The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (FAW), is an invasive and destructive polyphagous pest that poses a significant threat to global agricultural production. The FAW mainly damages maize, with a particular preference for V3–V5 (third to fifth leaf collar) plant stages in northern China. How the FAW moth precisely locates maize plants in the V3–V5 stage at night remains unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the visual and olfactory cues used by the FAW to identify its host plant, maize, in order to select attractants with better trapping efficacy. Hyperspectral analysis of maize plants at different growth stages using the ASD Fieldspec 4 spectrometer was performed using mimics (moths or maize leaves sealed with transparent plastic sheets) and black cloth-covered plants for single visual and single olfactory attraction experiments. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze volatiles emitted from V3–V5 stage maize leaves. Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) were screened using electroantennography (EAG) and Y-tube. Attractor efficacy was validated using mimics + VOCs. Results showed very little variance in the spectral reflectance curve of the maize at different growth stages. Fifteen VOCs were identified in the V3–V5 stage leaves of three different maize varieties, of which cis-3-hexenyl acetate and myrcene were found in relatively high concentrations in these maize varieties. The frequency of visits attracted by single visual stimuli was significantly lower than that attracted by single olfactory or olfactory + visual cues. The attractiveness of foliar cis-3-hexenyl acetate increased as its concentration decreased. The combination of mimics + cis-3-hexenyl acetate (1 ng/μL) increased host detection efficiency and stimulated mating behavior. These results indicate that the nocturnal insect FAW primarily uses olfactory cues for host identification, with visual cues serving as a complementary modality. The synergistic effect of olfactory and visual cues increases the efficiency of host recognition. We found that cis-3-hexenol acetate at a concentration from maize leaves is a reliable olfactory signal for the FAW. When using host plant VOCs as attractants to control adult FAWs, the role of visual cues must be considered.

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a notorious invasive insect pest. It is very important to understand the foraging behavior of this pest to develop more effective lures to monitor the immigration of this pest. In this study, the use of visual and olfactory cues in the foraging behavior of S. frugiperda was investigated through an attraction experiment in which color (produced from 8 different colored artificial flowers), odor (produced from honey water), and odorous color (produced from artificial flowers supplemented with honey water) were used. When we used 8 different colors to elicit adult responses, S. frugiperda showed a significant color preference despite limited activity (i.e., the total number of visits to the attractant), with black being the most preferred color, followed by orange preferred by both sexes and blue and green preferred only by females. When honey water was used as an attractant, S. frugiperda had relatively greater odor activity than color activity. When we sprayed the artificial flowers with honey, S. frugiperda showed even greater activity in terms of odor color than in terms of color or odor. Compared with male S. frugiperda, female adult S. frugiperda presented greater activity in response to all types of attractants. These findings suggest that S. frugiperda adults rely primarily on olfaction for foraging, with vision as a secondary sense, and that the combined use of olfactory and visual cues increases foraging efficiency. These results provide reference data for designing trapping strategies to monitor and control S. frugiperda.

Spodoptera frugiperda, also known as the fall armyworm (FAW), is classified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as a major agricultural pest. By gaining a more nuanced understanding of the fall armyworm’s courtship behavior, simpler and more environmentally friendly methods of controlling this pest can be developed. This study used the Track 3D system to meticulously record and describe the activity characteristics and patterns of adult males and females during courtship. The results show that adult FAWs engaged in a variety of activities during courtship that were either discrete (flying, flapping, moving, and crawling), continuous (flapping + flying, flapping + crawling, and flying + crawling), or combined (flapping + touching + flapping; flying + touching + flying). Flying and flapping were the most common activities, with observed flight patterns consisting of parabolic, circular, and zigzag trajectories. The peak activity times for adult FAWs are mainly concentrated at 11:00 p.m., 3:00 a.m., and 5:00 a.m., providing fundamental data for the precise attraction and control of adult FAWs at later stages.

Introduction: The moth species Athetis lepigone (Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which has recently been identified as a pest of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China, has demonstrated a rapid proliferation with in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region since its initial discovery in Hebei Province in 2005. It has become a prevalent pest of corn crops, and its ability to adapt quickly to its surroundings is currently being investigated. One of the key characteristics of its siphoning mouthparts is not only the feeding apparatus itself but also the chemosensory organs that enable the detection of chemical signals from the surrounding environment. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the genes responsible for chemosensory and metabolic mechanisms in the proboscises of male and female A. lepigone adults.Methods: In this study, we utilized transcriptome analysis to identify a total of fifty chemosensory genes from six distinct families, including 19 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 22 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), one co-receptor (Orco), six odorant receptors (ORs), four ionotropic receptors (IRs), and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) in the proboscis. Notably, seven OBPs, two CSPs, and one OR were discovered for the first time. Additionally, fourteen genes related to metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and carboxylesterases (CXEs), were also identified. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis was conducted on the relative transcript levels of eight related genes. The expression of 21 annotated chemosensory and metabolic genes was compared between A. lepigone adults and larvae using qRT-PCR, revealing tissue specificity. The majority of genes exhibited predominant expression in the antennae and proboscis during the adult stage, while showing slight expression in the combination of sixth-instar larval head oral appendages (maxilla, labium, and antenna) and pheromone gland-ovipositors of female adults.Results/discussion: Our study points to a new pest control strategies that these newly discovered genes have the potential to serve as targets for enhancing future pest control, including mating disruption and the use of food attractants. And it would be advantageous to ascertain the distribution of chemosensory gene expression and gain insights into the functionalities of these genes, thereby establishing a novel theoretical framework for the advancement of eco-friendly pesticides and efficient pest management strategies in the future.

为确定我国草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda重点防范区——黄淮海夏玉米区该虫为害籽粒玉米的防治阈值,于2020-2021年分别在籽粒玉米小喇叭口期(6～8叶)、大喇叭口期(8～10叶)和抽雄吐丝期(12～14叶),通过人工接草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫进行田间试验,分析不同虫口密度和为害株率下玉米的产量损失,并确定相应防治阈值.结果显示,草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫密度为2～12头/株时,小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期和抽雄吐丝期的玉米产量损失率分别为16.78％～31.91％、10.45％～25.14％和15.71％～29.17％,在3个玉米生育期对草地贪夜蛾的防治阈值分别为2龄幼虫55～67头/百株、97～118头/百株和59～71头/百株;当草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫为害株率为5％～60％时,小喇叭口期、大喇叭口期和抽雄吐丝期的玉米产量损失率分别为8.81％～22.43％、4.83％～17.75％和8.16％～20.43％,在3个玉米生育期对草地贪夜蛾的防治阈值为害株率分别为4.24％～5.22％、7.61％～9.49％和4.46％～5.55％.表明黄淮海夏玉米区草地贪夜蛾在不同生育期为害籽粒玉米的产量损失和防治阈值不同.

为有效评价草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的田间为害水平,采用5级法调查草地贪夜蛾在玉米植株上的为害程度,应用一元线性回归法分析5级法与其他分级法评估结果之间的关系,并评估该方法在田间药效评价试验中的应用效果.结果显示,采用叶片5级法与Williams 9级法评估的虫情指数之间、植株5级法与Davis 9级法评估的受害等级之间以及叶片5级法评估的虫情指数与植株5级法评估的受害等级之间均存在极显著线性关系,表明5级法可用于田间草地贪夜蛾为害水平的评价.植株受害程度较低时草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的出现频次较高,植株受害程度高时高龄幼虫的出现频次较高.不管是在未施药小区还是施药小区,采用叶片5级法调查的小区玉米倒一叶和倒二叶的平均受害等级及基于上部4片叶片的平均虫情指数均与小区总虫量之间存在显著线性关系,采用植株5级法调查的小区玉米植株整体平均受害等级与小区总虫量之间存在极显著线性关系.基于5级法调查的玉米倒一叶、倒二叶、植株整体平均受害等级推算的农药田间防治效果与基于虫量法推算的防治效果接近,说明5级法能用于评价农药的田间防治效果.

Zhengmai 7698 is a new wheat variety with high quality and high yield characteristics.In this paper the quality characteristic of Zhengmai 7698 located in Henan fourteen prefecture-level cities were investigated to determine its quality stability.Efficient cultivation techniques were established by investigating yield effect of Zhengmai 7698 under different sowing time,sowing density and fertilization regimes levels.The quality stability research results showed that quality characters of Zhengmai 7698 reached national high quality and strong gluten standards in Henan province except western infertile area.The cultivation experiments results showed that its suitable sowing time in Henan was October 10th to 20th,and the suitable sowing rate was 187.5 kg/ha.The optimal fertilizer manner was 225.0 kg/ha urea + 375.0 kg/ha diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer and 112.5 kg/ha urea as topdressing in northern Henan,and 225.0 kg/ha urea + 375.0 kg/ha diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer and 150.0 kg/ha urea as topdressing in other areas.

The purpose of this study is to realize the effect of high molecular weight gluten subunits Null and 1 at Glu-A1 loci on quality.The near-isogenic lines(NILs) of HMW-GS Null and 1 were obtained from high generation strains(zhengmai 9405/zhengmai 98//zhoumai16) by the pedigree method and biochemical marker assisted selection and were grown in the experimental fields of Henan Academy of Agricultural Science in 2008,2009 and 2010.The random block design was adopted in the field experiment with two replicates.Quality traits of the material obtained were tested for 3 consecutive years.The result showed that the contributions to wet-gluten index,development time,stability and flour quality index of 1 subunit was higher than that of Null subunit.Wet-gluten index,development time,stability and flour quality index were increased by 9.79%,68.73%,25.89% and 13.99%,respectively.T test of binate data between 1 and Null subunit reached extremely significant level(the P values were 0.007,0.000,0.002 and 0.006,respectively).Quality effect of 1 subunit was higher than that of Null subunit.But the contribution to wet gluten content,dry gluten content and water absorption had no significant difference between 1 subunit and Null subunit.P value of t test of binate data was not significant(the P values were 0.978,0.654 and 0.206,respectively).

Flour blending effects of Zhengmai 9694 on farinograph parameters and streamed bread-making quality was analyzed by mixed with high-gluten wheat cultivar Zhengmai 9023.The results indicated that Zhengmai 9694 had preferable steamed bread-making quality.With the continuous increasement of Zhengmai 9023,the specific volumes,aspect ratios,internal structures,flexibilities,toughness,stickiness and taste scores of steamed bread made of the blends increased significantly while total scores just improved slightly.However,when the content of Zhengmai 9023 in the blends exceeded a certain proportion,not only the bread specific volumes,internal structures and flexibility scores of steamed bread would dropped,but also the surface color kept unchangeable and the surface structures were declining.The most appropriate blending ratio of Zhengmai 9694 vs Zhengmai 9023 was 70∶30,with main quality properties such as wet-gluten content and farinograph parameters achieved the national high-quality steam bread standards.

The breeding strategies of Zhengmai 9023,including the innovative of parent materials,the selection method of quality,early maturing and integrated resistance,the identification and propagation of high generation lines,the development of supporting cultivation technology,the demonstration and extension,and the population improvement of Zhengmai 9023.Meanwhile,according to the present status and future challenges of wheat breeding,several solutions are proposed in this paper,involving the genetic improvement of important traits such as high photosynthesis efficiency,photoinhibition tolerance,developmental characteristics,transportation and transformation of assimilation,high efficiency utilization of nutrition elements.Finally,the importance of constructing modern molecular breeding platform in main wheat production areas is discussed.

The paper introduced the major progress of wheat germplasm resource research in Wheat Research Center,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,including the collection and conservation of wheat germplasm resources,the identification of important agricultural traits,the molecular identification card construction and genetic relationship analysis of landraces,the molecular identification of resistance genes in Henan major cultivars,the quality effect evaluation of wheat high and low molecular weight subunits,the classification and relative importance analysis of wheat quality properties,and the exploration,molecular mapping and molecular pyramiding of elite genes.

Transferring of key enzymes gene of C4 photosynthetic character is an important pathway to improve the photosynthesis efficiency and seed yield of C3 crop wheat.Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC) plays an important role in C4 photosynthetic pathways.In order to obtain high photosynthetic efficiency transgenic wheat germplasm with C4 photosynthetic characteristics,a full-length cDNA sequence coding for maize PEPCase gene was cloned into the high-efficiency binary expression vector pCAMBIA3301,and was introduced into wheat by particle bombardment mediated transformation.The copy number of different transgenic lines were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.PCR and double enzymes digestion determined that maize C4-specific PEPLase gene was cloned into the high-efficiency binary expression vector pCAMBIA3301,named as p3301-pepc;the expected 164 bp fragment was present in 342 of the 400 resistant plants;Among the fifteen positive transgenic lines,seven had one copy three had two copies,two had three copies,one had five copies,one had eight copies and one had seventeen copies.The results preliminary proofed that maize C4-specific PEPLase gene was integrated into wheat genome,and the copy number was different in transgenic lines,which would provide experimental materials for further function study of pepc gene in wheat genome.

【Objective】 Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide.Zhou 98165,a winter wheat provided by wheat research center of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,is a novel line which has highly resistant,high yield and excellent comprehensive agricultural characteristics.Inheritance of powdery mildew resistance gene and mapping of that in Zhou 98165 with simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers were studied to formulate efficient resistance gene and strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew.【Method】 F1,F2,BC1 populations were constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhou 98165 and a susceptible wheat variety Chinese Spring.Powdery mildew strains LY2-1,ZZ1-1 and 02B1 were used for the test the resistance and genetic analysis of those populations with the SSR and EST-SSR primers.The location of this gene on chromosome was confirmed by the materials of monosomic CS.【Result】 Genetic analysis of Zhou 98165 indicated that the resistance to powdery mildew race 08B1 was controlled by a single dominant karyon gene,temporarily designated as PmHNK.Five SSR markers,Xbarc77,Xgwm547,Xwmc 326,Xgwm299,and Xgwm108 were linked to PmHNK as they were all located on chromosome 3BL.PmHNK,located on 3BL,closely linked to Xgwm299 and Xgwm108 with genetic distances of 4.2 cM and 5.6 cM,respectively.The farthest marker Xbarc77 was 10.6 cM to PmHNK.【Conclusion】 Genetic analysis and resistance identification with powdery mildew isolates to Zhou98165 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene PmHNK is a novel gene for powdery mildew in wheat.

Low molecular weight glutenin subunit(LMW-GS) plays an important role in wheat quality.Considerable attention has now been focused on identification of LMW-GS composition,while seldom application was performed in genetic improvement of wheat quality.In the current paper,quality effects of 17 LMW-GS from 35 wheat cultivars were studied.The positive effects of LMW-GSs on the quality traits were determined as: at Glu-A3,A3c,A3b,A3d and A3eA3a for gluten quantity,and A3cA3b and A3dA3a and A3e for gluten strength;at Glu-B3,B3i and B3dB3fB3e and B3hB3gB3j for gluten quantity,and B3dB3hB3j and B3eB3i and B3fB3g for gluten strength;at Glu-D3,D3eD3cD3dD3b and D3a for gluten quantity,and D3aD3c and D3eD3b and D3d for gluten strength.Based on the quality effects of glutenin subunit,the score system of 17 LMW-GS was put forward,which was confirmed by quality traits of cultivars with different LMW-GSs.This study also indicated the accumulative effects of LMW-GS in different loci on quality traits.

Low molecular weight glutenin subunit(LMW-GS) plays an important role in wheat quality.Considerable attention has now been focused on manipulation of LMW-GS composition,while seldom research was performed in wheat quality of Huanghuai zone.In the current paper,LMW-GS composition encoded by Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 was identified by SDSPAGE,effects of LMW-GS on dough property and bread quality were studied,using 42 wheat cultivars as the experimental materials.The contributions of variation in LMW-GS to the quality traits were determined as: at Glu-A3,d,ba,e to the effects on Gluten strength and bread baking quantity;at Glu-B3,h,dfg,b,j to the effects on Gluten strength,and hf,dg,b,j to the effect on bread baking quality.The combination of GluA3d/GluB3h performed high Gluten strength and preferable baking quality.The effects of glutenin subunits loci were ranked,GluB3 and GluB1 show great effect on flour quality.There were interactions between Glu-1and Glu-3 loci,Glu-B1/Glu-A3 and Glu-D1/Glu-B3 show significant interaction effect on dough properties.The difference of effect on wheat quality between LMW GSs encoded by Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci was significantly,which provided a new theoretics base for the improvement of wheat quality.

In order to provide basic-materials for improving wheat quality,the HMW-GS compositions of 253 wheat varieties grown in Huanghai wheat production at different periods were fractionated by SDS-PAGE.The result indicated that Huanghai-grown wheat have rather low Glu-1 quality scores.It was the most important reason that the frequency of subunits 5+10 and 14+15 was very low.Wheat varieties with 3 loci of good quality subunits in Glu-1 were too rare.At present,the conditions are better than before.The other origin of subunit 14+15 was Funo.

Classification and its relative importance of quality properties of wheat are favorable to draw up an effectual quality breeding strategy and method.The classification of 15 wheat quality properties and their relative importance analysis were performed using 35 wheat cultivars with different quality planted in eight environments in China.Among the 105 linear correlation indexes with 15 quality properties,88 indexes reached significant levels of 0.01,and 6 indexes reached significant levels of(0.05).The results indicated that there were various degrees of linear correlation among most of the quality properties.The 15 quality properties were classified into four groups using factor analysis method: ① protein and gluten quantitative traits,including protein,wet gluten and dry gluten contents;② gluten quality and bread traits,including gluten index,development time,stability time,mixing time,tail height and width at the eighth minute,loaf volume,loaf texture and loaf score;③ mixing tolerance index and degree of softening;④slope value.Stepwise multiple regression analysis of bread baking traits revealed that dry gluten content,gluten index,development time and mixing tolerance index were important selective characteristics in wheat quality breeding process.The result of cluster analysis of 35 cultivars was correspondence with the conclusion described above.

The phenotype of thirty cultivars against powdery mildew,those cultivars widely-used in Henan province during the past fifty years,was evaluated.Pm gene contained in these cultivars was identified by the PCR-based markers tightly linked with Pm2,Pm4,Pm8,Pm13,Pm21 and Pm24.Among these cultivars there were only three resistant(against) powdery mildew.Before 80s nearly none of these Pm genes were used.After 80s Pm8 was widely-used,with the limited use of Pm2,Pm4 and Pm24,while Pm13 and Pm21 did not exist in these cultivars.With the same markers above,the cultivars used more than 6.67×10~(4) ha during 2004-2005 were also analyzed.Back-cross breeding combined with molecular marker selection was taken to transfer Pm genes such as Pm13,Pm21,Pm30 and Pm33 to Zheng 9023 which is now widely-used.Lines and NILs of Zheng 9023 resistant against powdery mildew were obtained.Combined hybrid breeding with molecular marker selection,Zheng mai 835 and Zheng mai 863,pyramids of different Pm genes,and Zheng mai 883 containing Pm21 were bred.

1.优质小麦新品种产业化开发的必要性 符合国家利益小麦是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,常年种植面积3 000万公顷左右,产量和消费量约占全国粮食总量的1/4.近年来,我国小麦生产连年丰收,然而优质专用优质小麦尤其是强筋优质小麦严重短缺.大量依赖进口.随着改革开放的深入,人民生活水平不断提高,饮食结构也逐渐向高档化、多元化方向发展,对优质面粉的需求量将会大幅度增长,而我国加入WTO后,国外进口小麦依靠其品质和价格优势,必将对失去保护的我国小麦市场造成更大的冲击.因此,大力进行结构调整,迅速提高我国小麦品质并实现产业化生产是我国农业进一步发展的当务之急.

Zhengmai 9023 is a main high quality wheat cultivar in Henan. Experiments involving the district variation of the cultivar quality characteristics in Henan, the affection of soil nutrient, N fertility, P fertility, K fertility and fungicide on the cultivar quality characteristics were made to establish high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation system of Zhengmai 9023. The results showed that the quality characteristics of Zhengmai 9023 could be up to the standard class 1 of strong gluten wheat in the north region of Henan province, approximate the standard class 1 of strong gluten wheat in middle region, and could be up to the standard class 2 of strong gluten wheat in the south region. The hydrolyzed N content of soil in heading stage was a key cultivation factor determining the quality level of Zhengmai 9023. The hydrolyzed N critical values of sub-strong gluten, strong gluten and super-strong gluten were respectively about 60, 80 and 160 mg/kg for Zhengmai 9023. K fertility had positive effect and P fertility had negative effect on the strong gluten characteristics. The fungicide Tradimefon had negative effect on strong gluten characteristics of Zhengmai 9023, but fungicide Carbendazim had not.