Current antifungal methods for bamboo rely on toxic chemicals or destructive pretreatments. Bamboo vinegar, a byproduct of forestry processing residue, offers antifungal potential for bamboo protection, yet systematic comparisons between extracts from different raw material forms are lacking. To address this, a bamboo vinegar extract (BVE) system with high permeability and leaching resistance was developed for nondestructive, long-term mold protection of natural bamboo. BVE exhibited significantly stronger inhibition against three molds (inhibition zones: 2.21-2.48 cm) than bamboo vinegar powder extract (BVPE) (1.45-2.05 cm). 4-Methylcatechol (2.31% in BVE, absent in BVPE) was identified as the key bioactive constituent accounting for this potency difference. BVE penetrated 2 cm-thick natural bamboo within 3 s-over 10-fold faster than water-without delignification or destructive pretreatment, preserving 100.8% tensile strength and 116.6% flexural strength. BVE alone retained full antifungal efficacy after simulated rainfall (28 days, grade 0, >99% efficacy). Glutaraldehyde cross-linking further reduced mass loss and minimized color changes. Mechanistically, both extracts induced oxidative stress, causing membrane damage, content leakage, morphological collapse, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This work offers a nondestructive, highly permeable strategy for bamboo protection, transforming the bamboo carbonization byproducts into a functional material that safeguards bamboo itself.

In this study, a stepwise deep eutectic solvent treatment strategy was developed to convert bamboo shoot shells into lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNFs) and carbon dots (CDs) for the fabrication of multifunctional PVA–based active packaging films. LCNFs with a high aspect ratio of 565.5 were obtained through stepwise ZnCl2/LA–ChCl/CA/H₂O DES pretreatment, whereas CDs bearing abundant surface functional groups were produced by hydrothermal conversion of the recovered ZnCl2/LA liquor. The obtained LCNFs and CDs were co–incorporated into the PVA matrix to improve the antioxidant and antibacterial performance of the pristine PVA films. These nanofillers endowed the films with a uniform structure, favorable UV–shielding performance, high tensile strength of 75.4 MPa, enhanced thermal stability, improved water resistance, suitable water vapor permeability (3.55 × 10–13 kg/m·Pa·s), good CO2/O2 selectivity (8.4), as well as excellent radical–scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and S. aureus. In strawberry preservation tests, the composite film effectively retained the total soluble solids and bioactive compounds in strawberries and inhibited lipid peroxidation during storage. This work provides an integrated approach to lignocellulosic fraction valorization and a framework for multifunctional PVA-based active packaging containing biomass-derived nanofillers.

Regulating the surface charge of biochar is crucial for its catalytic performance and adsorption capability. Here, Cu2+ and melamine (Me) modified pomegranate peel powder (Cu-Me-PP) was prepared by coordination selfassembly method using waste pomegranate peel as the raw material. Then, nano-CuO and N-graphite doped biochar (CuO-N-PC) with positively charged surfaces were successfully prepared by pyrolysis of Cu-Me-PP and valence state regulation. The CuO-N-PC-300/ peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system could completely degrade the chloroquine phosphate (CQ) antibiotic within 30 min. Moreover, the effects of catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, solution pH, CQ concentration, and coexisting ions on the degradation efficiency of CQ were studied. It was found that CuO-N-PC-300 could not only catalyze the degradation of CQ but also remove 86.8 % of the phosphorus in the solution via electrostatic adsorption. Zeta potential analyses and molecular electrostatic potential calculations revealed that the electrostatic adsorption between the positively charged biochar and PO43- were the key factors for the recovery of phosphorus. Electrochemical analyses, quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests, and DFT calculations were employed to explore the potential activation mechanism of PMS. Both interfacial electron transfer and the Cu2+/Cu+ redox reaction were important pathways for activating PMS, generating a large number of center dot OH and O-1(2) during the degradation of CQ. Finally, two degradation pathways of CQ were proposed based on LC-MS analysis, and the ecological toxicity was evaluated. This work provided an efficient method for the activation of PMS and the recovery of phosphorus by constructing positively charged nano-CuO sites on the surface of biochar.

Polysaccharide-based film has been considered among the most promising packaging materials for fresh produce such as bamboo shoots. However, integrating robust mechanical strength, antibacterial activity, moisture management capability, and cost-effective processability into a multifunctional packaging material continues to pose a significant challenge. Herein, this work developed a novel film based on konjac glucomannan (KGM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), cross-linked via sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), fabricated through a simple and scalable solution blending-casting approach. By modulating the STPP content, the cross-linking degree is precisely controlled, culminating in an optimized tensile strength at 50 wt% STPP. The FeCl2/L-AA@KPHS film exhibits exceptional moisture management performance, water vapor permeability, and sustained antibacterial efficacy, effectively prolonging the shelf-life of bamboo shoots by reducing weight loss, suppressing respiration, retaining soluble proteins and total sugars, and inhibiting key browning enzymes including polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. This work presents a novel strategy for fresh produce management.

The inherent recalcitrance of lignin and its structural degradation during conventional pretreatment pose a major challenge for integrated bamboo biorefinery, limiting the co-production of fermentable sugars and value-added materials. This study presents a lignin-first biorefinery strategy employing a potassium carbonate/ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (PC/EG DES) for the synergistic fractionation of bamboo. The PC/EG pretreatment achieved efficient delignification (85.82%) while preserving carbohydrate, leading to a high glucose yield (75.96%) through enzymatic saccharification and subsequent ethanol fermentation (13.77 g/L). Notably, the extracted lignin retained a well-preserved native structure, characterized by abundant beta-O-4 linkages (33.29 per 100 Ar) and a high phenolic hydroxyl content (5.08 mmol/g). This high-quality lignin was readily processed into uniform lignin nanoparticles (LNPs, 84 nm) and incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to construct flexible bioplastics. Compared to LNPs derived from choline chloride/formic acid (ChCl/FA), the PC/EG-based LNPs exhibited superior interfacial compatibility with PVA, enabling more extensive hydrogen bonding interactions. The resulting PVA/LNP-PC/EG composite demonstrated outstanding multifunctional performance, including near-complete UV shielding, rapid photothermal heating (94.6 degrees C under UV irradiation), and stable thermoelectric conversion (0.5 V). Moreover, it displayed robust mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 79.96 MPa and an elongation at break of 203.43%, significantly outperforming both pure PVA and ChCl/FA-based composite. This work presents a sustainable lignin-first biorefinery pathway that integrates bioethanol production with high-performance lignin-based materials through coupled DES design and nanostructural engineering.

Achieving efficient delignification while preserving the native structure of lignin remains a critical challenge for integrated bamboo biorefineries. In this study, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of (Benzyltriethylammonium chloride) TEBAC, ethylene glycol (EG), and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) was developed for bamboo fractionation. The optimized TEBAC/EG/p-TsOH system removed up to 97.94% of lignin and 85.99% of hemicellulose, while retaining 84.46% of cellulose. The pretreated bamboo showed significantly improved enzymatic saccharification, achieving a glucose yield of 78.98% and an ethanol yield of 73.16% following fermentation. The recovered lignin, characterized by a low molecular weight and well-preserved β-O-4 linkages, self-assembled into uniform lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with approximately 318 nm. These LNPs efficiently encapsulated difenoconazole (Dif@LNP-140°C) with an encapsulation efficiency of 70.02%, exhibiting excellent photostability and pH-responsive release and full antifungal activity against Fusarium spp. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that synergistic non-covalent interactions, particularly hydrogen bonding with G-units and π-π stacking with S-units, govern the stable encapsulation of the drug. This work presents a sustainable lignin-first strategy for integrated bamboo valorization, enabling the co-production of biofuels and lignin-based nanomaterials while maximizing resource efficiency.

Advances in modern infrared (IR) detection technology have created a pressing need for intelligent multifunctional shielding materials based on sustainable biological macromolecules. Cellulose, as the most abundant renewable biopolymer on Earth, offers an excellent platform for developing eco-friendly functional materials. However, simplifying the preparation of cellulose-based composites while ensuring multifunctionality remains challenging. Herein, we report a flexible cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite film with a nacre-like structure, fabricated via water-evaporation-induced self-assembly. The optimized CMP-3 film (the mass ratio of CNF, MXene, and PVA was 18:12:70) exhibits outstanding comprehensive performance: excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 23.72 MPa), low thermal conductivity (0.0913 W·m-1·K-1), low IR emissivity (0.51 at 8-14 μm) for effective IR stealth, and superior photothermal conversion (70.8 °C within 120 s under 100 mW·cm-2). Notably, the film demonstrates complete oxidative degradability in 3% H2O2 within 24 h, highlighting its chemical degradability under oxidative conditions. This study provides a facile fabrication strategy for multifunctional cellulose-based composites in adaptive IR camouflage and thermal management.

Transition metal and heteroatom doping are the most effective methods to endow biochar with excellent catalytic activity. In this work, Co-N doped biochar cluster (Co-N-PGC) catalysts with Co0, CoO, Co3O4, and Ngraphite catalytic sites were fabricated using a Co2+/polyethyleneimine(PEI)-modified peach gum (PG) hydrogel network (Co2+-PEI-PG). Zeta potential and BET tests revealed that Co-N-PGC-900 had a negative charged surface with a specific surface area of 35.927 m2/g, which enabled Co-N-PGC-900 to effectively adsorb chloroquine cations through surface and charge interactions. Notably, the Co-N-PGC-900/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system could degrade 99% of chloroquine phosphate (CQ) within 10 min, suggesting a very high efficiency in degrading antibiotics. Electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemical analysis, and DFT theoretical calculations were employed to further study the degradation mechanism of CQ in Co-N-PGC-900/PMS system. Besides, the degradation process of CQ was analyzed by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS), and two possible degradation pathways were proposed. Both the simulated data on the ecotoxicity of the intermediates and the wheat germination experiment showed that the degradation solution of CQ was safe for the development of organisms. This work presented a metal-hydrogel coordination approach for preparing metal-heteroatom doped biochar using natural tree-gum hydrogel as raw material, which perfectly solves the problems of metal-valence regulation and uniform distribution of Co active sites.

Efficient pretreatment is essential for improving the conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars and bioethanol. In this study, choline chloride–monoethanolamine (ChCl-MEA)-based ternary deep eutectic solvents containing H2O2, NaHCO3, Na2S, or ethylene glycol were prepared and applied to pretreatment of Dendrocalamus brandisii. Among the tested systems, ChCl-MEA-Na2S showed the best overall pretreatment performance, achieving 92.8% delignification and 86.1% cellulose retention. It also effectively disrupted lignin–carbohydrate associations, reduced lignin shielding and generated a more accessible cellulose-rich substrate for bioconversion. In the following separation enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, 92.2% cellulose in substrate was conversed to glucose and 17.49 g/L ethanol was obtained via the fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate. Taking the bioconversion of substrate into consideration, the ChCl-MEA-H2O2 and ChCl-MEA-Na2S were recovered for full components utilization. Especially, the carbon dots produced from the degradation compounds in ChCl-MEA-H2O2 DESs had favorable antioxidation and antibacterial performance due to the oxygen-containing group caused by oxidation of H2O2.

A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of triethylbenzylammonium chloride and oxalic acid (TEBAC/OA) was employed to pretreat D. giganteus (DG). To enhance the pretreatment efficiency, acids with varying pKa values-including p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), salicylic acid (SA), formic acid (FA), glycolic acid (GA), acetic acid (AA), and propionic acid (PA)-were incorporated into the binary TEBAC-based DES. It was found that the pKa of the third acid component exhibited a negative correlation with the removal of lignin and xylan, as well as with the subsequent enzymatic saccharification yield. Notably, the SA-assisted DES pretreatment resulted in 98.74% xylan removal and 92.24% delignification. Moreover, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency improved from 53.21% for the binary DES-pretreated DG to 70.69% for the TEBAC/OA-SA-pretreated DG. Computational modeling revealed a reduction in both the number of hydrogen bonds and the interaction forces among cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin within the TEBAC/OA-SA system, which facilitated effective fractionation of bamboo. The TEBAC/OA-SA pretreated DG exhibited marked morphological and structural alterations, characterized by the lowest crystallinity-to-cellulose ratio and hydrophobicity, along with the highest cellulose accessibility. Furthermore, DES lignin (DL) and surface lignin (SL) displayed lower molecular weights and reduced hydrophobicity compared to residual lignin (RL), and their inhibitory effect on enzymatic saccharification was considerably weaker. By adjusting the pKa of the DES system, this study successfully achieved efficient fractionation of bamboo and enhanced enzymatic saccharification, thereby offering valuable insights for the design of tailored DES-based pretreatment strategies.

Efficient pretreatment is essential for improving the conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars and bioethanol. In this study, choline chloride–monoethanolamine (ChCl-MEA)-based solvent systems containing H2O2, NaHCO3, Na2S, or ethylene glycol were prepared and applied for the pretreatment of Dendrocalamus brandisii. Among the tested systems, ChCl-MEA-Na2S showed the best overall pretreatment performance, achieving 92.8 ± 2.3% delignification and 86.1 ± 1.7% cellulose retention. It also effectively disrupted lignin–carbohydrate associations, reduced lignin shielding and generated a more accessible cellulose-rich substrate for bioconversion. In the following separation enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, 92.2 ± 2.2% cellulose in substrate was converted to glucose, and 17.49 ± 0.7 g/L ethanol was obtained via the fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate. Taking the bioconversion of substrate into consideration, the ChCl-MEA-H2O2 and ChCl-MEA-Na2S were recovered for full component utilization. Especially, the carbon dots produced from the degradation compounds in ChCl-MEA-H2O2 DESs had favorable antioxidation and antibacterial performance due to the oxygen-containing group caused by oxidation of H2O2.

Postharvest deterioration significantly limits the quality and shelf life of red grapes, highlighting the need for sustainable and multifunctional preservation strategies. In this study, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified cellulose nanofibrils (mCNF) were incorporated with Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) to develop biodegradable active composite films for grape preservation. OSA modification introduced hydrophobic groups onto CNF surfaces, improving water resistance while maintaining nanoscale dispersion. The incorporation of BSP further enhanced the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the composite films, while mCNF contributed to mechanical reinforcement, structural integrity, and barrier performance. Among the tested formulations, the mCNF: BSP-4:1 film exhibited the most balanced properties, including improved hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and mechanical performance, together with effective antioxidant and antibacterial functions. Application of this composite film to red grapes effectively reduced weight loss, delayed softening and color deterioration, and maintained higher levels of antioxidants, phenolics, anthocyanins, soluble solids, and titratable acidity during storage. The preservation effect was associated with enhanced antioxidant defense systems, including increased activities of APX, CAT, SOD, POD, and GR, as well as reduced PPO activity. Overall, the mCNF–BSP films offer a bio-based packaging approach for maintaining the postharvest quality of fresh produce.

Conventional conductive hydrogels face persistent sustainability challenges including energy-intensive fabrication processes, poor subzero temperature tolerance, and rapid dehydration under ambient conditions, contributing to electronic waste accumulation. To address these limitations, we developed an eco-friendly CaTPD hydrogel through rapid room-temperature polymerization initiated by a tannic acid-Ca2+ complex, eliminating external energy requirements. The synthesis incorporates renewable biomass resources - dialdehyde cellulose derived from sustainable cellulose sources and plant-derived tannic acid - aligning with green chemistry principles. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a porous network with coordinated complexes, yielding exceptional mechanical properties including 153 kPa tensile strength, 1423.1% fracture elongation, and 988.9 kJ/m3 toughness. The incorporated calcium chloride imparted remarkable environmental stability, maintaining complete flexibility at -80 degrees C and preserving 81.5% of initial mass after 15 days at ambient conditions. The hydrogel demonstrated repeatable adhesion to diverse substrates (up to 32.3 kPa to wood) through multiple interfacial interactions. As a strain sensor, it achieved broad detection range (0-400% strain) with tunable sensitivity (gauge factor 1.63-16.87) and maintained signal stability over 3000 cycles. Practical applications were demonstrated through reliable monitoring of human motions ranging from large-scale joint movements to subtle swallowing actions. This work establishes a sustainable paradigm for flexible electronics by integrating biomass-derived materials with energy-efficient manufacturing, offering a viable solution to reduce energy consumption and electronic waste in sensor production while maintaining high performance under extreme conditions, ultimately contributing to cleaner production in the electronics industry.

Nine benzylammonium chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and used to disrupt the natural recalcitrance of bamboo cell walls, to simultaneously produce fermentable sugars and lignin by-products. Under pretreatment conditions of 130 degrees C and 6 h, nearly 90 % of lignin was removed during the tributyl benzyl ammonium chloride/oxalic acid (TBBAC/OA) pretreatment of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro bamboo (DG), accompanied by a satisfactory recovery of cellulose (similar to 84 %). The enzymatic digestibility of TBBAC/OA-DG released 83.72 % of fermentable sugars, which is about twice as high as tetrabutylammonium chloride/oxalic acid pretreated DG (TBAC/OA-DG) without benzyl groups as the hydrogen bond acceptor in the DES system. The structural characteristics of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) in DESs remarkably influenced the removal of lignin and xylan, which resulted in a loose structure after DES pretreatment, then increased the enzymatic accessibility of bamboo. Furthermore, the obtained regenerated lignin has a narrow molecular weight distribution and excellent solubility in organic solvents, which demonstrated potential industrial applications. These findings not only explain the relationship between HBA structure and bamboo fractionation, but also provide new insights for the selection and design of DES in biomass pretreatment.

Conventional wood-based substrates for cultivating Armillaria mellea pose ecological and economic challenges. Bamboo, a fast-growing renewable resource, offers a promising alternative. This study evaluated A. mellea's adaptability to bamboo media through biochemical analyses, including growth kinetics, extracellular enzyme activity, bioactive compound production, and the molecular degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The results showed that bamboo substrates effectively supported A. mellea growth, with high cellulase (29.97 U/L) and xylanase (54.54 U/L) activities. Bioactive compounds accumulated significantly: protein (18.2 mg/g), polysaccharides (62.9 mg/mL), and triterpenes (82.9 mg/mL). After 40 days, the degradation rates were 66.2% for cellulose, 56.1% for hemicellulose, and 52.5% for lignin. Structural analysis revealed a preference for degrading glucose, arabinose, xylose, and aromatic lignin units. These findings confirm that bamboo is a sustainable and efficient substrate for A. mellea cultivation, improving both growth and degradation, with potential applications in sustainable agriculture and companion cropping with Gastrodia elata.

Bamboo is recognized as an advanced biomaterial for interfacial solar evaporation. Owing to its rapid growth rate and high throughput transport via its unique vascular bundle pore structure, bamboo outperforms wood in solar evaporator applications. An efficient solar evaporator was developed to facilitate directional vertical water transport, a design inspired by the natural transpiration process of bamboo, designated as AB-PDA@Fe. The efficiency of this design was further enhanced in this study by incorporating iron and polydopamine (PDA) photothermal composites with in situ polymeric loads on their surfaces for thermal management. Contact angle measurements revealed optimal AB-PDA@Fe, indicating an effective water management system. UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometry showed over 90 % light absorption by the AB-PDA@Fe solar evaporator, exhibiting efficient thermal management. The resultant evaporator (AB-PDA@Fe) possesses a unique structure that facilitates vertical water transport, minimizes heat loss, and exhibits exceptional light absorption capabilities, enhancing its evaporative performance. Notably, this evaporator demonstrates an evaporation rate of 3.364 kg m- 2 h-1. Furthermore, it exhibits superior decontamination functionality in wastewater treatment, showing potential for harvesting freshwater from contaminated sources for daily human consumption. This study presents an innovative avenue for harnessing bamboo resources and presents new opportunities in using clean energy and biomass materials for seawater desalination.

Recyclable hydrogen peroxide-malic acid (HPMA) pretreatment strategy has been designed to achieve efficient bamboo fractionation and bioconversion of carbohydrates, while significantly reducing pretreatment costs. When using 70 % malic acid to prepare peracid system, it exhibited a significant effect on the depolymerization of xylan and lignin in D. giganteus (DG), with xylan removal of 60.31 % and delignification of 98.21 %. After enzymatic saccharification and fermentation, the glucose yield and ethanol production of HPMA-DG increased to 73.1 % and 17.5 g/L, respectively, increased by 9 and 6-folds than the substrate pretreated with HP and MA alone. The structural characterization indicated that the HPMA pretreatment was beneficial for improving the physicochemical structure, surface microstructure, and cellulose accessibility of bamboo towards enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. In addition, two cycles of recycled pretreatment solution still provided excellent delignification (93.35-96.8 %) and enzymatic saccharification efficiency (67.22-67.82 %). This work has excellent potential in the biorefinery of bamboo biomass, which can improve resource efficiency and circular economy, and make the biorefinery process more sustainable and economically viable.

The increasing deployment of electronics in everyday life has generated great concerns regarding the effective disposal of waste from these components. Here, we focused on a facile sustainable and economical strategy to provide ideas for this issue. This strategy relied on using appropriate mechanical treatment and sodium lignosulfonate coating to improve the dispersion and interfacial compatibility of bamboo fibers in poly(lactic acid). By optimising the particle size and concentration of sodium lignosulphonate, high value-added and green composites were prepared using sectional pressurization with a venting procedure. The treated composite displayed an ultra-smooth surface (roughness of 0.592 nm), impressive transient properties (disintegration and degradation behaviour after 30 d), and outstanding ultraviolet (UV) shielding properties (100%). These properties hold the promise of being an excellent substrate for electronic devices, especially for high-precision processing, transient electronics, and UV damage prevention. The satisfactory interfacial compatibility of the composites was confirmed by detailed characterisation regarding the related physicochemical properties. This investigation offers a sustainable approach for producing high value-added green composites from biomass and biomass-derived materials.

Natural biopolymers have great potential in packaging materials due to their safety and pollution-free advantages. Bamboo shoot shells are by-products of the bamboo shoot processing process. A loose polysaccharide network and low molecular weight were observed in bamboo shoot shell-derived SDF, enabling enhanced hydroxyl accessibility for free radical scavenging and thereby achieving antioxidant efficacy. This study used soluble dietary fiber (SDF), natural non-starch polysaccharide, as active ingredients mixed with sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare food packaging films in order to evaluate the effect of soluble dietary fiber on the multifunctional properties of SA/PVA active films. The strawberries wrapped in the SA/PVA/SDF active film (SPDF active film) were monitored over a six-day period to evaluate their preservation efficacy. The overall regular and dense network structure of SA/PVA composite films was impacted by the addition of soluble dietary fiber, which improved the UV barrier, morphology, mechanical properties, and antioxidant properties of the SPDF active film. Compared with SA/PVA substrate, the addition of soluble dietary fiber increased its tensile strength by 76.00 % and elongation at break by 117.39 %. The mechanical reinforcement is attributed to hydrogen-bonded crosslinking networks and optimized microstructure induced by SDF. At a 0.8 wt% SDF addition, the film achieved peak radical scavenging activity with 88.72 % (DPPH) and 82.17 % (ABTS) inhibition rates. The innovative significance of this study lies in proposing the preparation of food packaging films with excellent antioxidant activity, which used dietary fiber from bamboo shoot shells, sodium alginate, and polyvinyl alcohol. The film can serve as a substitute for petroleum-based packaging materials and has broad application prospects in the field of fruit preservation.