Two new species of the genus Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), E. cinnamomi Wang & Huang, sp.n. and E. ophiopogonis Wang & Huang, sp.n., are described and illustrated from Fujian, China. The mitochondrial genomes of these two new species and E. diaspidicola are sequenced (14,049 bp, 14,746 bp and 14,849 bp, respectively), both showing a strong A + T bias (84.1%, 84.7% and 84.8% respectively). We infer the phylogenies of several Encarsia species of Aphelinidae and other family of Chalcidoidea based on PCG123 datasets using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. ML and BI analysis both support Aphelinidae formed a sister group to Torymidae.

T. remus is an important egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda, serving as a significant role in its biological control. This study systematically examined the host discrimination behavior of T. remus. The parasitic process comprises several distinct behavioral stages: host searching, antennal tapping and examination, ovipositor probing, “8”-shaped marking, and grooming. Following successful oviposition, females perform a characteristic “8”-shaped marking on the host egg surface with their ovipositor, which deters conspecific females from parasitizing the same host. T. remus exhibited a pronounced ability to discriminate parasitized hosts, utilizing both antennae and ovipositor to avoid superparasitism. As host density increased, the searching time of T. remus decreased while the parasitism rate increased, eventually stabilizing. Parasitic discrimination was significantly influenced by oviposition experience: experienced females effectively recognized marked host eggs across a temperature range of 16 to 36 °C and time intervals of 0 to 12 h post oviposition. In contrast, naive females exhibited discrimination ability only at lower temperature (16 °C) and immediately following oviposition (0 h). These findings deepen the understanding of the behavioral ecology of T. remus and provide a crucial theoretical basis for its efficient application in the biological control of S. frugiperda.

During investigations in the Fujian and Hunan Provinces of China, 5 parasitoids associated with Parlatoria ziziphi were identified based on morphological characteristics and 28SrDNA sequences. They comprised 4 ectoparasitoids: A. chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis jinshanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphytis nigromaculata Wang & Huang, sp.n., and A. nr. melinus DeBach, and 1 endoparasitoid, Encarsia citrina (Craw). The 2 new species are described and illustrated in detail, and the relationships of the 4 Aphytis parasitoids treated here are analyzed, resulting in a phylogenetic tree based on 28SrDNA sequences. Moreover, the 5 Aphytis species (including 1 new species described in this work) having the mid-tibia tipped with black in the male are summarized with their scale hosts and distribution, and an identification key to these species is provided.

In this paper, three new species of Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Aphelinus jinshanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphelinus albimaculatus Wang & Huang, sp.n. and Aphelinus varius Wang & Huang, sp.n. are described and illustrated. Additionally, the japonicus group of Aphelinus is reviewed. The japonicus group is differentiated from all the known groups of these three subgenera by having a 3-segmented flagellum in the male. It is characterized by the following combination of features: antenna 6-segmented in the female, and 5-segmented in the male; body yellow, partly dark brown to black; the numerous setae on mid-lobe not arranged in symmetry; ovipositor short, and hypopygium not reaching to the apex of the gaster. Aphelinus varius Wang & Huang, sp.n. described here represents the second species assigned to the japonicus group. An identification key to the species of this group is provided. The relationships among these three new species are analyzed using a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on cox1 sequences. While the evolutionary relationships of some species or groups remain uncertain due to weak statistical support for the relevant branches.

Seventeen species of the mali-group of Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are reviewed worldwide, including three new species, and five previously described species in China. The mali-group was defined by a combination of characters: head and body dark with parts of metasoma pale; fore wing with a complete row of setae inside the linea calva, or also only with a few setae in the angle between the linea and marginal vein; legs with mesocoxae, metacoxae and metatibia dark, metafemur pale. In this paper, three new species, Aphelinus tuberocephalus Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphelinus hainanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n. and Aphelinus ruellia Wang & Huang, sp.n., are described and illustrated, with notes on one species, Aphelinus coreae Hopper & Woolley, new to China. A revised key to species of the mali-group is provided. Mitochondrial (COI) partial sequences were obtained successfully for A. tuberocephalus, A. hainanensis, A. ruellia and A. coreae.

Insect life processes and reproductive behaviors are significantly affected by extremely high temperatures. This study focused on Tuta absoluta, which poses a severe threat to tomato cultivars. The effects of intense heat stress on the growth, development, oviposition, and longevity of T. absoluta were investigated. This investigation encompassed various developmental stages, including eggs, pupae, and adults. This study revealed that egg hatching and pupa emergence rates were significantly reduced at a temperature of 44 °C maintained for 6 h. The longevity of adults that emerged after the egg and pupal stages were exposed to 44 °C for 6 h was significantly reduced compared to the control. Notably, there was no significant variation in adult fecundity after egg-stage exposure to high temperatures. However, all treatments exhibited significantly reduced fecundity compared to the control after exposure to high temperatures during the pupal stage. Adult survival rates after exposure to 40 °C and 44 °C for 3 h were 74.29% and 22.40%, respectively, dramatically less than that of the control, which was 100%. However, no significant differences were noted in terms of longevity and egg production. These results offer a better understanding of the complex interactions between extreme temperatures and the life history traits of T. absoluta, thereby offering valuable insights for implementing management strategies to alleviate its impact on tomato crops in response to climate change.

【目的】为明确莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi FJMR2对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的生物防治潜力。【方法】在室内条件下，采用浸渍法测定了莱氏绿僵菌FJMR2对草地贪夜蛾卵、幼虫和蛹的致病性。【结果】当孢子浓度为2×10~8孢子/m L时，草地贪夜蛾1-5龄幼虫和蛹的校正死亡率分别为100%、95.78%、87.15%、64.67%、38.00%和93.93%；草地贪夜蛾1-5龄幼虫和蛹的LC 50 分别为3.12×10~4、7.94×10~4、2.24×10~6、2.13×10~7、7.46×10~8和1.25×10~5孢子/m L。LT 50 随孢子浓度的增大而缩短、随幼虫虫龄的增长而延长，当孢子浓度为2×10~8孢子/m L时，草地贪夜蛾1-5龄幼虫和蛹的LT 50 分别为3.93、4.32、5.62、7.18、9.40和4.45 d。卵期为0 h和24 h的草地贪夜蛾卵经莱氏绿僵菌FJMR2浸渍处理后，孵化率分别为84.53%和89.77%，初孵化3 d的幼虫存活率分别为1.81%和3.02%，均显著低于对照组。【结论】莱氏绿僵菌FJMR2对草地贪夜蛾1-4龄幼虫和蛹具有较强侵染致病能力，同时显著降低卵的孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率。

为有效防控重要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri,在实验室条件下测定取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫Cheilomenes sexmaculata和龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica各虫态的发育历期,利用构建的年龄-阶段两性生命表对取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫生长发育及其种群参数进行研究.结果显示,取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫羽化前的发育历期为14.80 d,显著长于取食柑橘木虱后龟纹瓢虫的14.41 d;取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫产卵期分别为15.88d和10.23 d,前者显著长于后者;取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率分别为25.48、0.10 d-1和1.10d-1,取食柑橘木虱后龟纹瓢虫净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率分别为14.13、0.06d-1和1.06 d-1,均低于取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫;取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫的平均世代周期分别为33.87 d和44.95 d,前者显著短于后者.表明取食柑橘木虱后六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫均能完成整个世代,且六斑月瓢虫种群增长优于龟纹瓢虫,可大规模繁殖六斑月瓢虫,可用于柑橘木虱的生物防治.

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) p26 is conserved among all Lepidoptera baculoviruses that have been completely sequenced thus far, and some baculoviruses even have two copies of p26, which suggested that p26 may play an important role in the virus infection cycle. This study aimed to characterize BmNPV p26. We found that BmNPV p26 transcripts were detectable as early as 3 h post-infection (hpi), and the transcript levels rapidly increased starting from 12 hpi. Western blot analysis using an anti-p26 polyclonal antibody demonstrated that the corresponding protein was also detectable from 6 hpi in BmNPV-infected cell lysates. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that p26 was mainly dispersed in the infected cell cytoplasm, whereas the over-expressed fusion protein EGFP-p26 also accumulated in the nucleus. These results indicated that p26 is an early BmNPV gene and has functions both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. RNAi-based knockdown of p26 could produce infectious virus and normal-appearing virions but decreased budded virus (BV) production in BmNPV-infected cells at 72 hpi. Moreover, the results of further quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) analysis indicated that the gp64 and p74 transcripts levels decreased significantly. These results indicated that BmNPV p26 may be associated with BmNPV replication during the late infection stage.

Species identification of Aphytis on the basis of adult morphology is extremely difficult, especially in the A. lingnanensis group, with several cryptic species. Pupal pigmentation could be used as one of the taxonomic characters for Aphytis species, and in some instances, pupal pigmentation actually provided the first clue to the distinctness of cryptic Aphytis species. The present study investigated the full-grown larvae or younger pupae of Aphytis species, and pupal pigmentation and pupal development were observed and photographed. Four characteristic pigmentation patterns of Aphytis pupae were summarized including: entirely yellow, partly dark brown, entirely or predominantly black, and partly black. The species in the chilensis and mytilaspidis groups, and some unassigned species, generally have entirely, or predominantly and or partly black pupae. The species in the chrysomphali, funicularis, and proclia groups generally have the pupae entirely yellow. The species of the lingnanensis group have the pupae both entirely yellow, e.g., A. fisheri, and partly dark brown pupae, e.g., A. lingnanensis, A. holoxanthus and A. melinus. The pupae of Aphytis species in this study had a developmental duration of about 5–8 days at 27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 10L: 14D. It was found that the pupal skin was always melanized at the beginning stage, generally in the first day, among the pigmented pupae of Aphytis species. As development continued, the pigmentation became darker and the eye colour changed from pale red/brown to green. No significant intra-specific variation in pupal colour pattern was detected despite relatively high numbers of specimens examined, many from multiple, and different, origins. Overall, our study indicates that pupal pigmentation could be more helpful in species identification of Aphytis.

为深入了解褐圆蚧纯黄蚜小蜂(Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach)个体生长发育状况,采用跟踪观察,应用透射光和直射光拍摄,描述该蜂的胚胎发育和胚后发育过程.结果表明:在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度70％±5％条件下,纯黄蚜小蜂卵期2～3 d.产卵后0～8 h为卵裂和胚盘形成阶段;16～18 h后,形成胚带和胚膜;50～52 h后,胚胎雏形形成;54 h后,胚胎形成,卵壳表面出现裂缝,卵壳从卵端部开始脱至卵柄,1～2 min完成孵化.纯黄蚜小蜂幼虫期约为7 d,蛹期7～8 d,预蛹浅黄色,老熟蛹复眼浅灰色,胸部腹板和腹部腹板大部分暗褐色.

为评估龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的生物防治潜能,在实验室条件下测定龟纹瓢虫1～4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、自身密度干扰反应以及捕食偏好性.结果 表明,龟纹瓢虫1～4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型功能反应类型,其各虫态龟纹瓢虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.313、0.610、0.234、0.585和0.675,处理时间分别为0.088、0.077、0.013、0.008和0.016 d,龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食能力最大,为73.125,龟纹瓢虫成虫、3龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、1龄幼虫次之,捕食能力分别为42.188、18.000、7.922和3.557.各虫态龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的搜寻效应随柑橘木虱5龄若虫密度升高而下降;在柑橘木虱5龄若虫密度一定的条件下,各虫态龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食率随自身密度升高而下降,其自身密度干扰方程为E=0.421P0.52;当柑橘木虱5龄若虫和豆蚜Aphis craccivora4龄若虫2种猎物共存时,龟纹瓢虫成虫对其食物选择性指数均小于1,表明龟纹瓢虫成虫对这2种猎物无捕食偏好性.表明龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫有较强的防控潜能.

在实验室条件下研究了六斑月瓢虫成虫、4龄幼虫、3龄幼虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食能力.试验结果表明,六斑月瓢虫3种虫态的捕食功能反应均能较好地拟合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程.六斑月瓢虫成虫、4龄幼虫和3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.990、0.916和0.455;处理时间分别为0.002、0.001和0.003 d;对柑橘木虱的搜寻效应均随着柑橘木虱密度的升高而下降.在柑橘木虱密度一定的条件下,六斑月瓢虫的捕食率随自身密度的升高而下降,说明存在种内干扰作用.

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith)是世界重要农业害虫,具有很强的迁飞性,对玉米等禾本科植物造成危害.调查草地贪夜蛾卵寄生性天敌资源,明确其种类和鉴别特征,对筛选优势天敌种类和开展生物防治具有重要意义.对福建省寄生性天敌资源调查结果表明,福建省有两种草地贪夜蛾卵寄生蜂,分别为夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon和螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii,本文记述了这两种卵寄生蜂的主要形态特征,并观察了其寄生行为.

The Chinese species of the varius group of Coccophagus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are reviewed, including described species Coccophagus albifuniculatus (Huang), C. anchoroides (Huang), C. caudatus (Huang), C. dilatatus (Huang), C. equifuniculatus (Huang), C. fumadus Hayat (new record for China), C. lii (Huang), C. pellucidus (Huang), and one new species, Coccophagus yunnana Wang, Huang & Polaszek sp. nov. A revised key to the females of the Chinese species of the varius group of Coccophagus is provided. Mitochondrial (CO1) and nuclear ribosomal (28S-D2) partial sequences were obtained successfully for C. fumadus. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:264BBB77-9D32-4E9F-B31D-54E996FDEF7C

记述了中国黄蚜小蜂属一新记录种—桑氏黄蚜小蜂Aphytis sankarani Rosen et DeBach,描述了桑氏黄蚜小蜂的形态特征,观察了蛹的个体发育,并提供了重要鉴别特征的照片.

[目的]明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的耐寒性与越冬能力,进而分析其在福建省的越冬区和周年发生区.[方法]应用校正死亡率分析草地贪夜蛾在低温下的存活能力,利用机率值分析法计算草地贪夜蛾的LT50、LT90和LT99并评价其耐寒性;采用模拟越冬、田间挖蛹、成虫性诱及受害率调查观测法,结合气象资料分析草地贪夜蛾的越冬能力和周年发生区.[结果]低温对草地贪夜蛾具有明显的致死作用,在0、4和8℃下,试虫的死亡率随着温度的降低和处理时间的延长而上升,其致死时间(LT50,LT90 和LT99)随之缩短.不同发育阶段的草地贪夜蛾在不同低温下的存活能力具有很大的差异.该虫的耐寒性以卵为最弱,蛹最强;1-3龄幼虫的耐寒性大于4-6龄的;雌成虫比雄成虫的耐寒性强.草地贪夜蛾卵在福州闽侯和晋安1-3月期间不能存活;在福州闽侯、三明大田和南平建瓯无冬玉米种植区的草地贪夜蛾越冬蛹中,一部分能在越冬过程中陆续羽化,但冬季羽化的成虫由于低温或缺乏适宜寄主植物不能繁殖,另一部分则逐渐死亡;而在福州晋安,有2.08％的蛹能存活越过3月15 日从而完成越冬.在莆田仙游和漳州长泰2个冬玉米种植区,草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫、蛹和成虫均可在全年最冷月的 1、2月份发生.[结论]在草地贪夜蛾各虫态中,卵的耐寒性最弱,蛹的最强,在无冬玉米种植区,蛹是最有可能的越冬虫态.1-3月期间的环境温度决定草地贪夜蛾的越冬能力和周年发生区分布.在1-3月期间日均温≤12.6℃的地区,蛹不能完成整个越冬过程,其在≥14.2℃的地区可以完成越冬.草地贪夜蛾在1-3月期间日均温≥15.0℃的冬玉米种植区可以周年发生为害,低龄幼虫、蛹和成虫可能是其在冬玉米种植区的越冬虫态.

Aphytis wasps are among the most important natural enemies of scale insects, and armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) have generally been considered as the only hosts of the genus Aphytis. Host records from non-diaspidids have been considered erroneous by most authors. A new scale insect host, Bambusaspis notabilis (Russell), however, belonging to Asterolecaniidae (Hemiptera), has been found as the host of a new Aphytis species in our field investigations. Aphytis bambusaspis Wang, Huang & Polaszek sp. nov. is described and illustrated, and detailed photographs of the key characters of the female and male of the new species are provided. Type specimens are deposited in Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China and Natural History Museum, London, UK. Previously published host records of Asterolecaniidae are reviewed.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0BE6DB64-CB75-466A-B974-8A620FAFEA1E

记述了中国簇毛蚜小蜂属及一新记录种——安簇毛蚜小蜂(Proaphelinoides anomalus Hayat).描述了安簇毛蚜小蜂的形态特征,并提供了其重要鉴别特征的照片以及中国簇毛蚜小蜂属的分种检索表.

The citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most important pests infesting citrus and also the vector of citrus Huanglongbing disease, Candidatus Liberi bacterasiaticus, and thus threating the citrus industry in China. Therefore, further surveys and identification of parasitoid wasps of D. citri are of great importance in screening elite natural enemies for field application. Two species of primary parasitoid wasps, Tamarixia radiate (Waterston) and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam et Argarwal), and 4 species of hyperparasitoid wasps, Tamarixia micromacula Wang et Huang, sp.n. (Eulophidae), Chartocerus walkeri Hayat, Psyllaphycus diaphorinae Hayat (new record of genus and species from China) and Encarsia sp. ♂ were identified. The morphological charateristics and occurrence of the parasitoid wasps were briefly recorded, a new hyperparasitoid wasp was described, and photographs of the parasitoid wasps were provided. The type specimens and other materials were deposited in College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.