A gap between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission inventory and regulation policy has increased owing to a fundamental obstacle to tracing pollution sources that emit reactive species in reality. A new speciated anthropogenic VOCs emission inventory, consisting of 760 sources and 515 species, was established and indicated that 19.9 Tg VOCs was emitted in China with considering VOCs-contained gas collection and treatment. Emission of aromatics, alkanes, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), halocarbons, alkenes/alkynes was 6488 Gg, 4613 Gg, 4018 Gg, 1578 Gg,1176 Gg, respectively. Among total VOCs, 3.42 Tg was regarded as high reactive species and its spatial distribution was consistent with observed ozone concentrations. Here, we proved that motor vehicle, refinery and petrochemical, industrial coating, asphalt pavement, and biomass burning contributed 83.8 % to high reactive emissions. We further identified several critical sources that had been historically overlooked but might significantly exacerbate regional ozone and aerosol pollution, including the manufacturing of automotive parts, specialized electronic materials, and batteries. New materials, mainly composed of esters, ether, and alcohols, were proposed to substitute traditional materials for controlling VOCs emissions in these newly recognized sources due to high difficulty in VOCs-contained gas collection and end removal, and this could drive the technology upgrade of whole industry chain that reduced reactive emissions in a bigger scope simultaneously. The results highlight the importance of source and species coverage in emission inventory and meanwhile support regulations on omitted sources.

The current data sources used for establishing emission inventories are relatively homogenous and do not meet the requirement of real-time and accurate environmental management. Multi-source environmental management data could reflect enterprises' detailed information and provide support for emission inventories. To assess the current situation of air pollutants and CO2 emissions from industrial sources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas in 2020， this study integrates emergency emission reduction lists with pollution discharge permit data and establishes a high spatio-temporal resolution industrial emission inventory using a combination of "bottom-up" and "top-down" approach. The results showed that the SO2，NOx，VOCs，PM10，PM2.5， and CO2 emissions from industrial sources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas in 2020 were 48.72×104， 60.33×104， 108.95×104， 58.82×104， 38.75×104， and 140 873.59×104 t， respectively. Industrial boilers and iron and steel and cement industries accounted for the largest proportion in addition to VOCs， with a total proportion between 51% and 82%. The refining and petrochemical industry accounted for the largest proportion of VOCs （54.1%）. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on industrial source emissions， we quantified the changes in daily emissions of each pollutant and CO2 during the Spring Festival of 2020. The emissions of air pollutants and CO2 decreased by 7%-16% and recovered to the pre-holiday level after the holiday， indicating that the industrial emissions sources were less affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. This was mainly because most industrial sources belonged to non-interruptible industries. The study results help to grasp the current situation of industrial source emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas and provide scientific support for the near real-time and refined management of air pollution.

The building materials industry is a typical resource and energy-consuming industry, as well as one of the major sources of air pollution. As the world’s largest producer and consumer of building material products, China thus far has insufficient research on the emissions of the building materials industry, and the data sources are short of multiplicity. In this study, the building materials industry in Henan Province was chosen, and the control measures inventory for pollution emergency response（CMIPER） was applied to the development of the emission inventory for the first time. Through the integration of multi-source data such as CMIPER, a pollution discharge permit, and environmental statistics, the activity data of the building materials industry was refined, and a more accurate emission inventory of the building materials industry in Henan Province was established. The results showed that the SO 2 , NO x , primary PM 2.5 , and PM 10 emissions of the building materials industry in Henan Province in 2020 were 21 788, 51 427, 10 107, and 14 471 t, respectively. Cement and bricks and tiles were the two categories with the highest contribution of emissions from the building materials industry in Henan Province, accounting for more than 50% in total. TheNO x emission of the cement industry was a key issue, and the overall emission control level of the brick and tile industry was relatively unadvanced. The central and northern parts of Henan Province contributed the most emissions in the building materials industry, accounting for more than 60%. It is recommended to further implement ultra-low emission retrofit in the cement industry, and for other industries such as the bricks and tiles, the improvement of local emission standards is encouraged to persistently promote the emission control of the building materials industry.

: Herein, a 210-m 2 sintering machine was tested under different material layer thickness conditions to investigate the effect of the thick layer sintering technology on the emissions of flue gas pollutants from the sintering machine. The relationship between the material layer thickness and pollutant emission concentration, sinter output and drum index was studied using a flue gas analyser (MH3200). The results show that the discharge of gaseous pollutants has a positive linear correlation with the material layer thickness during the sintering process of SO 2 , NO and CO. Furthermore, the emission of pollutants per tonne of product decreases as the layer thickness increases. When the thickness of the material is increased from 550 to 650 mm, the emissions of SO 2 , NO and CO per tonne of the sintered ore can be reduced by 0.22, 0.07 and 1.7 kg/t, respectively.

Pyrolysis plays a critical role in clean coal technology and energy conversion and is also conducive to the early peaking of carbon dioxide emissions. Light tar production from traditional coal pyrolysis using various iron-based catalysts for chemicals and fuel oil has gained attention recently. In this study, waste hematite was initially used for catalytic upgrading of rapid coal pyrolysis. Subsequently, thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were utilized to compare the performances, kinetic parameters, and volatile composition of coal pyrolysis with Fe2O3 and hematite. The results showed that the maximum weight loss rate of coal pyrolysis increased by 1.55 %/min and 0.32 %/min with the addition of Fe2O3 and hematite, respectively, indicating that the pyrolysis reaction became more rapid and intense with iron-based catalysts. Both Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods revealed that the catalysts reduced the apparent activation energy of coal pyrolysis. Online FTIR showed the emission temperature and content of coal volatiles, suggesting iron-based catalysts were conducive to the cracking of oxygen-containing functional groups and the directional cracking of groups to CO. Py-GC/MS illustrated the presence of Fe2O3 and hematite could reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In addition, a mechanism for rapid coal pyrolysis with iron-based catalysts was proposed to provide fundamental information for the transformation of aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is believed that iron-based catalysts have great potential for future research on upgrading coal volatiles and tar.

Presently, the treatment of four-way catalysts is important for reducing pollutant emissions from diesel engine exhaust, which is a major cause of urban haze. In this study, we prepared perovskite-type catalysts via the citric acid sol–gel method. Experiment results showed that K substitution at site A in LaMnO3 decreased the agglomeration of the catalysts effectively, increased the contact with the reaction gas, promoted the conversion of Mn3+ → Mn4+, and reduced the ignition temperature of soot. Ce substitution at the B-site in La0.5K0.5MnO3 produced a CeO2 phase and decreased the Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio to 0.49, which is conducive to improving the catalytic oxidation performance. The K and Ce co-doping had the best activation effect, which showed a low activation energy (10.87 KJ mol–1) and a high simultaneous removal rate of NOx (reaching 90% at 275 °C) and soot ignition at 250 °C under lean conditions.

A series of La0.5K0.5Mn1−yPdyO3 catalysts with different doping amounts of Pd (y = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) were synthesized by the citric acid complexation method and tested for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot.

Membrane material, pore size, and cleaning strategy are important factors for microalgal membrane harvesting. In this study, harvesting of Scenedesmus acuminatus cultivated in pilot scale using nine ultrafiltration and three microfiltration membranes was carried out in cross-flow filtration system to compare their filtration performance and flux recovery after physical and chemical cleaning. The 0.45-μm PVDF-AsahiKASEI membrane had the highest average flux of 513.6 L m−2 h−1 among 12 membranes and 50-kDa PVC-Litree membrane had the highest average flux of 98.0 L m−2 h−1 among nine ultrafiltration membranes for 60 L S. acuminatus suspension harvesting. There were significantly positive correlations between membrane pore size, pure water flux, and average flux for S. acuminatus suspension harvesting. Generally, ultrafiltration membrane had moderate total fouling index (TFI) and high proportion of hydraulic reversible fouling index (HRFI) of more than 95%. The 0.45-μm PVDF-AsahiKASEI membrane had a low TFI but the lowest proportion of HRFI, associated with the residual microalgal cells, debris, and colloids on the inner surface and top ends of some cells inserted to big membrane pores, demonstrated by SEM image and reduced porosity from 65.9 to 60.2%. Compared to soaking cleaning, circulation cleaning strategy had a better flux recovery efficiency for 0.45-μm PVDF-AsahiKASEI membrane, proving that it would be a potential way in membrane chemical cleaning. This study demonstrated that microfiltration with high flux has great potential in microalgal harvesting if flux recovery efficiency can be significantly increased using suitable cleaning strategy such as circulation cleaning strategy.

Pterosaur specimens with complete and well-preserved palatal region are rare. Here we describe new and previously collected specimens of the pterodactyloid pterosaur Dsungaripterus weii that are three-dimensionally preserved and provide new anatomical information for this species. Among the unique features is a lateral process of the pterygoid divided into two parts: an anterior thin, parabolic arc shaped element that separates the secondary subtemporal and the subtemporal fenestrae, followed by a dorsoventrally flattened portion that is directed inside the subtemporal fenestrae. The interpterygoid fenestrae join forming an irregular oval shape with two symmetrical posterior notches and a smooth anterior margin. Among all pterosaurs where the palate is known, the posterior configuration of the palate of D. weii is similar to some azhdarchoids, which is consistent with the suggested phylogenetic position of the Dsungaripteridae as closely related to the Azhdarchoidea. Furthermore, we identify symmetrical grooves on the lateral surface of the upper and lower jaws, that likely represent the impression of the edge of a keratinous sheath that would cover the upturned toothless rostrum during foraging activity, most likely consisting of hard elements, as has been previously assumed. Wear facets on the teeth also support this feeding mode.

To realize highly efficient and environmentally friendly utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) and iron ore, we proposed a novel method for combining MSW pyrolysis and iron ore reduction. The effects of two iron-based additives (iron ore and iron oxide) on the pyrolysis characteristics of MSW were first investigated by using TGA, and the kinetic results illustrated that the average activation energy of MSW pyrolysis was 180.32 kJ/mol. By adding iron ore and iron oxide, the activation energy decreased to 151.76 and 150.18 kJ/mol, respectively. Then, the product yield and product composition of MSW were analyzed by a fixed-bed reactor, GC-MS and GC. The fixed-bed reactor experiments of MSW pyrolysis indicated that the iron ore and iron oxide acted as catalysts to change the yield and composition of pyrolysis gas and tar, thereby promoting thermal cracking of MSW and showing a high conversion rate for MSW pyrolysis (55.81 and 55.05%). The GC-MS and GC analyses demonstrated that the two additives could significantly reduce the heteroatomic compounds of pyrolysis tar and increase H-2, CO and CO2 production. Furthermore, the reduction of iron ore and the catalytic mechanism were analyzed by H-2-TPR, XPS and BET. The H2-TPR results showed that compared with the peak of iron oxide, the characteristic peaks of iron ore shifted to a high temperature due to being suppressed by minerals in the iron ore. XPS suggested that the MSW volatiles led to an increase in the binding energy of Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 and a decrease in the binding energy of O 1s during the reduction of iron ore. BET analysis indicated that the high activity of the catalyst might be attributed to its high surface area. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this paper, to investigate the catalytic pyrolysis behavior of coal (XJ) volatiles over two hematite (HA and HB), a double-layered fixed-bed reaction apparatus, which was easy to separate coal and catalysts was employed to measure the pyrolysis tar yield, and the composition of pyrolysis tar and gas was investigated by GC-MS and GC. The results indicated that both hematite A and hematite B reduced the tar yield and caused an increase in CH4, CO2 and H-2 output. Analysis of the chemical composition of tar indicated that XJ had a high content of pitch (46.39 %). At the same time, the addition of HA and HB decreased the pitch content by 7.59 and 8.88 %, respectively. Then, the change in the hematite chemical composition and physical structure after catalytic pyrolysis was characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, SEM and N-2 adsorption-desorption. Furthermore, a catalytic mechanism was proposed to illustrate the transformation of pyrolysis tar over hematite. Fe atoms and lattice oxygen are the decisive factors in the bond cleavage of pyrolysis tar. Fe atoms can break the C-C and C-H bonds of aliphatic hydrocarbons, while lattice oxygen can promote C-O bond cleavage and produce CO2.

In this study, experiments were conducted to systematically determine how the surface morphology, microcrystalline and thermal transformation characteristics of coal change during acid treatment. HCl-HF acid washing was applied to pretreat the raw coal. The effects of the demineralization treatment on the carbonaceous structure and functional groups were first tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the demineralization treatment significantly removes the peaks of inherent mineral matter (based on XRD), enhances the disorder in the structure of the coal (based on Raman spectroscopy), and changes the structure of C=O, the aromatic structure and the aliphatic side chains (based on FTIR). The surface morphologies of the raw coal and demineralized coal were then studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the demineralized coal has a greater surface roughness than the raw coal. The surface morphology of the macerals show that the demineralization treatment transforms the vitrinite peaks to valleys and increases the depths of the valleys; furthermore, the demineralization treatment cause the peaks and valleys of the surface roughness to interchange. Finally, pyrolysis experiments of the raw coal and demineralized coal were conducted with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a fixed-bed reactor, and the subsequent gas and tar compositions were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the pyrolysis reactivity of coal is decreased by demineralization treatment. The pyrolysis experiments in the fixed-bed reactor indicate that the pyrolysis conversion rate increases with the base-acid ratio of the inherent mineral matter. The pyrolysis products show that the amounts of H-2 and CH4 increases due to the presence of the inherent mineral matter. The inherent mineral matter can also promote the cracking of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds in the pyrolysis tar.

BACKGROUND:Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a hereditary disease of hemolytic anemia that occurs due to the erythrocyte membrane defects. Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS), which commonly results in jaundice, is a benign hereditary disorder of bilirubin clearance that occurs only rarely. The co-occurrence of HS and DJS is extremely rare. We recently diagnosed and treated a case of co-occurring HS and DJS.CASE SUMMARY:A 21-year-old female patient presented to our department because of severe jaundice, severe splenomegaly, and mild anemia since birth. We eventually confirmed the diagnosis of co-occurring DJS and HS by next generation sequencing (NGS). The treatment of ursodeoxycholic acid in combination with phenobarbital successfully increased hemoglobin and reduced total bilirubin and direct bilirubin.CONCLUSION:The routine application of NGS can efficiently render a definite diagnosis when inherited disorders are suspected.

Ultrafiltration membrane harvesting of Scenedesmus acuminatus was tested using alternative feed (AF) directions, i.e., bottom feed-top feed cycle and traditional bottom feed (BF). Both operations were investigated to compare the membrane performance and membrane fouling in microalgal harvesting process by scanning electron microscope (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results showed that when the AF was used with and without backwashing, average flux increased by 27.9% and 17.9%, respectively, comparing with BF (68 L m(-2) h(-1)) and the final dry weight reached 197 g L-1 and 175.8 g L-1, respectively. Microalgal cell deposition on AF membrane was reduced from 1.44 x 10(5) cell cm(-2) on BF membrane to 7.12 x 10(4) cell cm(-2) on AF membrane, according to SEM observation. The protein and polysaccharides on the AF membrane surface were also reduced according to CLSM and FTIR analysis. Fouling analysis along the fiber length revealed that fouling was most severe at the top section for BF as a result of a lower shear rate at the outlet. AF operation generated dynamic filtration by frequently switching flow directions, increasing the shear rate at both the top and bottom of the fibers, and therefore filtration and clean process simultaneously provided good performance. (C) 2019, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.

In this study, a pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane system was developed for harvesting of oleaginous Scenedesmus acuminatus by adjusting transmembrane pressure-TMP (cross flow velocity-CFV changed accordingly) and applying air-assisted backwashing technology to increase membrane flux, reduce flux declining rate and enhance flux recovery rate. A two-stage harvesting strategy (normal filtration-strengthening concentration) was performed for harvesting of 53 m(3) of S. acuminatus suspension to achieve both high flux and concentration factor. The results showed that TMP (CFV) had positive impact on average flux, and the increase could effectively overcome the decrease in average flux when harvesting microzooplankton contaminated S. acuminatus culture. Shortening the interval of air-assisted backwashing to 15 min enhanced the average flux up to 12%. The average flux decreased with the increased loading volume, and volumetric reduction factor had a negative effect on average flux. For the harvesting of 53 m(3) of S. acuminatus suspension, an average membrane flux reached up to 53.6 L/(m(2).h), with a concentration factor of 145, a final dry weight of 136 g/L, and a biomass recovery of 93% after backwashing. Techno-economic analysis for annual harvesting capacity of 10000 t dry biomass showed that the total harvesting cost was $0.30/kg dry microalgal biomass with a volumetric reduction factor of 50, and membrane harvesting under CFV of 0.5-0.6 m/s may lead to a moderate flux of 60-66.6 L/(m(2).h) and minimal total cost of $0.27/kg dry biomass based on the sensitivity analysis. The results of this study suggest that this clean and efficient ultrafiltration membrane approach has high industrialization potential. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, a strategy of combining oil sludge with steel slag to improve the quality of tar resulting from oil sludge pyrolysis and steel slag recycling is proposed. Oil sludge pyrolysis with the addition of different amounts of steel slag at different temperatures was conducted by employing a continuous pyrolysis-magnetic separation (CPM) process. The characteristics of oil pyrolysis were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), the compositions of the non-condensable gas and tar were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effect of steel slag on the tar composition and char surface morphology was analysed. The recovered steel slag concentrate was measured by a magnetic separation method. The results indicated that steel slag addition caused the weight loss rate of oil sludge to increase. The yield of tar reached a maximum of 10.63% at 550 degrees C, and the increase in temperature intensified the secondary thermal cracking of the volatile fraction and decreased the tar yield. The gas composition analysis indicated that steel slag could act as a catalyst in improving the H-2 content during the pyrolysis process of oil sludge. The addition of steel slag significantly increased the content of short alkanes and increased the C-5 similar to C-10 fraction by improving the decomposition of the C-15 similar to C-20 fraction. The recovery of steel slag from the solid pyrolysis products of oil sludge containing steel slag was conducted in a magnetic separator, and the maximum recovery rate could reach 55.03%. It was concluded that the integration of oil sludge pyrolysis with steel slag and the recovery of steel slag from the solid pyrolysis products of oil sludge containing steel slag could be feasible.

Additives can have a significant impact on the pyrolysis process. The effects of three additives (CaO, MSW char and biomass) on the pyrolysis characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) were investigated using a fixed-bed reactor. In addition, the effects of additives and temperature on the MSW pyrolysis product yield, the composition of MSW pyrolysis gases, and the composition of MSW pyrolysis tar were investigated using fixed bed reactor, GC-MS and FTIR, respectively. The results showed that the maximum tar yield of the MSW reached 28.73% at 600 degrees C and the tar yield decreased with increasing amounts of CaO and MSW. The tar yield began to decrease when the additive amount of CaO was 5% and decreased to 23.05% when the additive amount of MSW char (C) was 30%. Synergistic pyrolysis of the biomass and MSW was observed when the additive amount of the pine increased to 75% (with a tar yield of 37.91%). Regarding gas composition, with increasing additives content, the CO2 yield decreased, while the CO yield increased. According to the FTIR analysis of the tar, CaO enhanced the condensation of the aromatic rings and converted the aliphatic hydrocarbons, while C reduced the oxygenic groups of the tar. The GC-MS results revealed that the additives decreased the yield of carboxylic acid and ethanol, and increased the ester yield. The additives were also found to have a deoxidation effect that decreased the acid content, potentially improving the quality and stability of the tar. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In order to develop efficient membrane based harvesting techniques to accelerate microalgal commercialization, macrofiltration membranes of mixed cellulose with pore sizes of 0.45, 1.2, 3, 5, and 8 mu m were evaluated for Scenedesmus acuminatus harvesting. The influences of pore size on the changes in membrane flux and flux recovery were investigated, followed by a SEM analysis of the fouled membranes. The performance of S. acuminatus harvesting using the 5 mu m membrane was then compared with an ultrafiltration membrane, with both operating under a cross-flow mode. Macrofiltration operated with dead-end mode was further developed to achieve higher flux and higher solid content in the harvested biomass. The results showed that the 5 mu m mixed cellulose membrane achieved the highest average flux due to its excellent anti-fouling performance. SEM images revealed that the presence of non-cellular and cellular foulants were responsible for the fouling of the smaller sized membranes, and membranes larger than 5 mu m, respectively. Macrofiltration membrane harvesting was more efficient when a dead-end rather than a cross-flow operation was used. The average flux from a multiple - times filtration cycle reached 1845 +/- 105 L.m(-2).h(-1) for the dead-end operated 5 mu m macrofiltration membrane, which was 16-fold higher than that obtained using a cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane (107 +/- 14 L.m(-2).h(-1)). The solid content of macrofiltration-harvested biomass was 24%. This high flux and high solid content achieved through macrofiltration represents a great leap towards high-efficiency microalgal harvesting.

After spraying nano silicon on the maize under drought stress,the height,yield and insect resistance of the plants were monitored.The results showed that spraying nano silicon could improve the drought and insect resistance of maize.After nano silicon spray,the maize leaves were observed under microscope.It was found that the leaf surface was covered by a large number of silicon particles.These silicon particles enhanced the water holding capacity of stratum corneum,and reduced the chewing feel of corn leaves,hence improving the drought resistance and the pest suppression of maize.Physiological analysis showed that,after nano silicon spray,the MDA content of maize leaf cells was lower and the proline content did not show significant difference when compared to the maize leaves sprayed with water,indicating that the spray of nano silicon only cause slight damage to plants and did not cause significant changes in the intracellular signaling pathway of drought resistance.The average grain number and ear grain yield were measured.The results showed that spraying nanometer silicon could increase the average grain number by 30.36 ％ and increase the average ear grain yield by 44.18 ％,demonstrating that,when maize was under drought stress,spraying nanometer silicon could significantly improve the corn production.