The characteristics of soil and climate and the current situation of rice direct seeding in western Jilin Province were introduced. The problems of rice varieties, supporting cultivation techniques, coordination between theoretical guidance and practical operation were preliminarily analyzed, and some suggestions were put forward for the development of rice direct seeding in this region in the future.

本研究选用238份吉林省、黑龙江省水稻品种及自创高世代品系为供试材料,经室内简易程序(15℃恒温2 cm水深处理10 d)筛选,以萌发率、发芽率、发芽势为鉴定指标,初筛出59份耐低温低氧材料;对初筛出的材料进行室内精准鉴定,以12℃低温处理15 d后发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数为主鉴定指标,筛选出19份较耐冷材料,其中有8份材料表现强耐低温;以低氧胁迫下胚芽鞘长度为主鉴定指标,参考发芽率、苗高、缺氧反应指数,筛选出较耐低氧材料15份;低温低氧混合胁迫处理后有39份材料出苗成苗率较高;室内覆土试验显示,在催芽和干籽条件下成苗率均高于60％的有19份材料;田间自然鉴定,有21份材料表现出较高的出苗成苗率且出苗速度相对较快.综合混合胁迫、覆土试验和田间鉴定结果,筛选出16份较耐低温低氧材料:L-2、L-30、L-39、L-5、L-8、W-106、W-14、W-39、W-43、W-65、W-82、W-86、Z-32、Z-33、Z-59和Z-7.

选择耐盐碱性较强的水稻回交导入系材料JE、JI1、JI2、JH1、JH2及回交亲本JJ(吉粳88),在温室内进行水培,以50 mmol/L的Na2CO3和NaHCO3(摩尔比9∶1)作为盐碱处理,研究对苗期水稻植株Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Mo2+等矿质离子的影响.结果 表明:碱性盐胁迫下,Na+含量显著增加,大量Na+向叶片分配,导致植株体内阳离子显著增加,破坏了植株体内的离子平衡;K+含量降低,叶片的降幅小于根系,K+在叶片中分配比例增加,从而保持较高的K+/Na+比,使植株少受盐害;叶片中Ca2+和Mo2+含量降低,而根系中含量增加;Mg2+含量未见显著变化;Mn2+含量降低,以根系中降幅显著;Fe2+、Zn2+含量呈现增加趋势.与JJ相比,耐盐碱性较强的JE、JH1、JH2、JI1、JI2叶片中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+比较高,Na+所占TC(阳离子总量)和MC(单价阳离子总量)比例较低.

为提高直播水稻产量和磷肥利用率,本试验研究了不施磷肥(CK)、当地习惯施肥(FFP)、基肥条施(P1)和综合调控(P2)等磷肥调控方式对直播水稻产量及磷肥利用率的影响.结果表明,施用磷酸二铵(FFP、P1)具有显著的增产效果,与CK相比,增产率分别为15.7％和25.8％.产量的增加主要归因于单位面积有效穗数和千粒重的增加.直播水稻的磷肥(P2O5)农学利用率、吸收利用率、生理利用率和偏生产力的大小均表现为P1＞FFP＞P2.3个处理的土壤磷素依存率分别为90.0％、69.4％和65.4％,条施磷酸一铵(P2)时,直播水稻吸收的磷主要来自于土壤,其对土壤磷素的依赖程度大;局部供应磷酸二铵(P1)时依赖程度最低,肥料利用率最高.

Relevant literatures on the studies relating to the lodging resistance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant published in China and abroad in the past two decades were reviewed. This article summarizes the genetic factors and regulation mechanisms of the resistance, as well as the applicable methods for identifying and evaluating the property that closely affects rice production. Taking the interrelations between lodging resistance and other factors, such as panicle type, physical strength of stem at the base, root morphology, and plant type, into consideration, the conclusion can become rather complex. It was suggested, in preventing or mitigating permanent displacement of rice plant parts due to external effects, breeding new varieties to restrict plant height be applied conservatively. By using conventional cross breeding along with the newly available molecular biotechnology, varieties could be generated to simultaneously be lodging-resistant as well as highly desirable on other quality concerns. Meanwhile, perfecting the cultivation, standardizing the identification and evaluation protocols, and utilizing the techniques of modeling and UAV remote sensing to establish a digital lodging warning system in the field would help to accelerate the advancement on the management and improvement of lodging resistance of rice plants for an optimal production performance.

以3份粳稻材料为对象,设置25℃(适温)、12℃(低温)2个出苗温度、4种覆土厚度(1、3、5、7 cm)共8种处理,研究不同温度和覆土厚度对水稻出苗的影响.结果显示:在适温条件下,3份供试材料在覆土厚度为1、3、5 cm时,处理间出苗率无显著差异,当覆土厚度达7 cm时,其出苗率显著降低,与1 cm、3 cm和5 cm时出苗率差异极显著;而在低温处理下,覆土厚度为1～3 cm,其出苗率最高.综合考虑覆土厚度对出苗率、出苗时间、根数、根长、芽鞘节、第二节间、叶龄和株高的影响.结果表明:在适温条件下,1～5 cm的覆土厚度均可;而在低温处理下,较适宜的覆土厚度为1～3 cm.

以113份来自吉林、 黑龙江省水稻品种(系)为材料,通过室内低温低氧鉴定,并结合田间盐碱、 熟期、产量鉴定,筛选适宜吉林西部中轻度盐碱稻区直播的水稻品种(系).结果表明:113份供试材料中有17份材料表现出较强的低温低氧耐性;89份正常成熟材料小区产量存在显著差异,产量水平在8000kg/hm2以上的品种(系)有6份.综合考虑品种(系)的苗期低温低氧耐性、大田盐碱耐性及熟期、产量等性状,筛选出3份较宜直播材料.

近年直播技术在亚洲地区迅速发展,我国新疆、 宁夏、 黑龙江、 江苏、 浙江、 上海等地水稻直播面积逐年快速增加,水稻直播栽培已经成为一些地区的主栽方式.吉林省水稻旱直播技术尚处于起步阶段,本文就涉及水稻机械旱直播中的品种选择、 播种时期、 播种量、 配套农机具以及病虫草防治等方面进行规范,为促进吉林省直播稻的健康发展提供科技依据.

Three rice materials were used to analyze the suitable sowing rate of rice under the condition of dry direct-seeding. The results showed that, with the increase of seeding rate, the growth period became shorter, the height became shorter and the valid tillering rate per plant decreased. The theoretical yield of JZ-1, JZ-3, JZ-5 showed a parabola trend with the increase of sowing rate, and reached the highest value under the condition of 200 kg/hm2, the valid panicle number increased gradually, the panicle length, the grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight increased slightly and decreased as a whole.

水稻新品种"吉粳811"是通过有性杂交回交,经系谱法选育而成.2a吉林省区域试验结果显示该品种比对照增产1.8％,1a生产试验该品种比对照"秋光"增产3.1％;苗瘟、 叶瘟表现均为中抗以上;米质达国家二级优质米."吉粳811"具有高产、 优质、 抗病、 适应性广等优点.于2019年初通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,在生产上具有广阔的推广价值.

通过田间调查取样和室内分析,研究了水稻种植（5～30年）对吉林省西部苏打盐碱土的改良和培肥效果。结果表明:与种稻前的荒地土壤相比,种稻后土壤的pH、全盐量、交换性钠、碱化度、CO 3 2- 、HCO 3 - 、Cl - 、Ca 2+ 、Na + 和＜0.053 mm粉黏粒含量显著降低,而SO 4 2- 、总有机碳、水溶性有机碳、胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳、碱解氮和2～0.25 mm大团聚体含量显著增加;同时,有机碳组成中的烷基碳和烷氧碳含量增加,而芳香碳和羰基碳含量降低,脂族碳/芳香碳比值增加,而烷基碳/烷氧碳和疏水碳/亲水碳比值降低;随种稻年限的延长,以上变化规律通常表现的更为明显。上述结果表明,种稻不仅能够降低土壤碱性和盐分含量,而且有助于提高土壤有机碳的含量和品质,以及改善土壤结构性,因此是改良和培肥苏打盐碱土的有效方式。

Rice direct seeding is a time-saving, labor-saving technology. It has developed rapidly in Northeast Rice Region. There are problems about rice direct seeding that include seedling emergence, weeding, lodging and stable production. It were summarized about the existing problems and proposed the countermeasures of the development of direct seeding rice that include strengthening the study of high-yield comprehensive techniques, introduction and demonstration of direct seeding techniques. At the same time, it's necessary to design the direct-seeding rice group and speed up variety approval. The development of direct-seeding rice should fully consider the problems about variety, cultivated land, risk and technology.

Blast is one of the most hazardous diseases in rice production. Planting resistance variety is an effective solution to control the disease. In this study, a backcross population derived from two parents, Jijing 88 and 93072, was selected to identify blast resistance genes using bulked extremes and recessive class under artificial inoculation and further to deduce the composition of resistance genes in Jijing 809 developed from Jijing 88 and 93072. Four major resistance genes, i.e.,Pi-2(t), Pi-7-1(t), Pi-7-2(t), andPi-11(t), were responsible for segregation of resistance to the strong virulent strain GD9-1, and only one resistance genePi-2(t) for segregation of resistance to the weak virulent strain GD19-1. Among them,Pi-2(t) was effective to both strains. The favorable alleles at all loci were from 93072 except for the allele atPi-2(t) from Jijing 88. According to genomic comparison,Pi-2(t) was deduced to be allelic toPi-b, andPi-11(t) toPi-47(t) orPik; whereasPi-7-1(t)andPi-7-2(t) were two novel resistance genes, which were linkages to SSR markers with RM21260 (0.11 cM) and RM8037 (6.97 cM). Genotypes on the four above-referenced loci were compared between Jijing 809 and its parents by using closely linked SSR markers and a set of 56k gene chip developed from re-sequenced data of 3000 accessions of rice germplasm. The results indicated that the resistance genes inJijing 809,Pi-2(t) andPi-11(t), were inherited from the recurrent parent Jijing 88 and the donor parent 93072, respectively, which reasonably ex-plained the higher blast resistance in Jijing 809 than in Jijing 88. Finally, we discussed how to pyramid different known major resistant genes, especially to make full use of the ‘defeated’ resistance gene in the original resistant variety to improve blast resis-tance in rice.

公众参与是一种在社会学、经济学、政治学等多种社会科学中就有所体现的词汇,在环境保护领域,公众参与主要指的是公民通过参与一切与环境利益有关的决策活动,让环境决策符合公民切身利益的政治活动.本文主要从公众参与制度在我国环境保护中的应用意义入手,对公众参与制度在我国环境保护中的应用现状和我国环境保护中公众参与制度的完善问题进行了探究.

对收集到的230份水稻种质资源进行了水稻萌发期和孕穗期耐冷性鉴定与评价,初步筛选出萌发期耐冷性强的水稻种质资源64份,其中耐冷性极强材料29份;孕穗期耐冷资源43份.研究结果为水稻耐冷育种提供了新的基因资源,同时还为水稻耐冷基因的挖掘提供了物质基础.

吉宏6号吉林省全禾种业有限公司育成的水稻新品种,2014年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定号吉审稻2014019.是目前吉林省审定的首个带香气的圆粒优质水稻新品种.生育期138 d,分蘖力适中,米质符合二等食用粳稻品种品质规定要求.2 a区域试验平均产量8 333.4 kg/hm2,比对照品种通35增产2.1％.适应于吉林省中熟及中熟以上稻区种植.

Taking advantages of the pollen tube pathway method, Rice Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences used good-quality rice strain Jifeng 20 as the receptor and genomic DNA of Alkali thatched blade as the donor to breed new variety Jijing 113, which was selected by several generation choosing of variant offspring.It was characterized of early and optimal maturing, fine quality, good taste, resistant to rice blast etc. It was registered and released by Jilin Province Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2014, and was awarded as a good-quality rice variety in the seventh session of Jilin Province new rice variety evaluation activities. Breeding process,characteristics and key cultivation techniques of Jijing 113 were introduced in this paper.

吉粳809于2013年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,荣获2013年由吉林省农委组织的吉林省超级稻高产竞赛第一名.吉粳809的育成,成为继吉粳88后唯一一个在产量、品质、抗性等方面都十分优秀的水稻新品种,具有极高的创新价值,该品种达到国内领先水平,特别在抗稻瘟病等方面优势明显,对促进吉林水稻持续健康高效发展,保障粮食安全具有重要意义.

吉粘10是吉林省农科院水稻所采用品种间杂交方法，以吉01-2828为母本，吉粳81为父本杂交，经多代选择及特性鉴定育成的中熟粳型糯稻新品种。生育期137 d，需≥10℃积温2700～2800℃。丰产性好，抗稻瘟病性较强，米质优良，活秆成熟，适应性广。生产上应注意稀播育壮秧，适期移栽，氮、磷、钾肥配合施用，本田灌水采用浅-深-浅灌溉方法，及时防治病虫害等栽培技术。

随着我国工业化、城镇化进程快速推进,农村劳动力特别是青壮年劳动力大量转移到非农产业,新生代农民弃农现象日趋突出,农业劳动力短缺问题日益严重,农村劳动力弱化及短缺已经成为不可逆转的现实.怎样种好地,从而稳定粮食生产,是摆在农业生产当中亟待研究的课题.本文针对吉林省稻区的实际情况,对水稻直播的意义、可行性、利弊及生产实践进行论述,旨在可持续低碳发展吉林省寒地稻作产业.