Gallium-based liquid metals, as a broad category of emerging functional materials with unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, offer numerous possibilities for advancing intelligent systems. However, a basic query persistently remains for complex liquid metal systems: is there a minimal functional unit that can fully capture their diversity of morphology and function? Cells, as the most basic structural and functional units of life, are small in scale but have complex structures, functions, and life activities. Analogous to nature, this article proposes the concept of biomimetic liquid metal cells and systematically explores their construction routes, sensing capabilities, motion behaviors, and potential applications. We first construct a multi-phase composite structure with a liquid metal as the nucleus, an ionic solution as the cytoplasm, and a polymer as the cell membrane by developing a layered cryogenic molding method. Furthermore, we reveal that liquid metal cells exhibit inherently responsive characteristics and self-adaptive behaviors to thermal, pressure, chemical, electrical, and magnetic fields, indicating "small world, vast potential". Based on these fundamental findings, we finally demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing liquid metal cells as sensors, fluidic valves, and material transport carriers in flow channels through dynamic control.

Photosynthesis offers unique photoelectrochemical properties with broad scientific and engineering applications. However, challenges in protein stability, energy conversion efficiency, and charge transfer pathways remain fundamental barriers to its practical use. This work presents an innovative approach using liquid metals (LMs) for their high conductivity and biocompatibility. We integrate LMs with plant-derived light-harvesting proteins to construct a photosynthetic power generator. A salt solution separation technique was developed to extract thylakoids (BBY), enriched with Photosystem I (PS I) and II (PS II), from spinach leaves while preserving their photoelectrochemical activity. The eGaInSn liquid metal was directly printed onto silicon (Si) as a metallic ink to construct metal-semiconductor junctions (MSJs), simultaneously establishing an internal electric field at the interface. Subsequently, the BBY suspension and flexible indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode were sequentially deposited on the MSJs, resulting in a semi-flexible device with a defined structure of Si/LMs/BBY/ITO. In this system, PSII efficiently absorbs photons and generates electrons, which are directionally transported to liquid metals via electrostatic forces at MSJs, thereby enabling electricity generation. Under 2190.4 W/m2 white light illumination, the system shows a current increase of 0.71 μA and a voltage rise of 6.95 mV. Additionally, the coupling effect of external environmental forces leads to a current increase of 10.42 μA and enhances the voltage output to 636 mV, demonstrating a significant improvement in electrical response under synergistic stimuli. This finding is expected to advance bionic photovoltaics and energy devices, opening new avenues for designing and applying photosynthetic systems.

Liquid metals (LMs) are becoming central to tackling many extreme technical bottlenecks facing space exploration. The unique microgravity and vacuum environment of space also poses big challenges and is an unprecedented laboratory to explore unknown sciences. This perspective presents an overview of the fundamentals and practical issues and envisions future opportunities for LMs in space exploration, focusing on their roles in energy systems, deep space propulsion, thermal management, flexible electronics, reconfigurable machines, additive manufacturing, life support systems, and space optics, among others. Beyond practical engineering, we further outline the potential to exploit the space environment as a unique and indispensable platform to probe LM interfacial physics and chemistry free from gravitational constraints. Prospects for disclosing microgravity-related self-organization phenomena and thus enriching fundamental breakthroughs are interpreted. Collectively, these insights establish LMs as not only generalist materials but also transformative enablers for the booming of future space science and technology.

Thrombotic vascular diseases contribute to significant global mortality, yet current therapeutic strategies face persistent challenges, including bleeding risks, suboptimal efficiency, and procedural complexity. Here, we report a micro-explosive thermochemical thrombolysis (METCT) therapy via proximal injection of liquid alkali metal (LAM) encapsulated in dimethyl silicone (LAM@oil), which enables prompt, efficient, and safe vascular recanalization within an ultrafast timeframe (< 90 s). This LAM@oil system effectively disrupts thrombus tissue through a synergistic triple-action mechanism: mechanical micro-explosions forces, alkaline ablation due to highly localized exothermic chemical reactions, and thermal thrombolysis mediated by elevated temperature. Upon thrombolysis completion, the non-toxic reaction byproducts (sodium and potassium ions) exhibit physiologically biocompatible and metabolizable effects. Critically, the LAM@oil demonstrates significantly higher thrombolytic efficacy compared to clinically available thrombolytic drugs (residual thrombus area percent 10.87% ± 7.16% for LAM@oil vs. 80.86% ± 13.32% for urokinase), with no associated bleeding risks. This strategy opens a byproduct-green, cost-effective, and high-efficiency alternative to conventional thrombolytics, holding big potential for clinical translation in acute thrombosis management.

Cryopreservation of scalable biosamples remains a long-standing biomedical target yet is hindered by inefficient heat transfer causing irreversible thermal stress damage. Here, we propose a liquid metal (LM) cryoprotectant combined with an interventional heat transfer (IHT) methodology to synergistically reduce the interfacial thermal resistance and accelerate warming rates. This principle integrates LM-based high thermal conductivity media (9.3 W/m & sdot;K, 10.3 times higher than that of cryoprotectants containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles in nanowarming) with surface and vascularized perfusion. The IHT efficacy is evidenced by 1.7-fold and 3.6-fold increases in skin and arterial viability, compared with conventional water bath controls, alongside the strong self-healing capability of transplanted skin after cryopreservation. Notably, the rewarmed kidneys showed excellent morphological and functional maintenance, enabling the first successful allogeneic transplantation and recipient survival in rabbits. Our work opens a multiscale enhanced heat transfer paradigm based on LM cryoprotectants for conformal cryopreservation, offering transformative potential for large-scale organ banking and transplantation.

Harvesting sunlight into electricity presents an attractive prospect. Solar thermoelectric generation (STEG) relying on complexity and compactness of optical absorbers and mechanical equipment is only applied in large-scale power plants. Here, we develop a gradient nanostructured coating based on lignin and liquid metal (LM) that serves as a scalable and recyclable optical absorber. Density differences and surface coordination interactions are used to induce stable, gradient sedimentation of LM within the lignin matrix. This gradient nano-structure exhibits synergetic mechanism of non-radiative relaxation and localized surface plasmon resonance, leading to a high and broadband absorption of 96.0% from ultraviolet to near-infrared region (250-2500 nm), surpassing most renewable and nonrenewable absorbers. Our lignin-derived coating achieves hundreds kilograms-scale production. A sequentially aligned stacking strategy is created for a meter-scale flat-panel STEG device, to offer a 64.7 V output voltage in outdoor conditions. Environmental and energy assessments further demonstrate that our lignin valorization mode achieves high green electricity productivity and establishes a carbon-negative process, resulting in annual reduction of 489.63 kg CO2 equivalent per 1000 m2. Our proposed "lignin-liquid metal synergic photothermal enhancement" strategy represents a sustainable path in transforming industrial lignin into high-performance and scalable energy conversion materials.

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease initiated and sustained by plaque microorganisms and host immune response, remains an intractable oral disease and a leading cause of tooth loss worldwide. Traditional mechanical debridement and adjunctive antibiotic or antiseptic therapy often shows limited efficacy due to the complex anatomical structure, concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, and poor penetration and retention within the subgingival infection niche. To overcome this limitation, we designed a Mo-N coordinated nanozyme exhibiting synergistic mimetic activities of multiple enzymes, including peroxidase (POD)-like, oxidase (OXD)-like, and catalase (CAT)-like activity. Benefiting from Mo-N coordination and multi-enzyme mimetic behavior, Mo5N6 nanozymes dynamically modulate local oxidative reactions within the gingival sulcus, thereby effectively damaging pathogenic bacteria while avoiding excessive oxidative stress. The nanozymes efficiently suppress anaerobic Gram-negative periodontal pathogens sensitive to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), facilitating efficient attenuation of pathogenic stimuli. This strategy not only enhances the periodontal microenvironment but also facilitates the restoration of commensal microbiota and regeneration of periodontal tissues, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Mo5N6 nanozymes in periodontitis treatment.

Alkali metal thermochemical ablation is a promising anti-tumor therapy in which tumor tissue can be efficiently destroyed via both heat and hydroxyl ions released from the chemical reaction in tissue between an alkali metal and water. Encouraging results have been reported from in vitro and in vivo trials in a previous study. However, the precise process of heat and mass transfer triggered by the above thermochemical reaction in tumor tissue has still remained confusing. Here, to better understand the temperature and pH responses of tumor tissue subject to alkali metal therapy, a theoretical model coupling temperature and concentration field is developed for characterizing the physicochemical reaction and the transport process occurring around the inserted sodium capsule during treatment. Preliminary experiments in tumor tissue are performed to validate the theoretical predictions of temperature, and the results indicate that the bioheat transfer model can predict the temperature responses in the tissues heated by the sodium capsule very well. Furthermore, comprehensive parametric studies are performed to evaluate the effects of either physiological or physicochemical parameters, including ablation time, time lags, and blood perfusion rate. Based on the numerical results, useful instructions are suggested for planning alkali metal tumor ablation treatment.

The persistent challenge of real-time copper analysis in complex biological matrices underscores the urgent need for advanced sensing paradigms. To overcome the conventional trade-offs among response speed, detection accuracy, and biocompatibility, we have developed a near-infrared Ag 2 S quantum dots (QDs) platform through one-pot microwave synthesis. The as-prepared Ag₂S QDs exhibit remarkable water solubility, excellent dispersibility, and optical properties. Benefiting from these features, the sensing system enables rapid Cu 2 ⁺ detection with a response time of only 30 s, greatly improving analytical efficiency. Moreover, the near-infrared emission and large Stokes shift (290 nm) characteristics effectively reduce background scattering and autofluorescence interference, facilitating highly sensitive quantitative detection of Cu 2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 21 nM. More importantly, this strategy demonstrates excellent selectivity and biocompatibility, successfully applied for the detection and visualization of Cu 2+ in real samples and living cells. Overall, this strategy offers a powerful and practical approach for Cu 2 ⁺ monitoring, showing great potential in environmental surveillance and Cu 2+ -related disease research.

Hydrogel-based iontronic sensing (HBIS) is emerging as a compelling frontier at the interface of soft matter, electrochemistry, and bioelectronics, driven by the unique ability of hydrogels to communicate with living systems through hydrated ionic networks rather than electronic conduction in rigid solids. This ionic mode of signal transduction enables intrinsically compliant interactions with biological tissues, electrolytes, and dynamic fluidic microenvironments, making HBIS highly attractive for flexible bioelectronics. As the field evolves from material optimization toward integrated and intelligent systems, a unifying understanding of material design, ion transport, and device function remains lacking. Here, a multiscale quantitative framework is established to bridge structure, transport, and sensing performance in HBIS. Representative material platforms, including polyelectrolytes, ionogels, and nanocomposite hydrogels, are examined alongside key transport mechanisms, such as diffusion, electromigration, convection, electroosmotic flow, adsorption-site hopping, and Grotthuss-type conduction. Quantitative modeling approaches based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory are further highlighted, together with emerging applications in iontronic skins, soft robotics, human-machine interfaces, and energy conversion. This review provides a design blueprint for next-generation hydrogel iontronic sensors with improved predictability, adaptability, and operational stability across biological interfaces.

During the cryogenic liquefaction of natural gas with high CO2 content, CO2 easily freezes and deposits on cryogenic heat transfer surfaces, affecting interfacial heat transfer pathways and thermal resistance distribution. Elucidating the microscopic mechanisms by which the solid CO2 deposition layer regulates heat transfer at the wall is therefore essential for understanding the evolution of interfacial heat transfer performance under deposition conditions and for optimizing the design of cryogenic heat exchangers. In this study, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the effect of a solid CO2 deposition layer on heat transfer between a Cu wall and liquid CH4. The results show that the CO2 layer acts as an intermediate heat transfer region, changing the heat transfer pathway from direct Cu to CH4 transport to a multilayer Cu to CO2 to CH4 process. Without CO2 deposition, the vibrational matching intensity (ro) between interfacial CH4 and bulk CH4 is only 31.77%. After CO2 deposition, ro increases to 56.52% for interfacial CO2 and bulk CO2, and to 88.24% for bulk CO2 and bulk CH4, indicating improved vibrational coupling and reduced interfacial thermal resistance. A small amount of dissolved CO2 also promotes energy transfer in liquid CH4 and lowers bulk thermal resistance. However, a thicker CO2 layer increases internal resistance, resulting in higher total thermal resistance and lower heat flux. These findings clarify the molecular mechanism of cryogenic interfacial heat transfer regulated by solid CO2 deposition and provide guidance for heat exchanger design in high CO2 natural gas liquefaction.

Given the urgent demand for flexibility in intelligent devices, liquid metals and flexible polymers have emerged as effective materials for the fabrication of flexible coils. However, the majority of current flexible coils show a single number of layers with sparse intra-layer structure, which impairs their sensing and actuation performance. Here, a multilayer high-density liquid metal coil (MHD-LMC) is introduced, which can be largely expanded by increasing the number of layers. Moreover, as the number of layer increases, MHD-LMC demonstrates excellent performance in both contact/non-contact sensing and actuation. As a pressure sensor, MHD-LMC is integrated into robot arm to distinguish pressing and sliding pattern. MHD-LMC can also detect a weak magnetic field as low as 50 μT, which enables it to detect the direction of electromagnetic field sources, such as a Helmholtz coil. Finally, MHD-LMC is utilized to fabricate a flexible electromagnetic pump, achieving a maximum flow rate of 11.35 mL min−1 and remaining its pumping performance under the pressed and bent conditions. In addition, the pump is capable of sensing its bending angle and subjected pressure. It provides the basis for expanding the application range of liquid metal-based complex flexible electronics, which holds significant potential for adoption in flexible robotics.

Liquid metals such as gallium-or bismuth-based alloys,along with their derived materials,can achieve reversible transitions between liquid and solid states as well as between flexible and rigid states at room temperature.Owing to their plentiful outstanding tunability in physical state and intrinsic properties,these materials are driving profound transformations across rather wide fields such as physics,chemistry,biomedicine,electrical engineering,robotics,data center cooling and advanced energy etc.,giving rise to a wide range of cutting-edge interdisciplinary frontiers and strategic emerging industries.Consequently,research and development in the area has evolved from a previously niche topic into a remarkable surge of scientific and technological focus.To better advance the revolution of this cutting edge frontier,it is crucial to identify and interpret the developmental natures of the liquid metal science,technology and industry,prospect their future trends and propose solid ways to speed up the innovation activities. In this article,we begin by interpreting the material demands driven by representative technological advances in modern and contemporary human history,thereby introducing the development landscape of room-temperature liquid metals in the 21st century and the sequential emergence of the science and technology tree they lighted up and the evolutionary trends.Then,we review the history of liquid metal research and applications,dividing it into several stages:High-melting-point metals such as gold,silver,and copper that bridge classical and modern times;Traditional toxic and highly reactive liquid metals like mercury and sodium-potassium alloys;and Currently prominent highly safe room-temperature liquid metals,including gallium and bismuth-based alloys.On this basis,we highlight the foundational discoveries and typical technological breakthroughs of room-temperature liquid metals,which have been hailed as"The Second Revolution in Human Utilization of Metals".Based on a discussion of the liquid metal genome and combinatorial materials,we elucidate the exceptional enabling characteristics of liquid metals for various materials,as well as their functional scalability and vast development potential.Using liquid metal chip cooling,printed electronics and semiconductors,biomaterials science,and transformable robotics as illustrative examples,we outline the transdisciplinary and pan-disciplinary cross-fertilizing nature of liquid metals and their advancement styles.We interpret the typical paradigms over the fundamental researches and engineering practices.And through deep integration with established subjects and industries,we distill a corresponding cluster of cross-disciplines enabled from liquid metals.Furthermore,we also explore AI pathways for accelerating innovation and empowering talent cultivation in unconventional areas.Through an overview of the development trajectory of liquid metal science,we outline both accidental and inevitable breakthrough features during their evolution,as well as the characteristics of disruptive versus incremental innovations in the area. The emergence of room-temperature liquid metals is characterized by a pronounced transdisciplinary nature and extensive interdisciplinary integration,which has largely reshaped conventional understandings of traditional materials,fluid machines,and rigid matter.The technology tree illuminated by liquid metals has exhibited vigorous vitality,opening up vast development spaces for materials science and engineering,while also providing fertile ground for cultivating innovative talent in interdisciplinary fields.The liquid metals profoundly trigger fundamental and practical research paradigm shifts and game changing industries,offering abundant innovation opportunities across many frontier scientific and technological fields.Proactively exploring and harnessing the boundless possibilities embedded in liquid metals will accelerate the formation of more interdisciplinary fields,key technologies,and industrial clusters. Overall,liquid metal science and technology bridges both microscopic fundamental sciences and macroscopic industrial applications,exhibiting a breadth of scope that is rarely seen among most of today's fields.This article deepens the understanding of the general liquid metal sciences,engineering and interdisciplinary subjects and offers guiding insights for the evaluation,forecasting and incubation of emerging directions,and is expected to foster more bottom-up innovations and promote the establishment of ever diverse cross-disciplines.

Brucellosis, a globally significant zoonosis, demands rapid, accurate diagnostics to optimize therapeutic intervention and containment. Traditional detection methods face critical limitations, including poor discrimination between acute and past infections and lengthy testing times. In recent years, detection technologies based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERs) have emerged as a focal point in the field of Brucella diagnosis, offering high sensitivity, real-time readouts, and portability. This review highlights pioneering SERS applications, particularly its synergy with lateral flow immunochromatography, detailing their mechanistic basis, diagnostic metrics, and clinical translational prospects. In addition, we further discuss the advantages and current limitations of SERS technology in disease staging, rapid screening, and deployment in resource-limited settings, drawing on the latest research findings to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the advancement of Brucella detection methods.

Although low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) exhibits high potential for radiotherapy, it meets a cascade of limitations for effectively eradicating refractory tumors due to low cell-killing effects, insufficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and acquired radio-resistance. Here, we engineered a new type of self-oxygenating nanoreactor (HCCP) to relieve hypoxia and effectively eradicate radio-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by combining low-dose X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (LX-PDT), cuproptosis and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which was further discovered to trigger the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway for immunotherapy. HCCP was engineered by self-assembling hyaluronic acid-shielded ultrasmall calcium peroxide nanodots onto Cu-porphyrin coordinated core nanoparticles. HCCP can target breast cancer cells to supply O2 and H2O2 to relieve hypoxia, generate ROS, and induce cuproptosis and apoptosis by Cu, CDT and LX-PDT. By i.v. injection, HCCP exhibited high tumor accumulation and alleviated tumor hypoxia, leading to effective eradication of conventional, large and radio-resistant TNBC upon low-dose X-ray irradiation with promoted survival rates. Additionally, HCCP was further found to activate STING and elicit robust antitumor immunity for potently inhibiting distant and metastatic TNBC. Collectively, this study presents an effective nanoreactor-based strategy to overcome the limitations of LDRT for potently treating refractory TNBC malignancies, and highlights its potential for further translational development.

Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are accelerating global climate deterioration, necessitating the development of green methods for converting it into valuable carbon-based materials. However, the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of CO2 make its activation face grand challenges, requiring the collaborative advancement of new materials and advanced technologies. Liquid metals (LMs) possess both metallic and fluidic properties, offering unique opportunities due to their oxygen adsorption capacity and mechano-electrochemical activity. Herein, we introduce a triphase system composed of LMs, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and CO2. This system leverages differentiated electronic states at the multiphase interface to manage contact electrification, effectively converting CO2 into solid carbon products. The strategy generates highly reactive reducing electrons at the solid-liquid interface through a force-electrochemical coupling mechanism, thereby circumventing traditional electrocatalytic power inputs. This innovative approach, based on the liquid metals contact-electrocatalytic (LMs-CEC), directly converts mechanical energy into chemical energy, overcoming the high-energy input required in the conventional carbon conversion processes. Our approach will offer a promising solution for the green conversion of CO2, which could advance carbon-negative technologies.

Significance The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence,large satellite constellations,and deep-space exploration is reshaping global demand for computing infrastructure. On Earth,the continued scaling of data centers has resulted in a sharp rise in energy consumption and increasingly severe thermal constraints,driven by limitations in power supply and cooling efficiency. In the space domain,observation platforms and interplanetary missions generate a growing volume of raw data;however,their heavy reliance on down-link based processing remains constrained by limited bandwidth and communication latency. These parallel trends have stimulated growing interest in space data centers as a means of deploying computing capabilities directly in orbit or deep space. An early conceptualization of space data centers and their enabling technologies was proposed in late 2011 by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,accompanied by a patent (CN201110452453. 4). By exploiting near-continuous solar power and the cold environment of space,space data centers offer a potential pathway to reducing the overall energy cost of computation while enabling on-orbit data processing,prioritization,and storage. Their practical realization,however,is fundamentally constrained by thermal management technology. The combination of high power density,distributed heat sources,extended heat transport distances,and microgravity-induced flow instability places thermal management at the core of system design. Rather than serving as an auxiliary function,thermal control directly determines system reliability,mass efficiency,and the extent to which space data centers can be scaled beyond early demonstrators. Progress Thermal control technologies for space data centers can be broadly categorized into passive and active approaches,which together establish baseline thermal balance and provide enhanced heat transport and regulation capabilities. Passive thermal control techniques,including heat pipes,thermal interface materials (TIMs),phase change materials (PCMs),radiators,and thermal control coatings,rely on conduction,radiation,and latent heat buffering to stabilize system temperatures with minimal energy input. Advances in variable-conductance heat pipes and loop heat pipes have improved temperature regulation and long-distance heat transport,while emerging TIMs emphasize reduced contact resistance,radiation tolerance,and long-term stability. PCMs are increasingly integrated with heat spreaders and vapor chambers to buffer cyclic and transient thermal loads,and radiator technologies are evolving toward lightweight,variable-emissivity designs capable of dynamically responding to orbital environments. Active thermal control technologies play an indispensable role as input power and thermal load increase. Mechanically pumped fluid loops and pump-driven two-phase convection systems use circulating working fluids to transport large amounts of heat away from concentrated sources,offering higher heat transport capacity and improved temperature uniformity. Significant progress has been achieved in multi-kilowatt-class systems through improvements in pump reliability,accumulator design,and two-phase flow stability in a microgravity environment. Complementary active components,including heaters,thermoelectric coolers,and thermal switches,enable precise local temperature regulation,low-temperature survival in extreme environments,and adaptive control of thermal pathways. Collectively,these technologies have been validated on platforms such as space stations,planetary probes,and high-power satellites,providing a technical foundation for future space data center deployment. Conclusion and Prospect Current thermal control strategies for space data centers are largely based on the combined use of passive and active approaches and have so far supported systems with power levels on the order of several tens of kilowatts. As computing capacity continues to expand,however,these approaches are approaching their intrinsic limits. At the hundreds-of-kilowatts and megawatt levels,constraints associated with radiative heat rejection,system mass growth,and controllability under variable operating conditions are expected to intensify,placing thermal management at the core of system-level scalability. Further advancement demands integrated thermal architectures that address heat generation,transport,storage,and rejection in a coordinated manner across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Progress in microgravity two-phase heat transfer,compact thermal energy storage,and lightweight radiators with controllable emissivity will be particularly critical,alongside the development of thermal materials that combine ultralow thermal resistance with long-term tolerance to the space environment. Cutting-edge thermal management strategies,such as liquid metal cooling,are expected to play increasingly important roles in addressing the extreme heat flux challenges posed by AI chips. Advances in these directions will be decisive in determining whether space data centers can evolve from early demonstrations into a robust and scalable computing infrastructure for future space missions.

Magnetic liquid metal soft robots hold promise for minimally invasive interventions in complex in vivo environments, yet their fabrication challenges must simultaneously achieve structural customization, spatial magnetic programming, and rapid conductive network construction. Here, we present a magnetic-field-assisted 3D printing strategy to fabricate soft robots with programmable magnetic domains and magnetothermal therapeutic capabilities. Using acid-assisted de-oxidation and silver (Ag)-coated neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) particles to enhance wetting, we prepared magnetic liquid metals that exhibit magnetic-field-induced coalescence and achieved an order-of-magnitude increase in electrical conductivity. Furthermore, a geometry-dependent model based on eddy-current losses revealed that printed paths significantly improve heating efficiency under alternating magnetic fields. Leveraging a locally oriented magnetic field during printing, we encoded spatially resolved hard-magnetic domains, yielding predictable 3D deformation and multiple gaits, including grasping, crawling, and rolling. Finally, we demonstrated localized magnetothermal heating in ex vivo porcine colon tissues, validated by thermal measurements and finite-element simulations. This study offers a manufacturable, programmable, and scalable liquid metal additive manufacturing platform for personalized magnetically driven magnetothermal therapy in complex biological environments.

The escalating global threat of infectious diseases, compounded by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), calls for improved diagnostic strategies. Conventional pathogen detection techniques─culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microscopy─remain hindered by prolonged turnaround times, suboptimal sensitivity for low-abundance analytes, and operational intricacy. Nanosensor technologies have emerged as powerful enablers of rapid, ultrasensitive, and field-deployable diagnostics. This review delineates the convergence of three transformative domains: (1) advanced biorecognition strategies─including monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, molecularly imprinted polymers, and lectins─that confer high-fidelity molecular selectivity within complex biological matrices; (2) multimodal signal amplification technologies, encompassing nanomaterial-enhanced mechanisms, enzymatic cascades, and isothermal nucleic acid amplification that drive detection down to the single-cell and femtomolar regimes; and (3) integrated platform engineering, uniting clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas (CRISPR-Cas) systems, artificial intelligence (AI), and microfluidics to achieve multiplexed, real-time, point-of-care deployment. Advances are critically evaluated through standardized performance metrics─limit of detection, assay time, specificity, and operational simplicity─to reveal both synergistic opportunities and enduring translational bottlenecks. Collectively, these developments define a strategic framework for next-generation nanosensor diagnostics poised to revolutionize infectious disease surveillance and enable precision-guided therapeutic intervention.