group and Fructus Psoraleae group were significantly lower than that in sham operated group(P0.01 both).(4)The level of MDA in ovariectomized group was higher than those in sham operated group and Fructus Psoraleae group(P0.05,P0.01).Conclusion:The water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae could reduce the levels of TG and MDA in serum and improve the ability of anti-lipid peroxidation.

目的观察补骨脂水煎剂对去卵巢肥胖大鼠体质量和血清瘦素水平的影响以及二者之间的关系。方法 SD雌性大鼠按体质量（220±3）g随机分为假手术组、手术组和补骨脂组。分别行双侧卵巢切除术后,观察补骨脂水煎剂对大鼠体质量、摄食量和饮水量的影响,并测定血清瘦素及雌激素水平。结果①体质量:手术组高于假手术组和补骨脂组,它们之间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001,P＜0.05）。②瘦素水平:手术组的瘦素水平高于假手术组和补骨脂组,它们之间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。③雌激素水平:手术组和补骨脂组的雌激素水平都低于假手术组（均P＜0.01）。结论补骨脂水煎剂通过抑制食欲,使摄食减少,从而降低体质量。

Objective To observe the effects of water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae on the weight and level of tumor necrosis fac-tor-α(TNF-α) in ovariectomized rats.Methods Adult female SD rats weighted(220±3) g were randomly divided into three groups with 8 rats in each group:sham-operated,ovariectomized and Fructus Psoraleae groups.The rats were underwent a bilateral ovariectomy except those in the sham-operated group which were subjected to the removal of bilateral fat as much as ovariectomized group with the ovaries re-mained.The rats in sham-operated and ovariectomized groups freely drank water while the rats in Fructus Psoraleae group freely took 1% wa-ter extracts from Fructus Psoraleae and the concentration of Fructus Psoraleae gradually increased to 12% which was continued for the end of the experiment(55 days).The food-intake and water-intake of the rats in each group were weighed daily and the body weight was measured every five days.At the end of the experiment,femoral artery blood samples of the rats were collected to determine the levels of plasma glu-cose,insulin and estrogen.At the same time,the levels of interleukin-6 and TNF-α were measured according to the kits.Finally Lee's index was calculated by measuring their body length.Results The weight,food-intakes,Lee' s index and the level of TNF-α in ovariectomized group were higher than those in sham operated group(P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.001 respectively).After the rats in Fructus Psoraleae group drank the water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae,their weight,food-intake,level of TNF-α and Lee's index were lower than those of the rats in ovariectomized group(P<0.001,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.05 respectively).Conclusions The water extracts from Fructus Psoraleae could reduce the body weight of ovariectomized rats by inhibiting food-intake.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of proanthocyanidins on STZ-injured INS-1 cells.Methods INS-1 cells were seeded into culture plates,and incubated for 24 h,they were divided into normal control,STZ,protection groups(proanthocyanidins +STZ).Graded concentrations of proanthocyanidins were added into the culture medium of STZ injured INS-1 cells in protection group,respectively.The survival rate was measured by MTT assay.Insulin secretion was measured by radio-immunoassay.Supernatant malondialdehyde(MDA) and total anti-oxidation capability(T-AOC) were determined by colorimetric assay.Results Compared with that of STZ group,OD value was significantly increased in proanthocyanidins's protection(P<0.01).In above two groups,insulin secretion was significantly increased(P<0.01).MDA production was markedly reduced,and T-AOC activity was evaluated in above two groups(P<0.01).Conclusions Proanthocyanidins has protection effects on STZ-injured INS-1 cells,which its mechanisms may be partly via MDA reduction,T-AOC elevation.

Objective To investigate the effects of paeoniflorin on releasing of free fatty acids(FFA)and anti-oxidative capacity in isolated lipid tissue in rats and explore its preliminary mechanism.Methods Some retroperitoneal adipose tissue of healthy adult SD rats were selected and taken away.They were incubated into Krebs solution that it contains BSA(0.4%) for 90 min.Then some solution was draw to check up the quantity contained of FFA,malondialdehyde(MDA),total anti-oxidative capacity(T-AOC).Results Paeoniflorin could promote the release of FFA from the adipose tissue,and there was a dose-dependent manner.It also decreased the quantity contained of MDA and increased the quantity contained of T-AOC.Effects of paeoniflorin on releasing of FFAin isolated lipid tissue could be partially inhibited by Propranolol,varapamil and AC inhibitor(SQ22,536).MDA and T-AOC could be influenced by above inhibitors.Conclusions Mechanism which paeoniflorin′s releasing FFAand decreasingthe quantity contained of MDA and increasing the quantity contained of T-AOC in isolated lipid tissue in rats is mediated partly by β-adrenoceptor,varapamil-senstive Ca2+ channel L or signal transduction channel via cAMP-mediated second messenger.

Objective To observe the effects of matrine on insulin secretion of INS-1 cells and on protection and repairment of INS-1 cell injury induced by streptozotocin.Methods The rats were divided into 5 groups: control group,streptozotocin group,high-dose matrine group,middle-dose matrine group and low-dose matrine group.Cell viability was measured by MTT,insulin was detected by radioimmunoassay,MDA was measured by colorimetry.Results Matrine could increase viability of LNS-1 cells(P<0.05),promote INS-1 cell to secret insulin(P<0.05),increase viability of injuried INS-1 insulin secrect induced by STZ(P<0.05),decrease MDA content(P<0.05),and increase T-AOC activity(P<0.05).Conclusion Matrine can increase INS-1cell's viability,promote INS-1 cell to secret insulin,lighten the INS-1 injury and,increase the anti-oxidation ability of injuredly INS-1 cells induced by STZ.

Objective To study the effects of restricting food on body mass and lipid metabolism of rats,and provide theoretic evidence for dietary therapy of obesity. Methods Healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,normal control group given normal chow diet,high-fat diet group given high-fat diet and restricting food group given 60% diet of the high-fat diet group. The body mass was weighed every week in the above 3 groups. The serum lipids and glucose levels were detected after 7 weeks of feeding. Results When compared with normal control group,rats in high-fat diet group displayed increased body mass,enhanced levels of serum lipid and glucose. When compared with high-fat diet group,rats in restricting food group displayed decreased body mass and level of serum lipid. Conclusion Restricting food can reduce body mass,partly decrease serum lipid level,and improve lipid metabolism.

目的研究白芍水提取液对模拟妇女围绝经期的去卵巢大鼠体重增加的抑制作用、降血脂作用及提高机体抗氧化能力的影响。方法成年SD大鼠切除双侧卵巢后,自然饮用白芍水提取液,观察白芍水提取液对其体重、摄食量的影响。第55天末取血测血清雌二醇（E2）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总抗氧化能力和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果卵巢切除后大鼠体重、摄食量、TC、TG、MDA较假手术组显著增加（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。饮用白芍水提取液后,与去卵巢组大鼠比较,体重、摄食量增加受到抑制,TG和MDA水平显著下降（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）。结论白芍水提取液可以抑制去卵巢大鼠肥胖,改善脂代谢紊乱、清除体内过多自由基以提高机体抗氧化能力。

背景:黄芪具有显著的利尿作用,作用时间长,并且对肾炎有一定的对抗作用。目的:观察黄芪对豚鼠离体膀胱逼尿肌条收缩活动的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。设计、时间及地点:随机对比观察实验,于2005-08/2006-02在兰州大学基础医学院生理学与心理学研究所完成。材料:实验动物选用普通级医学实验动物三色毛豚鼠,雌雄不拘,体质量350～450g。方法:猛击豚鼠头部致昏,迅速取出豚鼠膀胱,切取2条6mm×2mm纵行肌条置于灌流肌槽中,一端与肌肉张力换能器连接,记录肌条的等长收缩活动。待肌条自发活动平稳后加入药物。黄芪采用累计加药法,累计浓度依次为1%,3%,10%,30%,100%,200%,加药间隔2min;加入阻断剂2min后再累计加入不同浓度的黄芪,加入的阻断剂分别为维拉帕米、酚妥拉明、阿托品、六烃季铵。主要观察指标:黄芪及拮抗剂加黄芪对豚鼠离体膀胱逼尿肌条收缩活动的影响。结果:黄芪剂量依赖性增加膀胱逼尿肌条的张力、收缩波平均振幅（r=0.928,0.962,P＜0.01）,较高浓度时增加收缩频率（P＜0.01）。维拉帕米使黄芪增加逼尿肌条收缩张力的作用明显减弱,但不影响黄芪增加逼尿肌条收缩波平均振幅和收缩频率的作用。酚妥拉明使黄芪增加逼尿肌条收缩张力和收缩频率的作用明显减弱,但不影响黄芪增加逼尿肌条收缩波平均振幅的作用。阿托品使黄芪增加逼尿肌条收缩张力、收缩波平均振幅和收缩频率的作用明显减弱。六烃季铵基本不影响黄芪对于膀胱逼尿肌条的作用。结论:黄芪呈剂量依赖性增加膀胱逼尿肌条张力的作用可能是通过激动L-电压依赖性钙通道、α受体和M受体实现的;剂量依赖性增加收缩波平均振幅的作用可能是通过激动M受体实现的;较高浓度时增加收缩频率的作用可能是部分通过激动M受体和α受体实现的。

Objective: To observe the effects of water extracts of Pericarpium Arecae on contraction of isolated circular muscle strips of gastric body in guinea pigs and to explore its possible mechanisms. Methods: The circular muscle strips of gastric body were suspended in tissue chambers with different concentrations of water extracts of Pericarpium Arecae which was added into the chamber gradually and the contraction of the muscle strips was recorded. Different kinds of antagonists were also added to the chamber to observe their antagonistic action of the Pericarpium Arecae. Results: Pericarpium Arecae increased the mean amplitude and frequency of the circular muscle strips’ contraction as well as its tension in a dose-dependent manner. While, it is the 4-DAMP, not gallamine, that blocked the effect of Pericarpium Arecae on the mean amplitude partly. Conclusion: The Pericarpium Arecae can increase the mean amplitude of contraction of circular muscle strips of gastric body in guinea pigs, which is mediated partly not by cholinergic M2 receptor, but by M3 receptor.