With progress of science and development of economy, increasing numbers of urban residents take part in recreational sports (RS) due to their more leisure time and increased income. The RS is defined as a kind of physical activities engaged by people during their leisure time for obtaining experience of physical and mental pleasure. The sustainability of the RS plays a critical role in sustainable urban development. As major Chinese cities, such as Hangzhou, Shanghai and Chengdu, are faced with how to maintain sustainable development of their RS systems, which are selected as case cities for empirical analysis. The RS system and its evaluation indicators are constructed by using the conceptual composition method. The RS system is made up of five subsystems including the industrial subsystem, space subsystem, experience subsystem and formal subsystem. The indicator system for assessment of RS system is included 28 indicators. The validity of the RS system questionnaire is tested by employing confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling software. The result indicates good fit of the questionnaire factors. The inquiry was carried out in the three cities where 1080 residents were approached and 1028 questionnaires were collected. The cognitive entropies and weight matrix for the RS system of each sample cities are calculated based on entropy theory. The sustainable development levels of each subsystem of the RS system are obtained by using TOPSIS Method. Then, suggestions of urban planning for three cities have been derived by the results of analysis based on their historical background, regional characteristic and development level.

BACKGROUND:It is critical to age successfully for general health considering the aging of the global population. Successful aging is an important indicator to assess whether older individuals are experiencing a healthy life and high-quality aging. This study aimed to explore the longitudinal relationship between the frequency and number of participation in leisure activities and the maintenance of successful aging. METHODS:This longitudinal study included a total of 1,828 Chinese adults aged 60 years or older. The following six activities were gathered to reflect leisure activities: reading books or newspapers, gardening work, playing mahjong or cards, listening to radio or watching TV, raising pets or domestic animals, and engaging in social activities. We evaluated successful aging using a multidimensional model which includes the following five components: better self-reported health, good psychological status, high cognitive function, free of disability, and better physical activity level. RESULTS:This study showed a retention rate of 58.4% for successful aging during a 4-year follow-up. Participants who frequently engaged in reading books or newspapers, gardening work, playing mahjong or cards, and listening to radio or watching TV, had higher rates of future successful aging maintenance (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.04-2.22 to 1.89, 95% CI: 1.26-2.812) than those who never participated in these activities. Compared to those with 0 leisure activity, participants with 3 (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.14-2.77) and 4-6 (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01-2.71) leisure activities had a greater probability of maintaining successful aging. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that individuals who participated more frequently in more leisure activities had a higher chance of the maintenance of successful aging in older adults. Encouraging older people to frequently participate in a greater variety of leisure activities may be an effective way to maintain successful aging over time.

We examined the impact of locus of control on coping style, with a primary focus on confirmation of the mediating role of self-efficacy, among a sample of 421 junior high school students. Participants completed the Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. The results revealed that both locus of control and self-efficacy were significantly correlated with coping style. Structural equation modeling indicated that self-efficacy partially mediated the effect of locus of control on coping style. These findings extend prior research and shed light on how locus of control influences coping style.

研究目的:研究把运动员的害怕失败作为中介变量,探索感知的教练员领导行为对运动员心理疲劳影响的解释机制,并着重观察运动员所感知的教练员民主领导行为和专制领导行为的不同作用影响.研究方法:在全国范围内采用随机抽样法,让处于不同项目和不同等级的347名(男性为173人;女性为174)专业运动员完成"运动领导行为量表"、"失败表现评估量表"以及"运动员心理疲劳问卷",所获数据采用回归和Bootstrap分析,分别对构建的民主领导行为解释假设模型和专制领导行为解释假设模型进行拟合.研究结果:①感知教练员民主领导行为会显著减少运动员的心理疲劳感,而知教练员专制领导行为则会显著增加运动员的心理疲劳;②感知教练员民主领导行为与运动员害怕失败不存在显著相关性,而感知教练员专制领导行为则会显著增加运动员的害怕失败;③由于感知教练员民主领导行为与运动员的害怕失败不具有显著相关性,因此害怕失败在民主领导行为假设模型中的中介解释作用假设不成立;④由于感知教练员专制型领导行为会显著增加运动员害怕失败,所以害怕失败在专制领导行为假设模型中的中介解释作用假设成立.研究结论:通过对运动员所感知到的两种教练员领导行为进行观察,可以发现专制型领导行为对运动员的负面情绪影响是多方面的.它不仅会在训练和比赛的过程中直接引起运动员的心理疲劳,还会通过运动员害怕失败感的叠加效应来增加其心理疲劳.因此,研究建议在运动实践中应该提倡教练员有计划性的多采用民主型的领导行为帮助运动员有效的减少心理疲劳.

The purpose of this article was to review the current evidence of the role of apelin, a myokines secreted from contracting skeletal muscles, in the treatment of obesity. We analysed the expression of apelin and APJ in the blood and skeletal muscles of obese people and animals and tracked their change following exercise training. The possible molecular pathways through which apelin plays its role in energy metabolism were discussed. The future direction of this research topic was also presented.

This study aims to explore the effects of self-enhancement on promoting exercise by constructing the explanatory mechanism of mediation with intrinsic motivation. Methods: 1,721 university students（756 males and 965 females; M=20.1, SD=1.5） participated in a survey on intrinsic motivation, self-enhancement and exercise.With SPSS 23 and PROCESS 3.3, we analyzed the mediation models by using correlation regression and Bootstrap.Results: College students’ self-enhancement has an effect on exercise with intrinsic motivation as the mediation variable. The total explanatory variables of the testing mode are 20.6%（P＜0.001）; the direct predicting effect size of self-enhancement is 43.20%（P＜0.001） and the mediation predicting effect of intrinsic motivation is 56.80%（P＜0.001）. The testing mode indicates the predicting effects of self enhancement are in favorable construal and self-affirming reflections. The predicting effect of intrinsic motivation lies in enjoyment. The mediation explanatory mechanism of favorable construal in self-enhancement to enjoyment in exercise proves the testing mode has statistical significance（an effect size of.235） and the mediation explanatory mechanism of self-affirming reflections in selfenhancement to enjoyment in exercise also proves the testing mode has statistical significance（an effect size of.200）. Conclusion: College students’ psychological self-enhancement promotes exercise through two channels: the direct effects on favorable construal and self-affirming reflections and the activation of enjoyment in intrinsic motivation. This study suggests the cultivation of favorable construal and self-affirming reflection in students’ can both promote exercise and stimulate enjoyment in intrinsic motivation, hence strengthening exercise.

Football is a popular sport all over the world, and it is also an important part to show the comprehensive strength of the country. With the development of football in China, how to effectively carry out football teaching and training has become a hot topic. At present, the international mainstream method is to use robot soccer simulation training to simulate the real game scene, analyze and study the game tactics. However, due to the late start of artificial intelligence in China, there are still technical problems in the field of robot soccer, such as insufficient recognition and unreasonable task allocation. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an intelligent soccer teaching and training system based on fuzzy theory. In this paper, the control mode of the intelligent system is further optimized by combining the classical algorithm of fuzzy mathematics with PID control. In the design of football training model, this paper puts forward an innovative game situation assessment system, which can better analyze the impact of environmental factors. In the aspect of control circuit, this paper adopts the mainstream LM2678 step-down circuit, which has good stability and has been widely used in intelligent control system. In the final experimental analysis, this paper uses the current representative basic decision-making system as the comparative object, through a number of experiments including technical indicators, system characteristics, etc. Analysis of the data shows that the intelligent system based on fuzzy theory has better task allocation ability than the traditional way, and obviously improves the comprehensive performance of the system. In the simulation competition, the system in this paper has made outstanding achievements, which further shows the superiority of the system.

The present study examined the role of self-enhancement and self-criticism in the relationship between physical activity and anxiety. A total of 305 students from Chinese universities, ranging in age from 18 to 36, completed a questionnaire package comprising a physical activity questionnaire, a self-enhancement strategies scale, a level of self-criticism scale, and a short form of state and trait anxiety scale. Findings highlighted that physical activity had a significant negative correlation with anxiety (r = −0.31, p < 0.01), a significant positive association with self-enhancement (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), and a significant negative relationship with self-criticism (r = −0.14, p < 0.05). It was also found that anxiety was significantly predicted by self-enhancement (−0.21, p < 0.01) and self-criticism (0.44, p < 0.01). Moreover, the mediation model supports the mediation of self-enhancement and self-criticism between physical activity and anxiety in university students. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at promoting physical activity and enhancing the self-system should be worthy strategies for reducing students’ anxiety.

"自我批判"指个体为了保护自尊而朝向规避负面可能性结果的心理倾向,反映了个体高标准的"自我关注".运用飞镖任务的"Choking"实验范式,把"自我批判"作为内源性中介变量,观察其在压力下运动表现的作用解释机制.对50名大学生运动员进行"自我批判"的人格测试,并分别在无压力和压力条件下完成飞镖投掷任务的测试,所得数据通过SPSS 24.0和Process 3.0进行统计分析.研究发现,"自我批判"倾向的被试在压力条件下表现了"自我关注"的认知压力(β=0.50,P＜0.001);同时,其"Choking"表现也随之增加(β=0.35,P＜0.01).因此,"自我批判"作为"Choking"的内源性诱因,具有部分的中介作用机制解释,其解释变异的效应占25%.

加拿大如今有超过1万名百岁老人,是2001年的三倍,到本世纪中叶应该能达到4万人左右.现在,加拿大65岁及以上的人口多于14岁及以下的人口,而且这种趋势在未来几年还会扩大.本文调研了加拿大人口老龄化问题、退休金、养老住所、监管法规、投资长期护理的社会经济效益,收集整理了养老服务协会,以及用于养老的新技术、现有养老机构的主要问题等信息.希望为我国老龄化社会及智能养老解决方案提供借鉴.

Background: To compare the contingency modifications to the dental education between the University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry and the Zhejiang University School of Stomatology during COVID-19 pandemic, and to share experiences in keeping the dental academic continuity, resuming practicing activities and preparing the faculty and students for a new normality. Three approaches were adopted to collect information and data: online interviews and email-contact with the instructors and the deans, a small-scale online survey of dental students, and official online announcements of various authorities. Results: The two universities shared similarity in changing trends, while differed in details. The delivery of lectures, seminars and exams was transitioned from in-person mode to online mode and has proceeded effectively and efficiently. The pre-clinical lab training and clinical rotation were the most retarded parts and will not be resumed until the settle-down of the pandemic. Research activities have been kept on at the best possible level. Since the Zhejiang University reopened the campus in May 2020, clinical activities and research works were in recovery with a cautiously-planned and gradual phased approach. Conclusion: Both universities have been trying their best to meet the academic needs of students while protect their health, and to keep alert to the real time epidemic situation in preparation for resumption. Dental institutions could take the COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to armor dental students with infection control measures prior to their reengagement into clinical practice. There is a need of a new normality for global dental education that spans time and space.

Physical activity has several mental and psychological health benefits for students. Various studies in western countries have shown evidence of a relationship between physical activity and academic anxiety. Further, researchers have suggested testing the mechanism of this relationship. In this study, we aim to test the association between physical activity and academic anxiety of Canadian university students and to examine whether the mediation of self-enhancement and self-criticism explains this relationship. Four hundred and forty-two university students participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was applied to develop multiple mediation models. Results revealed that physical activity does not directly affect academic anxiety, but indirectly through self-enhancement and self-criticism. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that physical activity be promoted among students to promote self-enhancement, minimize negative thinking and self-criticism, and reduce their academic anxiety.

A plethora of research has explored the benefits of physical activities on several variables such as academic performances, quality of life, fitness, levels of stress, and depression. However, less research considered the impact of physical activity on academic anxiety, self-enhancement, and self-criticism. This study examines the influence of physical activity on academic anxiety with self-enhancement and self-criticism playing a mediating role. Data for this model has been collected by using structured questionnaires administered to 418 Pakistani university students (undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate) aged between 18 and 36 years old. Structural equation modeling through analysis of moment structures (AMOS) was applied to find that physical activity significantly reduces academic anxiety and self-criticism, and it develops self-enhancement. Further, self-enhancement was negatively associated with academic anxiety while self-criticism is directly related to academic anxiety. More importantly, self-enhancement and self-criticism partially mediated between physical activity and academic anxiety of university students in Pakistan. This research recommends governments to support physical activity programs for university students.

压力下"Choking"现象定义为压力条件下习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象.研究旨在了解优秀网球运动员在关键时刻和处理关键球时的心理过程,找出比赛中"Choking"行为发生的原因,并有针对性地提出建议和对策.采用质性研究方法,对我国9名优秀网球运动员进行开放式访谈.研究发现,在网球运动中,优秀网球运动员"Cho-king"有关的"高压力"情景分别是"半决赛"、"发球局"、"比分领先时"和"赛点"."Choking"体验有关的心理因素表现在认知方面主要为"想赢怕输"、"思维抑制"、"自我怀疑"特征;情感方面主要为"急躁"、"懊恼"、"焦虑"、"沮丧"特征;意志方面主要为"额外努力"、"盲目坚持";行为方面主要为"动作失控"、"宣泄行为"和"精力耗竭".研究针对网球运动员面临的"Choking"压力源及体验讨论了应对策略.

竞赛中的"Choking"现象反映了运动员在关键时刻的技术表现,尽管对于"Choking"的发生机制已有大量的研究,但是,就网球运动中"Choking"表现的心理特征和形成诱因的纵向观察而言,却不多见.在对33名在校高水平运动员进行普查的基础上,通过目的性抽样选择一名典型"Choking"性运动员作为案例分析,并对其竞赛的心理特征进行深度访谈,共得到2168条有效信息.经整合和编码,提炼出"Chok?ing"的心理表现特征,最后再就这些心理特征进行纵向的溯源访谈分析,从而揭示网球运动"Choking"现象产生的解释因素.与其他研究不同,此次主要针对"Choking"现象进行个案的运动成长分析,旨在了解网球项目"Choking"现象形成诱因的关联机制.研究得出,网球运动中"Choking"现象的诱因与运动员个人的成长环境、性格特点、运动经历及压力来源等均有关,且各因素间相互联系、相互影响.其中,注意改变是"Choking"现象发生的一个决定性要素.认为,个案成长分析有益于了解网球"Choking"现象中社会和人格诱因要素的作用.

The purpose of this study was to examine Chinese students’ motivation for sports participation using the theory of social learning. We examined the role of parental support as a mediator of the relationship between motivation, self-esteem, and sports participation. We operationalized parental support as tangible and intangible support provided by parents. We hypothesized that motivation and self-esteem would be positively associated with tangible and intangible parental support, and parental support would mediate the relationship between self-esteem, motivation, and sports participation. We administered questionnaires to 255 students (male = 71; mean age = 17.4, SD = 1.15; female = 184; mean age = 17.1, SD = 1.18) and either of their parents. We tested our hypothesized model using structural equation modeling (SEM), which included testing a measurement model that specified five latent variables and then compared the estimates generated by our hypothesized model with our data. We found our hypothesized model fit the data well. As predicted, there were significant indirect effects of self-esteem and motivation on sports participation through parental support, indicating evidence of mediation. The researchers suggest that parental support for adolescents should be integrated and utilized for future interventions to promote sports participation in the cultural context of China. Future studies with longitudinal follow-ups are suggested to explore actual causal relationships.

Background: The health of urban residents plays an important role in increasing the well-being of citizens, and therefore promoting the sustainable development of cities. Studies in Western countries have provided some evidence of the relationship between the urban residents’ perception of the recreational sports (RS), including perception of industry, space, experience, type, and support affecting recreational behaviors. Yet, evidence in China is not sufficient and, particularly, gender difference has not been discussed anywhere. Objectives: The present study aimed to see urban residents’ perception of RS and its effect on recreational sport participation by the residents. Method: The study was conducted in three big cities (Hangzhou, Chengdu, and Shanghai) of China to test the association between the urban residents’ perception of RS and their RS participation, in which gender differences were discussed. After taking their consent, a total of 764 participants (397 male and 367 female) aged from 15 to 65 were approached between April and October, 2018. The participants were given a survey to assess their perception and behavior of RS. T-test and the structural equation modeling were used to analyze gender differences in association between perception and behavior of RS. Results: For females, industry perception (β = 0.17, p = 0.00), space perception (females: β = 0.16, p = 0.00), and support perception (females: β = 0.09, p = 0.03) had a significant positive effect on RS participation. For males, industry perception (males: β = 0.13, p = 0.01) and type perception (males: β = 0.23, p = 0.00) showed a significant positive impact on participation of RS. However, space perception of males (β = −0.12; p = 0.01) and type perception of females (β = −0.11; p = 0.01) are negatively associated with their RS participation. The perception of experience was the most important factor influencing RS behaviors. Significant gender differences have appeared in all five different perception factors. The industry perception has significant and positive effects on both males and females’ RS participation. The type perception has significant positive effects on the male but negative on the female RS, while the space perception is just the opposite. The support perception has significant positive effects on the female RS practice but the influence is not obvious in the case of males. Conclusion: By adopting some measures, perception of RS may improve urban residents’ participation in RS.

风险投资在许多新兴产业和颠覆性技术的商业化中一直扮演极为重要的作用.从我多年的从业经历和与朋友们的交流来看,对于风险投资(VC)和私募股权投资(PE),部分机构会偏好投资中后期项目,或关注投资商业模式的创新,但对于专注于特定行业的VC来说,会偏重于投资有一定技术门槛的项目,所以凡是能解决行业大问题的创新技术和公司,都会是这些专业VC的主要投资方向.美国的半导体、生物科技、互联网等领域都是在VC支持下发展起来的,这与美国发达的基础研究和创新转化体系有很大关联度.