本文基于COI基因序列对光唇鱼属13种鱼类进行分子鉴定及系统进化研究.结果表明,光唇鱼属各物种间遗传距离,除了北江光唇鱼(A.beijiangensis)与窄条光唇鱼(A.stenotaeniatus)之间的遗传距离(0.0157)外,其余物种间遗传距离都大于0.0200.在分子系统发育树上,北江光唇鱼与窄条光唇鱼形成一个分支,且因其种间遗传距离达不到种的划分水平,结合已有的资料判断两者可能为同一物种;吉首光唇鱼(A.jishouensis)在分子系统发育树上与侧条光唇鱼(A.parallens)和半刺光唇鱼(A.hemispinus)聚为姐妹分支,且与两者的种间遗传距离都明显大于0.020 0,吉首光唇鱼应为一个有效种;半刺光唇鱼和带半刺光唇鱼(A.cinctus)在系统树上各自分布在2个独立的分支上,且两者间遗传距离比各自与同分支上的物种间遗传距离大,故判断它们的差异已达到种的水平.本研究结果表明线粒体COI基因序列能有效地对光唇鱼属鱼类进行物种鉴定,并可用于探讨光唇鱼属的系统发育研究.

Sex-specific markers are critical for understanding sex determination mechanism and development of unisexual breeding in fish. Spinibarbus hollandi is an important commercial aquaculture species in southeastern China. Here, through whole genome sequencing of three female and six male individuals of S. hollandi, we first screened out a total of 88 candidate male-specific sequences. After PCR validation, three male-specific markers were proved to be able to realize male-specific amplification in S. hollandi. Subsequently, the three markers were also examined in another 24 female and 24 male individuals of S. hollandi, and the accuracy was 100%. Moreover, several male-specific genes that participate in sex determination process were identified by NR annotation, which might act as sex determining genes in S. hollandi. In general, the male-specific markers suggested an XY sex determination system in S. hollandi and would contribute a lot to understanding of sex determination mechanisms and development of unisexual breeding.

利用生活中常见、简单、成本较低的材料制作"分泌蛋白的合成和运输"简易装置开展实验教学,将抽象的内容具体化,利用立体的教具刺激学生感官,让学生在实验教学中逐步加深对微观结构的了解,加深对分泌蛋白合成和运输过程的掌握,促进学生对概念的理解和运用.

Spinibarbus hollandi (Cyprinidae, Barbinae) is an economically important species and widely distributed in numbers of rivers throughout South China. However, wild S. hollandi resources have declined sharply in recent years as a result of over fishing, environmental pollution and other human disturbance. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to protect germplasm resource of S. hollandi. In this study, 32 novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were first developed based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). The results showed that the minor allele frequency (MAF) varied from 0.010 to 0.337, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.000 to 0.127 and 0.043 to 0.402, respectively. The PIC value varied from 0.048 to 0.375. Only two loci revealed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These novel SNP markers will contribute a lot for future studies on population structure and conservation genetics of this species.

为了更好地讲授固醇类激素的合成与分泌,使学生能够更简单明了地学习这一类激素的合成过程,笔者设计了一个材料易得、能够独立完成、便于操作展示的立体教具.该教具以睾酮为例,整体采用地球仪的呈现形式,方便学生进行观察.教具中部件可拆卸的特点,可在教学课堂中方便梳理睾酮合成分泌的步骤,促进相关知识的吸收.设计最大的特点在于:细胞器部件可以以模块化的形式自行组装,以适应不同生物学知识的讲授与演示.

通过超声波提取法对化橘红中的柚皮苷进行提取,采用蒸汽温润法进行软化操作,先对温润的时间和温润的温度进行了单因素探究,然后两个因素组合搭配,从而获得温度和时间的最佳组合.本实验采用紫外分光光度计对化橘红中的柚皮苷含量进行检测,结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,在本实验设置的梯度里,蒸汽温润法的最佳软化条件是在60℃蒸汽温润9 h.

对化橘红的有效成分、提取方法、含量检测、药理作用等研究进展进行了综述,为进一步开展化橘红有效成分的功效研究提供理论依据.其中,化橘红的主要有效成分为黄酮类化合物、多糖、挥发性物质等.提取黄酮类多用索氏提取法、超声波提取法,多糖的提取方法以热水浸取法、微波提取法为佳,挥发性物质的主要采取蒸馏萃取法.检测方法有紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法等.化橘红有抗氧化、降低氧化损伤的功效,可治疗老年痴呆等.

Progestins, such as norethindrone (NET), have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments due to their extensive use for medical applications. While NET is notorious for its endocrine disrupting effects, it has been recently shown to cause cellular damage, suggesting its potential impacts on the body defence of organisms. Hence, we examined the histological features and antioxidant defence of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposing to NET (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) for 72 days, followed by analysing its metabolome to explore whether NET disturbs the metabolic processes responsible for antioxidant defence. While acute mortality was not triggered, we found that antioxidant defence was substantially weakened by NET at 500 ng/L (i.e. reduced SOD and GSH levels) and hence liver injury was inflicted (i.e. elevated ALT and MDA levels), as manifested by vacuolization of liver tissues and reduced number of normal cells in the liver. Metabolomic analysis showed that the metabolic processes responsible for antioxidant defence were disrupted by NET (e.g. upregulation of nervonyl carnitine and chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate; downregulation of homolanthionine and acevaltrate) and these changes can undermine antioxidant defence by suppressing Nrf2-ARE and NF-κB pathways that contribute to the synthesis of SOD and GSH. This study demonstrates how NET can compromise the body defence of aquatic organisms via metabolic disruption, suggesting that the impacts of progestins on their fitness are more detrimental than previously thought.

[目的]全面了解光倒刺鲃的遗传多样性和遗传结构,为其种质资源保护和利用提供科学依据.[方法]采用自行设计的引物对9条水系共209尾光倒刺鲃样本的线粒体COI基因序列进行测定与分析,并探讨其遗传结构和遗传多样性水平.[结果]在209条COI基因序列中,共检测到12个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.801,核苷酸多样性为0.0082.单倍型系统树显示,所有群体聚成2支,东江群体的全部样本及北江、赣江和九龙江水系的部分样本组成Ⅰ支,其余样本组成Ⅱ支.单倍型网络分析显示,东江群体单倍型与北江、赣江和九龙江部分个体关系较近,但与其他个体关系相对较远;珠江水系大部分群体与长江、钱塘江、九龙江大部分群体分布于不同的分支.AMOVA分析表明,光倒刺鲃COI基因序列变异主要来自地理区内群体间,占82.33％.错配分析及中性检验显示,大多数群体相对稳定,未发生过群体扩张.[结论]光倒刺鲃群体的遗传多样性总体偏低,应加强对其种质资源的保护;东江水系与珠江水系其他群体既存在一定隔离,又存在着基因交流;珠江水系群体与长江水系群体间分化明显.

小球藻富含多种营养成分,以其为原料制取的小球藻多肽更是具有良好的体外和体内的抗氧化能力,这为天然抗氧化产品的研发提供了基础.本研究以破壁蛋白核小球藻粉为原料,采用考马斯亮蓝法对小球藻提取液中总蛋白含量进行测定,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化酶解法制备小球藻多肽的工艺条件,并对多肽提取液进行抗氧化与稳定性研究.实验结果表明:酶解小球藻蛋白制备多肽的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度40℃,酶浓度40U/mL,酶解时间40min,料液比1:100g/mL.在该条件下小球藻多肽得率达60.24％.对其清除DPPH自由基的能力及稳定性进行检测,研究表明小球藻多肽具有一定的抗氧化功能,且得到的多肽提取液稳定性良好.为小球藻蛋白活性肽的高效制备提供了一定的理论依据.

[目的]明确珠江和长江水系不同光倒刺鲃地理群体的遗传变异及进化关系,为其种质资源保护和可持续开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]从珠江水系(增江、流溪河、北江、连江、漓江、柳江和郁江)和长江水系(阊江、赣江和湘江)的10个支流(群体)采集347尾光倒刺鲃样本,扩增并测定其线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列;通过MEGA 6.0、DnaSP 6.10和Arlequin 3.5等在线软件统计序列碱基组成、变异位点、遗传距离、核苷酸多样性(π)、单倍型多样性(Hd)及遗传分化系数(Fst),并进行分子变异分析(AMOVA)、核苷酸错配分布分析、中性检验,以及构建单倍型的系统发育进化树和网络结构图.[结果]光倒刺鲃mtDNA控制区序列长度为519 bp,其中T、C、A、G占比平均值分别为32.57％、19.16％、32.16％和16.11％.在所有mtDNA控制区序列中共检测到62个变异位点,34个单倍型;10个光倒刺鲃群体的Hd平均为0.917,π平均为0.0359,遗传距离为0.0018～0.0790,Fst为-0.0007～0.9978.光倒刺鲃mtDNA控制区序列63.46％的分子遗传变异来自各地理分组间;单倍型网络结构图和系统发育进化树均显示,10个光倒刺鲃群体聚类为三大支系,除了有个别交集外,东江水系、西江水系、赣江水系+湘江水系的光倒刺鲃群体分布在3个不同的独立分支上,而北江+流溪河水系群体分别与东江水系群体和西江水系群体有较多交集.10个光倒刺鲃群体的Fu's Fs为-1.339～23.759,平均为9.857,但P均大于0.05;Tajima's D为-2.613～2.824,仅有3个群体的Tajima's D为显著性负值(P<0.05);其核苷酸错配分布图谱呈多峰形式,即珠江和长江水系光倒刺鲃群体尚未发生过种群扩张.[结论]珠江和长江水系光倒刺鲃群体遗传多样性总体上偏低,应加强其种质资源保护,尤其是北江水系群体野生资源相对较丰富宜作为重点保护单元.复杂的地形地貌导致珠江和长江水系光倒刺鲃群体形成明显的地理隔离,群体间已发生明显分化,且受各种人为活动干扰导致其种群收缩,因此亟待采取有效防护措施以保证光倒刺鲃种质资源的可持续利用.

概述了小球藻在食品开发利用领域的破壁、去腥和稳定性工艺技术.其中,提高小球藻营养利用度的破壁技术主要有研磨法、超声波破壁法、交替冻融法、高压均质法、酶解法等.提高小球藻食品口感的去腥技术主要有包埋脱腥法、吸附脱腥法、酵母发酵脱腥法、真空脱腥法等.小球藻食品稳定性的工艺根据产品类型的不同而不同,口服液主要通过添加复合稳定剂,胶囊则通过制备胶囊壳来保护小球藻的营养成分不被破坏.破壁技术、去腥技术和稳定性技术都是小球藻食品生产中不可缺少的部分.目前,由于小球藻食品独特的浓郁腥味、破壁困难及还未有更为新颖的产品形式使其市场开发受到限制,只有改进、完善破壁、去腥和稳定性工艺技术,才能更好的利用小球藻资源.

针对实践性教学存在的问题,结合生物工程专业培养目标和广州市生物产业发展,围绕生物工程专业的实践教学体系进行了长期的探索与实践.在创造性地整合出"生物工程上游技术实验"、"生物工程中游技术实验"、"生物工程下游技术实验"3门专业实验课程基础上,将生物工程专业教学计划中的30门课内实验课设置成13门独立设课的实验课程,形成了基础性实验课程、提高性实验课程、研究型实验课程"三层次"的实验课程新体系;构建了培养学生实践能力为核心的校内课堂实验—校内科技/专业技能竞赛—校外实习—毕业论文(设计)—教师科研"四结合"实践教学体系.这些教改成果陆续体现于人才培养方案中并得到贯彻实施,硬件和软件平台的建设有机衔接了实践教学各环节,学生得到了多方位的锻炼.

Based on our previous shaking-flask and 5-L fermentor experiments,pilot-scale fermentation for laccase production was investigated in a 50-L fermentor with G.weberianum TZC-1 as producing strain.The optimal pilotscale fermentation conditions and parameters were determined.The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows:seeds age was 3 d,inoculum size was 8％,fermentation temperature was 28 ℃,and the volume of liquid medium was 30 L.pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were periodically controlled in the process of fermentation.pH value was 6.0 within the first 48 h and 4.5 ～ 5.0 after 48 h.The agitation speed and aeration rate are 100 r/min and 10 L/min within the first 36 h,150 r/min and 15 L/min during 36 ～ 72 h,200 r/min and 20 L/min during 72 ～ 96 h,and 250 r/min and 15 L/min after 96 h,respectively.15 ～30％ DO was favorable for mycelia growth within the first 72 h,and 10 ～ 15％ DO was favorable for accumulation of laccase after 72 h.Fermentation was finished after 144 hours and 18.8 L of enzyme liquid was obtained.The total enzyme activity was 27 667.7 U/L.This activity was 2.5 times of that from our previous shaking-flask fermentation.The results of this study would be very useful for the laccase production by large tank fermentation.

“免疫学”课程是生物、医学、药学类专业的重要专业基础课程，内容丰富，交叉性、实践性强。我们将目前主流的移动社交媒体软件———微信应用于“免疫学”理论课的教学，进行了初步的教学改革实践。用微信引导学生学习“免疫学”课程、提供交互学习环境、评价学习效果，把更多的课堂教学时间用于讲解课程的重点、难点和引导学生讨论，初步实现微信辅助的“免疫学”混合教学模式，以提高学生的学习兴趣和自主学习能力，改善教学效果。

Comparative analysis of fermentative soybean meal(FSM) from six different companies were carried out,physical and chemical parameters included crude protein(CP),peptide content,component of protein molecules,activities of acid proteinase and neutral proteinase,total plate count(TPC) of Bacillus subtilis(BS) and lactic bacteria,etc.The results showed that CP content of six different FSM were 46.08%～53.36%,peptide content were 2.82%～12.1%,TPC were 10~5～10~6 CFU/g,activities of proteinase was low,the maximum values was 2.36 U/g,molecule of proteins between 18 400～116 000 u was less degradation.The results indicated that values of physical and chemical parameters were significant different in different FSM.According key indexes affecting the qualities of FSM,improvements of processing for them were suggested.

Many natural and synthetic dyes present in industrial effluents are resistant to degradation by conventional treatments. Decolorization of indigo carmine were carried out using a newly isolated ligninolytic fungus strain Ganoderma weberianum TZC1. This strain was shown to decolorize indigo carmine efficiently; the optimal pH and temperature were pH 5.0 and 33°C. A decolorization efficiency of 93% was achieved by cultivation for 1 h at an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L. Furthermore, G. weberianum was shown to be used efficiently and repeatedly in repeated-batch decolorization operations with the mycelia pellets at the different ages. Our results suggest that G. weberianum has promising applications in dye-containing wastewater decolorization.

Based on the application-oriented talent training mode,a biological engineering experimental teaching curriculum system was integrated.It was shown that this big experiment platform of bio-engineering disciplines laid a good foundation for conducting comprehensive design of experiments,and it created a favorable environment for highlights to innovative experimental research.This paper focused on the construction of the training mode and the experimental system,and analysis of important and difficult points on integration,and the characteristics of the construction.The integration system can largely improve the educational level of bio-engineering and training mode.

拟南芥IQM2由At3g13600编码,是IQM家族的第二个成员,但在各种分子生物学相关的文献和数据库中都找不到其cDNA序列.本研究采用RACE和RT-PCR技术,克隆得到拟南芥IQM2基因的全长cDNA序列.该cDNA长2245 bp,其开放阅读框长1818 bp,编码1个由605个氨基酸残基组成的多肽链.生物信息学分析表明,IQM2蛋白含有一个IQ基序,属于钙不依赖性钙调素结合蛋白;其N端与豌豆重金属诱导蛋白6(HMIP6)有较高的同源性,而IQ基序则分布在HMIP6结构域内部;其C端与栝楼天花粉蛋白(trichosanthin)N端具有较高的同源性.

Different treatment and different variety of rice seeds were treated by SPNE(Special plant nutritional element),and they germinated and grown at the same condition.The results showed that the germinative rate of seed,diastatic activity of seedling,weight of plant,content of chlorophyl and proten of all seed treated by SPNE was better than the contrast.Epigenetic effect was showed.Two generation treated by SPNE was better than one generation treated by SPNE.Most nutritional ingredient content of different variety of rice treated by SPNE were higher than the contrast,too.As well,the content of nutritional ingredient of rice that treated by SPNE in two giceneration was higher than treated by SPNE only in one generation,which was higher than the contrast.