环境卫生处置与预防性消毒工作是洪涝灾害期间一项重要工作之一,是保证受灾群众饮水安全、室内环境安全,降低肠道传染病暴发流行的重要手段.为做好洪涝灾害期间环境卫生处置和预防性消毒,本指引从基本要求、灾后生活饮用水卫生保障、灾后村落和场所环境卫生处置、灾后个人住宅的环境卫生处置和灾后个人健康教育与防护 5 个方面提出了环境卫生处置和预防性消毒的技术要点,以供相关专业技术人员参考.

本文以2022年2月北京市一起新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情疫源地终末消毒作为案例,对本次消毒处理的背景、消毒对象、终末消毒的实施、消毒效果评价、结果分析等进行详细介绍和讨论,梳理本次疫源地终末消毒的经验、教训和不足,提出在COVID-19疫情终末消毒中易出现的问题及解决方案,为今后应对类似疫情实施疫源地终末消毒提供参考.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased the burden on many healthcare systems and in the process, exposed the need for medical resources and physical space. While few studies discussed the efficient utilization of medical resources and physical space so far. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize experiences related to facilities used for centralized isolation for medical observation and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and to provide suggestions to further improve the management of confirmed cases, suspected cases, and close contacts. In China, three types of facilities for centralized isolation (Fangcang shelter hospitals, refitted non-designated hospitals, and quarantine hotels) underwent retrofitting for the treatment and isolation of confirmed and suspected cases. These facilities mitigated the immediate high demand for space. Moreover, in order to minimize infection risks in these facilities, regulators and governmental agencies implemented new designs, management measures, and precautionary measures to minimize infection risk. Other countries and regions could refer to China's experience in optimally allocating social resources in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a conclusion, government should allocate social resources and construct centralized isolation and quarantine facilities for an emergency response, health authorities should issue regulations for centralized isolation facilities and pay strict attention to the daily management of these facilities, a multidisciplinary administration team is required to support the daily operation of a centralized isolation facility, in-depth studies and international collaboration on the centralized isolation policy are encouraged.

From June 11, 2020, a surge in new cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the largest wholesale market of Beijing, the Xinfadi Market, leading to a second wave of COVID-19 in Beijing, China. Understanding the transmission modes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the personal behaviors and environmental factors contributing to viral transmission is of utmost important to curb COVID-19 rise. However, currently these are largely unknown in food markets. To this end, we completed field investigations and on-site simulations in areas with relatively high infection rates of COVID-19 at Xinfadi Market. We found that if goods were tainted or personnel in market was infected, normal transaction behaviors between sellers and customers, daily physiological activities, and marketing activities could lead to viral contamination and spread to the surroundings via fomite, droplet or aerosol routes. Environmental factors such as low temperature and high humidity, poor ventilation, and insufficient hygiene facilities and disinfection practices may contribute to viral transmission in Xinfadi Market. In addition, precautionary control strategies were also proposed to effectively reduce the clustering cases of COVID-19 in large-scale wholesale markets.

我国国土面积辽阔,是世界上受自然灾害影响最大的国家之一.地震是我国常见的自然灾害之一,具有很强的破坏力,对人民群众的健康和财产影响极大.为做好防灾抗灾救灾工作,提升灾后疾病控制机构环境卫生实战能力,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所组织开展了专项卫生应急演练.该文报道通过模拟地震灾害场景,进行灾后环境卫生专业技术演练的过程及结果,对应急预案的完善提出了建议,并对演练中出现的问题进行了归纳总结.

文章对重金属铅在水环境中的分布情况及特性进行了探讨;介绍了铅对水生生物和人体健康的影响.表明虽然水体中的铅浓度水平很低,但由于铅的迁移转化、富集、放大作用,饮水中的铅有可能对人体健康产生影响,同时也表明在我国开展大范围饮用水中铅的调查是非常有必要的.

目的用叶绿素荧光技术检测除草剂西玛津、扑草净、绿麦隆和敌稗对三角褐指藻液光合信号的抑制效应。方法选择三角褐指藻作为指示生物,通过双通道脉冲振幅调制叶绿素荧光仪检测水样中西玛津、扑草净、绿麦隆和敌稗对藻液光合信号的抑制程度,分析西玛津、扑草净、绿麦隆和敌稗对三角褐指藻液光合信号的单独抑制效应和混合抑制效应。结果除草剂的单独抑制作用由强到弱依次为绿麦隆＞扑草净＞敌稗＞西玛津。在线性范围内除草剂的混合效应等于单独效应之和。超出标准曲线范围,绿麦隆和扑草净的交互作用表现出拮抗效应。西玛津、扑草净、绿麦隆和敌稗的IC50分别为143、18、17.5和53μg/L,标准曲线的相关系数（r）为0.998 5～0.999 9,相对标准偏差均低于15%,自来水加标回收率均值在85.5%～86.3%。结论叶绿素荧光检测技术对西玛津、扑草净、绿麦隆和敌稗对藻液光合信号抑制作用均有很好的响应。该法所需设备体积小,检测速度快,灵敏度高,测试稳定性好,适用于水体农药突发事件应急、检测和预测预报的现场监测。

Objective To establish a simple test method for determination of aluminum in drinking water.Methods Based on the national standard method for aluminum determination,the measuring conditions and the form of reagents were improved,the process of operation was simplified,and on the precision,accuracy,storage time of standardized reagents and standard curve fitting of the method were researched.Results The results of simple method were consistent with those of national standard method,RSDs were 1.26%-1.75%,the rates of recovery were 85.4%-108%,the storage time of standardized reagents was about one year.Fitting standard curve and visual colorimetry can be used to simplify the standard curve.Conclusion This method is simple,rapid and accurate,it need not standard curve and can determinate water samples directly.The simple test method is applicable to the determination of aluminum in drinking water on site in rural water plants.

Objectives To analyze the air quality status and the characteristics of air pollution in the city of Urumqi,so as to provide references for decision-making and for further researches about the effect of air pollution on human health.Methods Monitored data of main air pollutants in Urumqi were analyzed statistically by the method of Daniel trend test using the software of SPSS 18.0.Results In more and more days in recent years,the air quality in Urumqi has reached the national GradeⅡ standard and the number of days that undergone heavy air pollution has deceased.The annual average concentration of PM10 and SO2 has decreased as a whole,although the air quality was still exceeding the national standard.The characteristics of air pollution in heating seasons were in a coal smoke pollution type,and main air pollutants were all higher than the air quality standards.The air pollutants in the non-heating season were more influenced by PM10 and NO2,but the degree of air quality was higher than the national GradeⅡ standard.Conclusions The air quality keeps stable as a whole in Urumqi,and the main pollutants present a trend of seasonal variation.Enhancing a comprehensive environmental management of air pollutions,especially in the winter season is proposed.

Objective:To aim at the present status of lacking of inspection persons and equipments for monitoring water quality in rural water plants,propose a suitable method of fluoride determination in drinking water.Methods: Simplify the process of operation,compare the simple method with national standard method for fluoride determination and research on the precision,accuracy,storage time of standardized reagents and standard curve fitting of the simple method.Results: The results of simple method were consistent with national standard method;RSD was 6.5%;the recovery was 83%~115%;the storage time of standardized reagents was above 9 months;To simplify the standard curve,visual colorimetry and fitting standard curve can be used.Conclusion: This method is simple,fast and accurate,it need not draw standard curve and can determinate water samples directly.The simple method is suitable for water quality laboratory in rural water plants.

Objective:To confirm the ion chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of tervalent chromium and hexavalent chromium(Cr3+ and Cr6+) in drinking water,the analysis method is reliable,accurate,which can meet testing requirements.Methods: The applicability of the system,the detection limit and quantitative limit,precision,accuracy and linear range of the study prove that the method is suitable for the intended use.Results: In the range of 0.20 mg/L~8.0 mg/L Cr3+ and 4.0×10-4 mg/L~0.40 mg/L Cr6+,the method had good linear relationship(r=0.9994 and r=0.9998);the detection limit of Cr3+ and Cr6+ were 0.139 mg/L and 0.304 ×10-3 mg/L respectively;RSD were both less than 5%,the average recovery was 86.7%~101.6%.Conclusion: This method is sensitive and repeatable,which can meet the analysis requirements for simultaneous determination of Cr3+ and Cr6+ in drinking water.

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate and promote the fluorine-fixing technology of the coal burning on a calcium-based compound as the additive for briquettes made in the coal-burning fluorosis area, in order to evaluate the effects of fluorine-fixing and indoor air pollutants condition. METHODS The briquettes added calcium-based fluorine sorbent were used for heating and cooking. In the meantime, the figures on various components in briquettes and fluorine content in coal slag as well as concentrations of indoor air fluorides, sulfur dioxide and PM10 were calculated. RESULTS On the basis of the coal burning fluorine-fixing pilot experiment, 100 households in Longli County, Guizhou Province were selected as the experimental group for coal burning fluorine-fixing demonstration and promotion. When the burning calcium-based fluorine-fixing bitumites were made into coalballs, the average fluorine-fixing ratios in demonstration and promotion were 77.26%. The average reduction ratios of indoor air pollutants, fluorides were 53.3% -73.8%, sulfur dioxide were 62.8% -91.1% and PM10 were 9.5% -41.4%. There were 10% increases in the cost of briquettes due to the addition of calcium-based fluorine sorbent in demonstration and promotion. CONCLUSION The preparation process of calcium-based fluorine-fixing briquettes was simple and highly flammable and it was applicable to regions abundant in bitumite.

Background The fluorosis derived from coal burning is a very serious problem in China. By using fluorine-fixing technology during coal burning we are able to reduce the release of fluorides in coal at the source in order to reduce pollution to the surrounding environment by coal burning pollutants as well as decrease the intake and accumulating amounts of fluorine in the human body. The aim of this study was to conduct a pilot experiment on calcium-based fluorine-fixing material efficiency during coal burning to demonstrate and promote the technology based on laboratory research. Methods A proper amount of calcium-based fluorine sorbent was added into high-fluorine coal to form briquettes so that the fluorine in high-fluorine coal can be fixed in coal slag and its release into atmosphere reduced. We determined figures on various components in briquettes and fluorine in coal slag as well as the concentrations of indoor air pollutants, including fluoride, sulfur dioxide and respirable particulate matter (RPM), and evaluated the fluorine-fixing efficiency of calcium-based fluorine sorbents and the levels of indoor air pollutants. Results Pilot experiments on fluorine-fixing efficiency during coal burning as well as its demonstration and promotion were carried out separately in Guiding and Longli Counties of Guizhou Province, two areas with coal burning fluorosis problems. If the calcium-based fluorine sorbent mixed coal was made into honeycomb briquettes the average fluorine-fixing ratio in the pilot experiment was 71.8%. If the burning calcium-based fluorine-fixing bitumite was made into a coalball, the average of fluorine-fixing ratio was 77.3%. The concentration of fluoride, sulfur dioxide and PM10 of indoor air were decreased significantly. There was a 10% increase in the cost of briquettes due to the addition of calcium-based fluorine sorbent. Conclusions The preparation process of calcium-based fluorine-fixing briquette is simple yet highly flammable and it is applicable to regions with abundant bitumite coal. As a small scale application, villagers may make fluorine-fixing coalballs or briquettes by themselves, achieving the optimum fluorine-fixing efficiency and reducing indoor air pollutants providing environmental and social benefits.

Objective To know dietary intake and food source of trace elements in the rural elderly above 65 years old in Sichuan province.Methods Local grain,vegetable and other food samples were collected and eight trace elements in the samples were detected.Then the daily dietary intake of the trace elements were calculated based on the result of daily dietary questionnaire survey.Results The detection rate of all 8 trace elements was above 80% in the 114 food samples.The average daily intake of Se,Ca,Cu,Fe,Zn,Cd,Pb,and Al were 14.325±8.914 μg/day,333.407±269.785,3.109±4.890,18.179±27.515,6.902±3.493,0.011±0.017,0.009±0.017,and 1.375±1.037 mg/day,respectively.Over 50% of the study population had the intake of Se,Ca,Cu,Fe,and Zn lower than reference nutrient intake or adequate intake;43.9% and 16.2% of study population had dietary intake of Cd and Pb exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake.All food intake of trace elements had no gender difference except for Cu(P0.001).Conclusion Dietary intake of trace elements is generally inadquate among the rural elderly in Sichuan province.Dietary intake of Cd and Pb in the population exceeds the daily limit seriously.

OBJECTIVE To study on the fluorine capture effect of calcium based coal briquette with fluorine capture additive in coal-burning fluorosis area. METHODS Add proper proportions of calcium based fluorine capture additive in high fluorine coal for making coal briquette were added, and were added the fluorine in coal cinder in order to reduce its emission. Meanwhile, to determine the composes of coal briquette were added, the percentage of fluorine in coal cinder and the concentration of fluoride, sulfur dioxide and PM10 were determinated, to evaluate the effect of fluorine capture and the level of door air pollution. RESULT After pilot-scale studying on the effect of fluorine capture in 30 households at coal-burning fluorosis area in Guiding of Guizhou Province. The average fluorine capture rate were 71.8%, and the average concentration of fluoride were 0.0052 mg/m3, which reduces by 27.8% in comparison with control group and were lower than environmental air quality standard (0.007 mg/m3); and the average concentration of SO2 were 0.67 mg/m3, which reduces 52.8% in comparison with control group and slightly higher than those of indoor air quality standard (0.5 mg/m3). CONCLUSION The application of the coal briquette made by calcium based fluorine capture additive could reduce the pollution caused by high fluorine coal, could improve the quality of indoor air.

Objective To develop a new method for the determination of inorganic sulfide in source water by ion chromatography combined with pulsed amperometric detector.Methods The source water samples were injected into ion chromatography system after being filtrated with 0.22 μm nylon membrane.100 mmol/L of NaOH-250 mmol/L of the NaOAc-0.5% (V/V) ethylenediamine was used as the eluent,special polarizable anions separation column IonPac 3AS7 was selected and sulfide was separated from other anions by isocratic eluent following by three-waveform pulsed amperometric detection.Results The liner range of determination for sulfide was 5-1 000 μg/L,the equation of linear regression was y=0.325 4x-1.305 3.The detection limit was 0.5 μg/L,the recovery rates were in the range of 90.8%-96.7%,and the relative standard deviation was 1.32%.Conclusion The method is simple with good selectivity,high sensitivity and good reproducibility and is applicable to the determination of inorganic sulfide in source water.

Objective To develop a method for the determination of atrazine in water with ToxY-PAM. Methods Phaeodactylum tricornutum was chosen as the biotic indicator. The concentration of atrazine in water was determined by ToxY-PAM. Results The lowest detection concentration for atrazine was 0.5 μg/L. The linear range of atrazine was 0.5-5 μg/L. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 5. The RSD within one day were 15.1%,8.30% and 1.99% when the concentration of atrazine were 0.5 μg/L,1 μg/L and 3 μg/L respectively and the RSD for different days were 7.97 %,7.22% and 4.67% when the concentration of atrazine were1 μg/L,3 μg/L and 5 μg/L respectively. The recoveries at spiked level of 1 and 3 μg/L in tap water ranged from 91.2% to 109% and from 94.2% to 111% respectively. Conclusion This method is fast with a high sensitivity and a good stability,and is applicable to the field monitoring.

BACKGROUNDTrace elements are involved in metabolic processes and oxidation-reduction reactions in the central nervous system and could have a possible effect on cognitive function. The relationship between trace elements measured in individual biological samples and cognitive function in an elderly population had not been investigated extensively.METHODSThe participant population is part of a large cohort study of 2000 rural elderly Chinese persons. Six cognitive assessment tests were used to evaluate cognitive function in this population, and a composite score was created to represent global cognitive function. Trace element levels of aluminum, calcium, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc were analyzed in plasma samples of 188 individuals who were randomly selected and consented to donating fasting blood. Analysis of covariance models were used to assess the association between each trace element and the composite cognitive score adjusting for demographics, medical history of chronic diseases, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.RESULTSThree trace elements-calcium, cadmium, and copper-were found to be significantly related to the composite cognitive score. Increasing plasma calcium level was associated with higher cognitive score (p <.0001). Increasing cadmium and copper, in contrast, were significantly associated with lower composite score (p =.0044 and p =.0121, respectively). Other trace elements did not show significant association with the composite cognitive score.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that calcium, cadmium, and copper may be associated with cognitive function in the elderly population.

目的硒是与抗氧化酶的活性有关的微量元素,被认为是一种通过增强酶的活性来拮抗自由基的保护剂。关于硒与阿尔茨海默病（AD=Alzheimer’s Disease,或称Dementia）的关系研究结果不一致。为此,进行了硒水平与中国农村老年人群认知能力研究。方法研究对象为中国四川和山东两省四县市的2000名≥65岁老年人群,当地出生并在当地居住。采用环境流行病学方法,调查研究了老年人群认知能力、APOE基因、指甲硒与血液硒,以及环境食物硒和老年人群日摄硒量。相关系数、方差模型和协方差多因素模型应用于硒水平与认知记分的统计分析。结果分析结果指出硒水平与老年人群认知能力二者之间有明显的正相关,并呈现剂量-反应关系。结论中国农村老年人群稳定的硒暴露水平研究,支持了终身低硒水平与低认知能力相关的假设。

Objective To established the method of the determination of diuron in water by chlorophyll fluorescence Detection. Methods Phaeodactylum tricornutum was chosen as an indicator biology. The concentration of diuron in water was determined by ToxY-PAM. Results The lowest detection concentration for diuron was 0.1μg/L. The linear range of diuron was 0.1-0.5μg/L. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 3. The RSDs within one day were 3.41%,6.15% and 13.9%,and the RSDs for different days were 3.99%,6.17% and 8.48 %,when the concentrations of diuron were 0.5 μg/L,0.3 μg/L and 0.1 μg/L respectively. The recoveries for tap water were from 85.6% to 110% and from 87.0% to 94.6% when diuron was added to 0.2 μg/L and 0.4 μg/L respectively. Conclusion The apparatus is little volume and the process of the detection was rapid. With a high sensitivity and a good stability,the method was suitable for field monitoring.