针对畜禽养殖过程中产生的污染问题,从污染的种类、现有污染处理措施、治理过程中存在的问题、污染防治建议等方面进行了综述,以期为治理畜禽养殖污染问题提供参考.

In this study,we used Zhengmai 7698 and Zhoumai 18 as materials to research their drought resistance,photosynthetic characteristics at flowering stage and yield traits at mature stage under non-stress and drought stress conditions,so as to provide theoretical references for breeding drought resistant wheat varieties. Under non-stress condition,leaf relative water content,osmolytes content,antioxidant enzyme activity,root activity,root volume,root dry weight,relative expression levels of rbcl and rbcs, Rubisco activity,photosynthesis indexes and yield characteristics of Zhengmai 7698 were not significantly different from those of Zhoumai 18. Under drought stress condition,the leaf relative water content of Zhengmai 7698 was 12. 3% higher than Zhoumai 18,the proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein contents were 32.1%,10.0%,16.3% higher,SOD,POD and CAT activities were 11.5%,13.8%, 6.8% higher,root vigor,root volume and root dry weight were 14.3%,20.3%,9.0% higher than Zhoumai 18,respectively.The relative expression levels of rbcl and rbcs were 29.2% and 27.1% higher,the Rubisco activity was 33.4% higher, the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were 20.0%,53.3%,25.7% higher,the biomass per plant,grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight were 8.3%,5.4%,7.0% higher than Zhoumai18,respectively.These results indicate that Zhengmai 7698 has stronger drought resistance,photosynthetic characteristics and yield advantages under drought stress condition.

In order to optimize the method of wheat agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation,the embryonic calli derived from the immature embryos of a wheat cultivar"Zhengmai 9023"were used as materials,to study the effects of gamma irradiation on agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The results indicated that 4 Gy is the optimal dose for agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Zhengmai 9023,using GUS transient expression rates as the indicator. Based on the survival rate and GUS transient expression rate,further observation found that 24 hours reculture after gamma irradiation is the most appropriate for agrobacterium infection. Another negative pressure treatment results showed that pulling 10 times in enclosed injector was the optimal manner for transformation. Bar gene PCR as-say results of positive regeneration plantlets showed that transformation efficiency was enhanced from 2.2% to 3.5% by using the improved method (4 Gy irradiation+24 h reculture+10 times negative pressure treatment) described above. The optimied agrobacterium-mediated transformation method can be used in the genetic transformation of wheat.

In order to explore the effects of low temperature stress on physiological characters and yield of different wheat varieties at jointing stage,we took two wheat varieties named Zhoumai 18 and Zhongmai 1 as materials,and treated them in an artificial phytotron under low temperature (0 ℃) stress.The gas exchange parameters,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,biochemical indexes and yield characters were determined after 24 h and 48 h.The results showed that two wheat varieties had different tolerance to low temperature,and the tolerance of Zhongmai 1 was better than Zhoumai 18.After low temperature stress,the inhibition degree of gas exchange characters,maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) and photochemical quenching(qP),chlorophyll content in Zhongmai 1 was lower than that in Zhoumai 18;the increased degree of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ),the content of proline and soluble protein in Zhongmai 1 was higher than that in Zhoumai 18.The net photosynthetic rate of Zhongmai 1 and Zhoumai 18 decreased by 36.47％ and 30.91％ after low temperature stress for 24 h,and decreased by 57.00％ and 49.18％ after 48 h.The tendency of superoxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase activities rose first and fell later,the increase degree of Zhongmai 1 was higher than that of Zhoumai 18,while it showed the opposite tendency for the inhibition degree.The yield per plant decreased significantly,Zhoumai 18 and Zhongmai 1 decreased by 31.00％ and 19.09％ after low temperature stress for 24 h,and decreased by 56.85％ and 46.59％ after 48 h.The effective heads per plant and grains per head were seriously reduced by low temperature.Collectively,Zhongmai 1 can accumulate more proline and soluble protein,and maintain higher antioxidant enzyme activities than Zhoumai 18 under low temperature stress,which can relieve the damage to the leaves,keep in higher level of photosynthetic efficiency and get higher yield.This is the reason for its good tolerance to low temperature.

Zhengmai 7698 is a new wheat variety with high quality and high yield characteristics.In this paper the quality characteristic of Zhengmai 7698 located in Henan fourteen prefecture-level cities were investigated to determine its quality stability.Efficient cultivation techniques were established by investigating yield effect of Zhengmai 7698 under different sowing time,sowing density and fertilization regimes levels.The quality stability research results showed that quality characters of Zhengmai 7698 reached national high quality and strong gluten standards in Henan province except western infertile area.The cultivation experiments results showed that its suitable sowing time in Henan was October 10th to 20th,and the suitable sowing rate was 187.5 kg/ha.The optimal fertilizer manner was 225.0 kg/ha urea + 375.0 kg/ha diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer and 112.5 kg/ha urea as topdressing in northern Henan,and 225.0 kg/ha urea + 375.0 kg/ha diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer and 150.0 kg/ha urea as topdressing in other areas.

国家农业科技创新与集成示范基地(以下简称"创新基地")是农业部为进一步加强统筹协调和资源整合,促进科技与生产、集成与示范、培训与推广的紧密结合而启动实施的一项重要举措.文章结合创新基地的实施方案,认真分析了创新基地建设的必要性和区域布局,并结合河南省农业科学院现代农业科技试验示范基地建设和运行实际,进一步提出了顶层设计、分类指导,突出特色、兼顾综合,加强协作、发挥合力,增加投入、提供支撑,专家负责、模式推进等政策建议,以期为创新基地建设和功能充分发挥提供借鉴.

文章分析了现阶段农业转方式调结构对农业科技的多层次需求,结合科技体制改革和事业单位分类改革的政策环境,以河南省农业科学院为样本,研究并明确了省级农业科研院所在新时期的使命定位,提出了调整学科布局和科研方向、优化人才结构、强化条件建设和创新科研活动组织方式等工作思路,以期为“十三五”省级农业科研院所科技创新规划制定提供参考.

为明确郑麦7698的加工品质及配粉特性,以加西2号和美麦DNS为对照,对郑麦7698、新麦26和周麦22的粉质特性及加工品质进行了分析,并检测了郑麦7698与新麦26、周麦22以不同比例配粉所得混合粉的面包烘焙品质和面条蒸煮品质.结果表明,郑麦7698和新麦26的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及粉质参数均达到国家优质强筋小麦的标准,周麦22为中筋小麦品种.郑麦7698、加西2号、美麦DNS和新麦26等4个小麦品种的面包烘焙品质优良,面包评分分别为85.3、85.7、88.5和95.3.当郑麦7698与新麦26配粉比例分别为30∶70和50∶50时,其面包评分分别为95.0和93.8,显著高于郑麦7698单粉,说明对郑麦7698面粉配以适量的新麦26可显著提高郑麦7698的面包烘焙品质.郑麦7698的面条加工品质最优,其面条评分为92.4.郑麦7698与周麦22配粉比例分别为70∶30、50∶50和30∶70时,面条评分分别为89.3、83.6和79.4,说明对周麦22配以适量的郑麦7698可显著改善用麦22的面条加工品质.郑麦7698为面包面条兼用型品种,通过配粉可生产出高质量的面包粉和面条粉.

The purpose of this study is to realize the effect of high molecular weight gluten subunits Null and 1 at Glu-A1 loci on quality.The near-isogenic lines(NILs) of HMW-GS Null and 1 were obtained from high generation strains(zhengmai 9405/zhengmai 98//zhoumai16) by the pedigree method and biochemical marker assisted selection and were grown in the experimental fields of Henan Academy of Agricultural Science in 2008,2009 and 2010.The random block design was adopted in the field experiment with two replicates.Quality traits of the material obtained were tested for 3 consecutive years.The result showed that the contributions to wet-gluten index,development time,stability and flour quality index of 1 subunit was higher than that of Null subunit.Wet-gluten index,development time,stability and flour quality index were increased by 9.79%,68.73%,25.89% and 13.99%,respectively.T test of binate data between 1 and Null subunit reached extremely significant level(the P values were 0.007,0.000,0.002 and 0.006,respectively).Quality effect of 1 subunit was higher than that of Null subunit.But the contribution to wet gluten content,dry gluten content and water absorption had no significant difference between 1 subunit and Null subunit.P value of t test of binate data was not significant(the P values were 0.978,0.654 and 0.206,respectively).

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen rates and number of leaves remained on growth,yield,value and quality of Yunyan87 for scientific yield management in the west of Henan province.The results showed that the yield(2 461.94 kg/ha) under the treatment of 118.44 kg/ha nitrogen rate increased 12.92% and 10.93% compared with those under 95.44 kg/ha and 73.44 kg/ha nitrogen rates,conferring a production value of 36 329.74 yuan/ha.Under 95.44 kg/ha nitrogen rates the average price 15.94 yuan/kg was 9.63%(P0.05) and 4.73% more than those under 118.44 kg/ha and 73.44 kg/ha nitrogen rates.In addition,19 to 22 leaves remained appeared bucket style,which was benefit for growth of tobacco,well output and quality.Considering the factors of exuberant plant,well physical characteristics,preferable yield and value,and coordinate mineral element and chemical compositions,we confirmed that 95.44-118.44 kg/ha nitrogen rates and 19-22 leaves remained per plant were best for Yunyan87 in the west of Henan province.

本文对环境友好润滑油的基础油、添加剂进行了论述,分析了基础油、添加剂对环境友好润滑油的性能和生物降解性方面的影响,概述了环境友好润滑油在生物降解性实验方法的研究及进展,并介绍了土壤实验法,对环境友好润滑油的发展进行了展望。

Transformation and high efficiency expression of the C4-specific pepc(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) gene in wheat is an important approach to improve wheat photosynthetic character and biomass yield.In order to obtain PEPC transgenic wheat with similar C4 photosynthetic pathways,recombination binary vector pPC46 carrying maize C4-specific full-length pepc gene was transformed into immature embryos of wheat line 01H186-20-24 by particle bombardment.A total of 118 contemporary transgenic wheat plants(T0) were obtained after selection on medium containing 4 mg·L-1 L-PPT(L-phosphinothricin,Basta) and confirmed by PCR analysis.Further,T1 transgenic wheat were tested by PCR;T2 planted in isolated field were tested by PCR,southern blotting and SDS-PAGE analysis,and showed the foreign pepc gene were integrated into the wheat genome and were expressed.PEPC enzyme activity and net photosynthetic rate(Pn) in 40 T2 transgenic plants and control plants were measured under quarantine areas in field.The results showed that Pn values in 82.5% of transgenic wheat plants increased,with a max increase of 18.57%,to 28.1 μmol CO2· m-2· s-1.Also,the activities of PEPC in leaves of all transgenic plants were as 1.5 to 1.98 times as the non-transgenic plants,indicating that photosynthetic characters of transgenic wheat plants with maize pepc gene were improved.The progress described above provided materials for further study on effects of pepc expression on wheat photosynthesis,biological yield and wheat breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.

Flour blending effects of Zhengmai 9694 on farinograph parameters and streamed bread-making quality was analyzed by mixed with high-gluten wheat cultivar Zhengmai 9023.The results indicated that Zhengmai 9694 had preferable steamed bread-making quality.With the continuous increasement of Zhengmai 9023,the specific volumes,aspect ratios,internal structures,flexibilities,toughness,stickiness and taste scores of steamed bread made of the blends increased significantly while total scores just improved slightly.However,when the content of Zhengmai 9023 in the blends exceeded a certain proportion,not only the bread specific volumes,internal structures and flexibility scores of steamed bread would dropped,but also the surface color kept unchangeable and the surface structures were declining.The most appropriate blending ratio of Zhengmai 9694 vs Zhengmai 9023 was 70∶30,with main quality properties such as wet-gluten content and farinograph parameters achieved the national high-quality steam bread standards.

The breeding strategies of Zhengmai 9023,including the innovative of parent materials,the selection method of quality,early maturing and integrated resistance,the identification and propagation of high generation lines,the development of supporting cultivation technology,the demonstration and extension,and the population improvement of Zhengmai 9023.Meanwhile,according to the present status and future challenges of wheat breeding,several solutions are proposed in this paper,involving the genetic improvement of important traits such as high photosynthesis efficiency,photoinhibition tolerance,developmental characteristics,transportation and transformation of assimilation,high efficiency utilization of nutrition elements.Finally,the importance of constructing modern molecular breeding platform in main wheat production areas is discussed.

The paper introduced the major progress of wheat germplasm resource research in Wheat Research Center,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,including the collection and conservation of wheat germplasm resources,the identification of important agricultural traits,the molecular identification card construction and genetic relationship analysis of landraces,the molecular identification of resistance genes in Henan major cultivars,the quality effect evaluation of wheat high and low molecular weight subunits,the classification and relative importance analysis of wheat quality properties,and the exploration,molecular mapping and molecular pyramiding of elite genes.

【Objective】 Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide.Zhou 98165,a winter wheat provided by wheat research center of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,is a novel line which has highly resistant,high yield and excellent comprehensive agricultural characteristics.Inheritance of powdery mildew resistance gene and mapping of that in Zhou 98165 with simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers were studied to formulate efficient resistance gene and strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew.【Method】 F1,F2,BC1 populations were constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhou 98165 and a susceptible wheat variety Chinese Spring.Powdery mildew strains LY2-1,ZZ1-1 and 02B1 were used for the test the resistance and genetic analysis of those populations with the SSR and EST-SSR primers.The location of this gene on chromosome was confirmed by the materials of monosomic CS.【Result】 Genetic analysis of Zhou 98165 indicated that the resistance to powdery mildew race 08B1 was controlled by a single dominant karyon gene,temporarily designated as PmHNK.Five SSR markers,Xbarc77,Xgwm547,Xwmc 326,Xgwm299,and Xgwm108 were linked to PmHNK as they were all located on chromosome 3BL.PmHNK,located on 3BL,closely linked to Xgwm299 and Xgwm108 with genetic distances of 4.2 cM and 5.6 cM,respectively.The farthest marker Xbarc77 was 10.6 cM to PmHNK.【Conclusion】 Genetic analysis and resistance identification with powdery mildew isolates to Zhou98165 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene PmHNK is a novel gene for powdery mildew in wheat.

The increase of crop yield is the main content of different crop genetic improvement at all times,which includes the external character design of high-yield varieties and the internal cha-racter improvement,such as synthesis,transportation,transform and accumulation of assimilative matter.The ideal type of crop is propitious to increase the photosynthesic production of colony.One potential approach to obtaining ideotype crop is using the interaction of different genotypes.With the development of molecular biology technology,many scientists have transformed high photosynthetic efficiency genes of C4 crop and high transformation efficiency genes into C3 crop,which is likely to increase the crop yield significantly.In addition,the screening of germplasm resources with high photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to photoinhibition characters is also important to breeding high yield crops.For wheat,the improvement of spike differentiation is an important approach to actualize the high yield target.

A mature genetic transformation system of wheat relies on high efficiency transformation system and high frequency regeneration system.In order to screen the optimal acceptor genotype and concentration of L-PPT in wheat transformation,immature embryos of 16 wheat genotypes were cultured to evaluate the culture efficiency by comparing the callus induction rate,propagation rate,regeneration rate.Then the sensitivity to L-PPT of the optimal genotypes were studied on.The results indicated that Zhoumai 19 and 2000H1012-2-1-5 were optimal for tissue culture and genetic transformation because the index of the two genotypes were higher than others.When the concentration of L-PPT reached 6 mg/L,most callus were restrained JP2in the process of regeneration.Therefore,the concentration of L-PPT 6 mg/L was optimal for zhou19 and 2000H1012-2-1-5.JP

Classification and its relative importance of quality properties of wheat are favorable to draw up an effectual quality breeding strategy and method.The classification of 15 wheat quality properties and their relative importance analysis were performed using 35 wheat cultivars with different quality planted in eight environments in China.Among the 105 linear correlation indexes with 15 quality properties,88 indexes reached significant levels of 0.01,and 6 indexes reached significant levels of(0.05).The results indicated that there were various degrees of linear correlation among most of the quality properties.The 15 quality properties were classified into four groups using factor analysis method: ① protein and gluten quantitative traits,including protein,wet gluten and dry gluten contents;② gluten quality and bread traits,including gluten index,development time,stability time,mixing time,tail height and width at the eighth minute,loaf volume,loaf texture and loaf score;③ mixing tolerance index and degree of softening;④slope value.Stepwise multiple regression analysis of bread baking traits revealed that dry gluten content,gluten index,development time and mixing tolerance index were important selective characteristics in wheat quality breeding process.The result of cluster analysis of 35 cultivars was correspondence with the conclusion described above.

概述了分析仪器和测试技术在我国小麦品质育种中的具体应用,并阐述了小麦品质分析测试技术的发展趋势。