Sapindus mukorossi is an important woody industrial crop valued for its abundant triterpenoid saponins, yet the transcriptional regulation of saponins biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Here, DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) was used to characterize the genome-wide binding landscape of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor SmMYB108 and to identify its downstream regulatory targets. DAP-seq identified 28,453 reproducible binding peaks, with strong enrichment in promoter-associated regions. Motif analysis revealed a conserved MYB-like cis-element, and integrated peak annotation and motif screening yielded 1796 high-confidence candidate targets enriched in terpenoid metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that SmMYB108 directly bound the promoters of SmIDI1 and SmAGL104. Dual-luciferase assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that SmMYB108 repressed SmIDI1 promoter activity but activated SmAGL104 promoter activity, indicating target-dependent transcriptional regulation. Transient overexpression further caused opposite expression changes in the endogenous NtIDI1 and NtAGL104 homologs, supporting the in planta regulatory effects of SmMYB108. Moreover, transient heterologous overexpression of SmMYB108 significantly increased total triterpenoid accumulation in N. benthamiana leaves, suggesting that SmMYB108 can influence triterpenoid-related metabolic output in a heterologous transient system. These results establish SmIDI1 and SmAGL104 as direct downstream targets of SmMYB108 and demonstrate that SmMYB108 functions as an upstream regulator in the saponins-associated transcriptional network of S. mukorossi. This study provides mechanistic insight into saponins trait regulation and offers candidate targets for molecular improvement of this industrial tree species.

Aquatic ecosystems face increasing threats from microbial pathogens, making the early detection of sublethal stress in aquatic organisms critical for environmental and aquaculture biosecurity. In this study, we examined the behavioral and immune responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to Vibrio vulnificus, aiming to develop integrated biomarkers for pathogen surveillance and ecological health assessment. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of V. vulnificus, with a comprehensive evaluation of behavioral, neurochemical, oxidative, and immune biomarkers. Behavioral analysis revealed significant, dose-dependent disruptions in movement, angular velocity, and turning behavior, especially under dark conditions, indicating compromised sensorimotor function. Neurochemical assays showed reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and elevated cortisol levels, reflecting impaired cholinergic signaling and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. Concurrently, infected larvae exhibited increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, GPX1), indicating oxidative stress. Immune profiling revealed elevated proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, TLR1) and suppressed IL-10, suggesting a disrupted inflammatory response. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between behavioral changes and physiological stress markers, highlighting a systemic interaction between immune, neuroendocrine, and oxidative responses. These findings position zebrafish larvae as a sensitive model for pathogen detection and underscore the utility of multi-endpoint frameworks for pathogen-inclusive environmental risk assessments. This approach has significant implications for aquaculture biosecurity, pathogen monitoring, and the development of early-warning systems for aquatic ecosystem health.

This study investigates the protective effects of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies as a targeted treatment against Vibrio vulnificus infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio), focusing on survival - outcomes and microbiota modulation. IgY antibodies were generated by immunizing hens with inactivated V. vulnificus, purified from egg yolks, and administered to zebrafish via intraperitoneal injection, oral feeding, and immersion. Following IgY treatment, zebrafish were exposed to V. vulnificus, and survival rates were recorded. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that IgY treatment significantly enhanced survival rates, with injected groups achieving up to 90 % survival compared to 40 % in untreated controls. Additionally, IgY-treated fish displayed favorable shifts in gut microbiota, including increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reduced pathogenic genera such as Vibrio and Aeromonas. These findings highlight the dual benefits of IgY: pathogen-specific inhibition and microbiota-friendly modulation, supporting its potential as an antibiotic alternative in aquaculture. Future studies should optimize IgY dosing and evaluate its efficacy across diverse fish species.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Vibrio vulnificus were evaluated for immunogenicity, safety, and protection in a zebrafish model. OMVs were isolated at laboratory scale by differential centrifugation and sterile filtration. Vesicles were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and BCA protein assay. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were immunized intraperitoneally with graded OMV doses and subsequently challenged with V. vulnificus. Safety was assessed by clinical observation, serum biochemical indices, and histopathology of target tissues. Protection was evaluated by survival analysis. Transcriptome profiling of immune-relevant organs, together with qRT-PCR validation, was used to delineate immune pathways. OMV immunization was well tolerated, with no apparent cytotoxicity or histopathological alterations, and liver enzyme activities comparable to controls. Immunized fish exhibited dose-dependent protection with significantly higher survival following bacterial challenge versus PBS controls. Transcriptomic analyses indicated enrichment of cytokine signaling, leukocyte activation, and antigen processing and presentation; upregulation of genes such as MHC class II, CXCL12, and GBP-3 was consistent with initiation of adaptive immune pathways. These results indicate that V. vulnificus OMVs can safely stimulate balanced immune responses and confer protection in zebrafish, supporting their potential as immunoprophylactic candidates in aquaculture. Practical considerations for scale-up and immersion/oral deployment are discussed.

Most Aloe species are used as new food or functional food ingredient. Even though widely known for its health benefits, the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of Aloin(Alo), an anthraquinone compound isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe, remain unidentified. Here, we investigated the protective effects of Alo against cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)-induced sepsis and microflora in mice. Alo significantly improved CLP-induced sepsis and the survival rate of septic mice, downregulated the expression of proinflammatory factors, and decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells in tissues. Alo upregulated the proportion of peritoneal macrophages, reduced the number of peritoneal bacteria, decreased the content of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids in the abdominal cavity, and suppressed Toll-like receptor(TLR)-2/4/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/Caspase-1/3/8 signaling. Furthermore, Alo altered the composition of the microbiome and promoted the growth of Lactobacillus, which showed a stronger anti-inflammatory effect. Whole-genome analysis identified the genes Saa3, Il10, Fpr1, and Eif4a1 associated with the protective effects of Alo in mice with CLP-induced sepsis. Overall, our results provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of Alo in the treatment of sepsis.

Okadaic acid (OA), a marine phycotoxin, was examined under a host-centric, mechanism-oriented framework using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the primary vertebrate model and murine C2C12 myoblasts as a muscle-specific mechanistic support. Sub-lethal, pathway-probing exposures were employed to elicit interpretable endpoints without recreating environmental concentrations. Following intraperitoneal OA administration, zebrafish exhibited concentration- and time-dependent reductions in locomotor performance, which were accompanied by biochemical evidence of redox disequilibrium, including elevated reactive oxygen species and perturbed antioxidant defenses. Transcriptomic and molecular analyses indicated engagement of immune-associated signaling together with activation of a p53-linked apoptotic program, characterized by the time-resolved modulation of canonical pro- and anti-apoptotic markers. In parallel, C2C12 assays conducted at sub-lethal levels demonstrated oxidative stress, mitochondrial involvement, and induction of apoptosis, thereby providing a muscle-contextual mechanistic alignment with organism-level observations. Taken together, the data are consistent with a cascade in which OA-induced oxidative stress precedes p53 activation and apoptotic execution and is accompanied by graded behavioral impairment in vivo. The cellular findings are interpreted strictly as mechanistic support and are not used for quantitative cross-species extrapolation. By integrating molecular, cellular, and behavioral readouts in a single vertebrate system, this study delineates a testable pathway linking redox stress to p53-associated apoptosis and organismal function, and it situates the interpretation within fish immunology and host biology under sub-lethal exposure conditions.

Background Schizochytrium limacinum holds significant value utilized in the industrial-scale synthesis of natural DHA. Nitrogen-limited treatment can effectively increase the content of fatty acids and DHA, but there is currently no research on chromatin accessibility during the process of transcript regulation. The objective of this research was to delve into the workings of fatty acid production in S. limacinum by examining the accessibility of promoters and profiling gene expressions. Results Results showed that differentially accessible chromatin regions (DARs)-associated genes were enriched in fatty acid metabolism, signal transduction mechanisms, and energy production. By identifying and annotating DARs-associated motifs, the study obtained 54 target transcription factor classes, including BPC, RAMOSA1, SPI1, MYC, and MYB families. Transcriptomics results revealed that several differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including SlFAD2 , SlALDH , SlCAS1 , SlNSDHL , and SlDGKI , are directly related to the biosynthesis of fatty acids, meanwhile, SlRPS6KA, SlCAMK1, SlMYB3R1, and SlMYB3R5 serve as transcription factors that could potentially influence the regulation of fatty acid production. In the integration analysis of DARs and ATAC-seq, 13 genes were identified, which were shared by both DEGs and DARs-associated genes, including SlCAKM , SlRP2 , SlSHOC2 , SlTN , SlSGK2 , SlHMP , SlOGT , SlclpB , and SlDNAAF3 . Conclusions SlCAKM may act as a negative regulator of fatty acid and DHA synthesis, while SlSGK2 may act as a positive regulator, which requires further study in the future. These insights enhance our comprehension of the processes underlying fatty acid and DHA production in S. limacinum . They also supply a foundational theoretical framework and practical assistance for the development of strains rich in fatty acids and DHA.

Dunaliella salina is by far the most salt-tolerant organism and contains many active substances, including β-carotene, glycerol, proteins, and vitamins, using in the production of dried biomass or cell extracts for the biofuels, pharmaceutical formulations, food additives, and fine chemicals, especially β-carotene. We report a high-quality genome sequence of D. Salina FACHB435, which has a 472 Mb genome size, with a contig N50 of 458 Kb. A total of 30,752 protein-coding genes were predicted. The annotation results evaluated by BUSCO was shown that completeness was 91.0% and replication was 53.1%. The fragments were 6.3% and the deletions were 2.6%. Phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A. thaliana diverged from Volvocales about 448 million years ago, then Volvocales C. eustigma, D. salina, and other species diverged about 250 million years ago. High light could promote the accumulation of β-carotene in D. salina at a 13 d stage of culture. The enrichment of DEGs in KEGG, it notes that the predicted up-regulated genes of carotenoid metabolic pathway include DsCrtB, DsPDS, DsZ-ISO, DsZDS, DsCRTISO, DsLUT5, DsCrtL-B, and DsCCD8, while the predicted down-regulated genes include DsCrtF, and DsLUT1. The four genes that were both up-regulated and down-regulated were DsZEP, DsCrtR-b, DsCruA/P and DsCrtZ 4. The research results can provide scientific basis for the industrialization practice of D. salina.

为了建立甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFMV)和甘薯矮化褪绿病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus,SPCSV)的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法,提高检测灵敏度,实现结果的可视化.根据SPFMV外壳蛋白基因(CP)的核苷酸序列和SPCSV的热休克蛋白基因(Hsp 70)的核苷酸序列设计4条RT-LAMP特异性引物,采取单因素优化试验,对RT-LAMP反应体系中的多个因素包括时间、温度、BST聚合酶、Mg2+、RNase抑制剂、dNTPs和Betaine浓度优化,恒温扩增60 min.经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,SYBR Green Ⅰ可视化显色,结果表明:SPFMV的优化反应体系为:FIP/BIP 2 μL、F3/B3 0.5 μL、BST 聚合酶 1.0 μL、dNTPs 0.6 μL、MgSO4 1.5 μL、RNase 抑制剂 1.0 μL、Betaine 7 μL,62℃ 60 min.SPCSV的优化反应体系为:FIP/BIP 2μL、F3/B3 0.5μL、BST聚合酶1.0μL、dNTPs 0.6 μL、MgSO4 1.5 μL、RNase 抑制剂 1.2 μL、Betaine 7 μL,64℃ 60 min.进一步利用SPFMV 全基因组的 4 个片段(SPFMV-1、SPFMV-2、SPFMV-3、SPFMV-4)、SPCSV-Hsp 70和RGNNV进行特异性检验,分别建立了 SPFMV和SPCSV的特异性RT-LAMP检测方法,扩增出了具有RT-LAMP的典型瀑布状条带,与凝胶电泳和SYBR Green Ⅰ显色结果一致,SPFMV和SPCSV的灵敏度检测下限分别为:1×10-6、1×10-3 ng·μL-1,该方法检测灵敏度高,实现了结果的可视化.对田间甘薯苗和离体组织培养甘薯苗进行检测验证,SPFMV-RT-LAMP检测方法成功率为100％,SPCSV-RT-LAMP检测方法的成功率为95％,表明研发的SPFMV和SPCSV的RT-LAMP检测方法适用于SPFMV和SPCSV的快速检测.

裂殖壶藻是一种含有丰富DHA的海洋微藻.本课题组前期发现裂殖壶藻的SlMYB118基因与脂肪酸的合成密切相关,是潜在的DHA合成调控的转录因子.本文通过PCR的方法克隆裂殖壶藻的SlMYB118基因的cDNA全长序列,运用生物信息学的方法对其分析.结果预测SlMYB118 蛋白质的等电点为 8.75,分子量为 84.81 kDa,定位于细胞核,且其具有106 个潜在的磷酸化位点.SlMYB118 基因的结合位点是探索转录调控机制、建立DHA合成相关转录调控网络的关键,本研究为后续确定其结合位点奠定了理论基础.

为了深入理解球等鞭金藻MYB基因家族在基因调控网络中的作用机制,使用MYB_DNA-binding保守结构域在球等鞭金藻蛋白序列中筛选出60个MYB基因家族成员,并对这些基因家族成员的蛋白(一、二、三级)结构预测和分析、亚细胞结构定位、基因结构及保守结构域等方面进行了分析.结果表明:这些MYB基因家族成员可分为3个cluster,其中R2-MYB和R3-MYB主要集中在cluster 3中,R2R3-MYB则含有大部分家族成员,表明这些基因在球等鞭金藻中起着重要的生物学功能.不同分支的亲缘关系较远,同一分支的关系较近,这表明球等鞭金藻MYB基因家族在演化过程中形成了一些适应性的变化.通过基因组内共线性分析,研究发现球等鞭金藻全基因组内有177对片段复制基因和46对串联复制基因,其中MYB基因家族有2对复制基因,包括串联重复基因对IZ004267和IZ007345以及片段重复基因对IZ006462和IZ006102.结合染色体定位分析,IZ006462和IZ006102位于9号染色体,这也支持上述片段重复的判断.这些重复基因对的Ka/Ks值小于1,表明这些基因在扩张过程中受到了基因纯化选择,功能相当保守.

Isochrysis galbana, as a potential accumulator of fucoxanthin, has become a valuable material to develop functional foods for humans. Our previous research revealed that green light effectively promotes the accumulation of fucoxanthin in I. galbana, but there is little research on chromatin accessibility in the process of transcriptional regulation. This study was conducted to reveal the mechanism of fucoxanthin biosynthesis in I. galbana under green light by analyzing promoter accessibility and gene expression profiles. Differentially accessible chromatin regions (DARs)-associated genes were enriched in carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna protein formation, including IgLHCA1, IgLHCA4, IgPDS, IgZ-ISO, IglcyB, IgZEP, and IgVDE. The motifs for the MYB family were also identified as candidates controlling metabolic regulation responses to green light culture of I. galbana, including IgMYB1, IgMYB2, IgMYB33, IgMYB42, IgMYB98, IgMYB118, and IgMYB119. The results of differential expression analysis and WGCNA showed that several genes or transcription factors (TFs) related to carotenoid metabolism and photosynthesis exhibited a higher expression level and were significantly upregulated in A-G5d compared with A-0d and A-W5d, including IgMYB98, IgLHCA1, IgLHCX2, IgLHCB4, and IgLHCB5. This suggests that upregulation of these genes by green light may be the key factor leading to fucoxanthin accumulation by regulating the photosynthesis-antenna protein pathway. An integrated analysis of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq showed that 3 (IgphoA, IgPKN1, IgOTC) of 34 DARs-associated genes displayed obvious changes in their chromatin regions in ATAC-seq data, suggesting that these genes specific for green light may play a key role in fucoxanthin biosynthesis in I. galbana through a complex regulatory network of multiple metabolic pathways interacting with each other. These findings will facilitate in-depth understanding the molecular regulation mechanisms of fucoxanthin in I. galbana and its role in response to green light regulation, providing technical support for the construction of high fucoxanthin content strains.

鱼油中的EPA和DHA是一类具有很高营养价值的功能因子,对心脑血管健康、大脑发育、改善视力、抗炎等都有积极的作用,因而获取高纯度的EPA和DHA逐渐成为众多研究者关注的热点问题之一.采用尿素包合法富集鱼油中的EPA和DHA,不仅原料成本低廉,而且操作简单,但是富集得到的鱼油质量不高;而分子蒸馏法可以较好地保护EPA和DHA的活性,提高鱼油的纯度.两种方法联用具有工艺成熟、原料成本低、操作简单等优势,是工业化生产高质量EPA和DHA较好的选择之一.因此,在总结富集纯化鱼油中EPA和DHA方法的同时,阐述了尿素包合法、分子蒸馏法及两种方法联用富集鱼油中EPA和DHA的研究进展,希望可以为未来工业化获取高质量的EPA和DHA提供一定的参考价值.

The slow-evolving invertebrate amphioxus has an irreplaceable role in advancing our understanding of the vertebrate origin and innovations. Here we resolve the nearly complete chromosomal genomes of three amphioxus species, one of which best recapitulates the 17 chordate ancestor linkage groups. We reconstruct the fusions, retention, or rearrangements between descendants of whole-genome duplications, which gave rise to the extant microchromosomes likely existed in the vertebrate ancestor. Similar to vertebrates, the amphioxus genome gradually establishes its three-dimensional chromatin architecture at the onset of zygotic activation and forms two topologically associated domains at the Hox gene cluster. We find that all three amphioxus species have ZW sex chromosomes with little sequence differentiation, and their putative sex-determining regions are nonhomologous to each other. Our results illuminate the unappreciated interspecific diversity and developmental dynamics of amphioxus genomes and provide high-quality references for understanding the mechanisms of chordate functional genome evolution.

以福建省安溪县4月至11月的青钱柳叶片为试验材料,定量分析总三萜质量分数,探究适宜采收的月份.结果表明:总三萜质量分数在4月至11月间存在极显著差异(P<0.01),其中6月、10月总三萜质量分数较高,因此6月、10月为适宜的采收月份.选取总三萜质量分数高的10月,通过U PLC-MS/MS检测青钱柳叶片的萜类物质.结果表明,共检测到69种萜类化合物,其中三萜类化合物占比最高(83.02％),在三萜类化合物中马达积雪草酸、坡模酸、2α-羟基熊果酸、11-酮基-熊果酸、α-香树脂酮、科罗索酸、山楂酸、青钱柳苷Ⅱ、Pterocaryoside B相对含量较高.

Sapindus mukorossi is an environmentally friendly plant and renewable energy source whose fruit has been widely used for biomedicine, biodiesel, and biological chemicals due to its richness in saponin and oil contents. Here, we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of S. mukorossi (covering similar to 391 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 24.66 Mb) and characterize its genetic architecture and evolution by resequencing 104 S. mukorossi accessions. Population genetic analyses showed that genetic diversity in the southwestern distribution area was relatively higher than that in the northeastern distribution area. Gene flow events indicated that southwest species may be the donor population for the distribution areas in China. Genome-wide selective sweep analysis showed that a large number of genes are involved in defense responses, growth and development, including SmRPS2, SmRPS4, SmRPS7, SmNAC2, SmNAC23, SmNAC102, SmWRKY6, SmWRKY26, and SmWRKY33. We also identified several candidate genes controlling six agronomic traits by genome-wide association studies, including SmPCBP2, SmbHLH1, SmCSLD1, SmPP2C, SmLRR-RKs, and SmAHP. Our study not only provides a rich genomic resource for further basic research on Sapindaceae woody trees but also identifies several economically significant genes for genomics-enabled improvements in molecular breeding.

以威氏海链藻为材料,研究了不同氮、磷营养盐对其生长及岩藻黄素积累的影响.经过不同条件处理,在培养过程中取样绘制细胞密度曲线,在生长后期进行生物量测定、有机溶剂提取岩藻黄素后,通过HPLC进行定量检测.试验结果表明,与其他氮营养盐处理相比,0.882 mmol·L-1尿素最适合威氏海链藻的生长及其岩藻黄素的积累,且与其他处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05);以优化的氮营养盐为基础,与其他磷营养盐处理相比,0.054 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾在威氏海链藻生物量的积累上无显著差异(P>0.05),但在岩藻黄素含量积累方面存在显著差异(P<0.05);缺氮、缺磷不利于威氏海链藻的生长及其岩藻黄素的积累.本研究为培养基优化及提高威氏海链藻岩藻黄素的产量提供了理论基础.

Polygonatum cyrtonema is a medicinal and edible herb rich in polysaccharides, steroidal saponins, and flavonoids that has been widely used as a food, vegetable, and medicine over the years. Although previous studies have preliminarily explored the metabolic and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the main secondary metabolites in P. cyrtonema, the complex mechanism of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional regulation remains unclear. Metabolome analysis showed that iso-ophiopogonanone B, (25S)-pratioside D1, disporopsin, and isodiosgenin-Glc-Glc, which are associated with intermediates in the flavonoids and saponins pathways, were significantly upregulated in the stem and leaf compared with the rhizome, and most saccharides, including arabinose, cellobiose, maltotetraose, and panose, showed the opposite trend, suggesting that they may contribute to the formation and accumulation of the main active ingredients in P. cyrtonema. We found that 4-hydroxymandelonitrile have a relatively good inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, indicating that it may play a role in hypoglycemic functions. Transcriptome and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) were combined to reveal several candidate genes involved in the accumulation of polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids, including PcSQLE, PcCYP71A1, PcSUS, PcFK, and PcMYB102. Integrated analyses of miRNAs and messengerRNAs (mRNAs) showed that novel_miR14, novel_miR49, novel_miR75, and aof_miR164 were negatively correlated with alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, including PcAOS, PcSPLA2, PcFRK1, and PcDELLA, indicating that these miRNAs may coordinately regulate the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites in P. cyrtonema. These findings will facilitate in-depth research on the functions of these miRNAs and mRNAs related to the main active substances for pathological and biological regulation, which will be beneficial to provide theoretical guidance for the molecular breeding of P. cyrtonema.

Isochrysis galbana is considered an ideal bait for functional foods and nutraceuticals of humans because of its high fucoxanthin (Fx) content. However, multi-omics analysis of the regulatory networks for Fx biosynthesis in I. galbana has not been reported. In this study, we report a high-quality genome assembly of I. galbana LG007, which has a genome size of 92.73 Mb, with a contig N50 of 6.99 Mb and 14,900 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of Haptophyta, with I. galbana sister to Emiliania huxleyi and Chrysochromulina tobinii. Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimated divergence time between I. galbana and E. huxleyi of ∼ 133 million years ago. Gene family analysis indicated that lipid metabolism-related genes exhibited significant expansion, including IgPLMT, IgOAR1, and IgDEGS1. Metabolome analysis showed that the content of carotenoids in I. galbana cultured under green light for 7 days was higher than that under white light, and β-carotene was the main carotenoid, accounting for 79.09% of the total carotenoids. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis revealed that the content of β-carotene, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, and Fx was increased by green light induction, which was significantly correlated with the expression of IgMYB98, IgZDS, IgPDS, IgLHCX2, IgZEP, IgLCYb, and IgNSY. These findings contribute to the understanding of Fx biosynthesis and its regulation, providing a valuable reference for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Cyclocarya paliurus, a well-known nutrient and beverage plant, is under development for use in functional health care products best and natural and organic foods. We hypothesis that the composition and metabolic accumulation of hypoglycemic nutrient metabolites exhibit significant differences depending on harvest time. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish the best harvest time for C. paliurus leaves for the further development of healthy teas and other products. However, the detail compositions and molecular mechanisms of nutrients biosynthesis in C. paliurus leaves during different harvest stages remain largely unclear. Metabolome analysis showed that a suitable leaf-harvesting strategy for C. paliurus could be in September or October each year due to the high content of hypoglycemic nutrient metabolites. We found that two of the seven differentially accumulated phenolic acid metabolites have a relatively good inhibitory effect on α-amylase, indicating that they may play a role in the hypoglycemic function. Combined analysis of coexpression, ceRNA network, and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that several genes or transcription factors (TFs) in three modules correlated highly with hypoglycemic nutrient metabolites, including CpPMM, CpMan, CpFK, CpSUS, CpbglX, Cp4CL, CpHCT, and CpWRKY1. These findings help in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of the hypoglycemic nutrient metabolites in C. paliurus leaves which are dependent on harvest time and provide theoretical guidance in the development of functional health care products and foods from C. paliurus.