耕地是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,新形势下中国政府对耕地保护工作给予了前所未有的重视,也多次强调耕地保护管理要实现数量、质量、生态“三位一体”.系统化、生态化推进耕地保护是发达国家地区实践的重要趋势,本文梳理了发达国家主要做法,总结其经验,以期为中国耕地保护工作提供借鉴.

产业融合是产业经济发展中的一种新范式,本文作者基于产业融合理论,构建农业产业融合发展驱动模型,并以北京农科城驱动产业融合发展实践为例,剖析农业产业融合发展的路径与成效.研究发现北京农科城建设有效驱动了农业产业融合发展,具体实践具有代表性,对我国农业产业融合发展具有借鉴作用.

四川省地形地貌复杂多样,常年多旱灾,玉米是该省主要粮食作物之一,在粮食生产中占有重要地位,但干旱一直是制约四川省玉米生长发育和产量形成的重要因素,常年春、夏、伏旱频发重发,造成玉米年际间产量不稳定。评估四川省玉米生育期干旱状况,分析其时空变化特征,可为相关部门制定农业生产计划、防灾减灾措施以及保险部门确定保费率提供科学依据。本文利用四川省144个玉米种植区气象台站1970—2010年逐日气象数据,以水分盈亏指数作为干旱指标,分析四川省6大玉米种植区域（盆南丘陵区、盆中浅丘区、盆西平丘区、盆周边缘山地区、盆东平行岭谷区和川西南山地区）玉米生育期内干旱频率的时空变化特征及干旱发生风险度的空间分布。结果表明:从时间变化看,各区域干旱频率变化趋势不同,但大部区域从20世纪90年代后期开始明显增加,其中拔节—乳熟期干旱站均次数变化趋势除盆东平行岭谷区随年代呈下降趋势,其余各区都呈上升趋势,乳熟—成熟期干旱站均次数变化趋势盆南丘陵区、盆西平丘区及盆周边缘山地区呈明显上升趋势;从空间分布看,盆南丘陵区轻旱发生次数最高,盆中浅丘区中旱发生次数最高,盆西平丘区及盆东平行岭谷区发生干旱次数相对较低;干旱发生风险度空间分布为:全生育期干旱风险重度区主要集中在盆中浅丘区、盆东平行岭谷区大部及盆南丘陵区部分区域,拔节—乳熟期重度风险区主要集中在盆地北部及盆中浅丘区大部,乳熟—成熟期重度干旱区域分布在盆北、盆东南及盆中浅丘区部分区域。

低碳农业是低碳经济的重要部分,本文在明确低碳农业领域碳锁定—解锁内涵的基础上,分析了发达国家和地区农业领域碳锁定的化解途径,总结低碳农业技术创新的特点,从而得出对中国低碳农业碳解锁的有益启示。

运用IPCC估算农业温室气体排放指南,对1978—2009年期间畜禽存栏统计数据进行分析,研究北京地区畜禽养殖温室气体排放的时空分布。结果表明,北京地区畜禽温室气体排放自20世纪90年代初逐步增长,到2004年达到顶峰,之后有所回落。在3类排放的温室气体中,牲畜肠道发酵产生的甲烷比重最大,年平均排放量为0.4 Tg CO2-eq,排放贡献最大的是牛,占肠道发酵甲烷排放总量的54%;牲畜粪便排放的甲烷平均值为0.2 Tg CO2-eq,牲畜粪便排放的氧化亚氮平均值为0.3 Tg CO2-eq,畜禽粪便管理排放的甲烷和氧化亚氮主要来自猪的排放,其贡献率分别为73%和46%。从1978—2009年北京畜禽温室气体排放CR4指数（产业集中度指数）逐步增高可以看出,北京市畜禽产业集约化水平不断提高,其中顺义、大兴、密云和通州是北京畜禽温室气体排放的主要区域。同时,对历年畜禽温室气体排放进行了线形回归预测,结果显示,北京地区的畜禽温室气体排放仍呈递增走势。结合北京地区畜禽产业温室气体排放的特点与存在问题,笔者认为应尽快提出适合畜牧业可持续发展的温室气体减排策略及减排目标,开展温室气体减排技术研发,从而推进畜禽产业的可持续发展。

本文基于文献资料数据和统计数据,估算了2010年北京市及其郊区县、外埠主要农产品供给省份的耕地畜禽粪便负荷值,分析北京市畜禽废弃物资源空间转移的可行性.结果表明,2010年北京市耕地畜禽粪便负荷量为38.30 t/hm2,超出还田限量值,而天津、河北、山东、辽宁、内蒙古等外埠蔬菜供给省份的耕地畜禽粪便负荷量分别为16.29 t/hm2、15.89 t/hm2、17.43 t/hm2、22.45 t/hm2和21.34 t/hm2,低于还田限量值,京郊畜禽废弃物资源具备开展空间转移的理论可行性.在实践上,北京畜禽废弃物管理既要提高本地利用率,又要与外埠省区建立良好的合作关系,在区域农业合作框架下,着力突破管理、技术、市场、应用等关键节点,提高畜禽废弃物利用技术的成熟性和经济性、有机肥料的商品性和生产应用的积极性.

北京市乡村旅游市场需求问卷调查显示,越来越多的北京消费者选择乡村旅游作为休闲度假方式;消费者需求呈现出体验性、时尚性、高端性、特色性的趋势;获取信息途径主要依赖网络和人际传播;亲朋结伴自驾游成为主要的出行方式;交通条件成为制约乡村旅游参与行为的主要因素。对此,提出北京市乡村旅游提档升级需要注重体验性产品的设计与开发,突出建筑特色,提高目的地进入性,加强企业合作,打造高端产品的对策建议。

As the rapid construction of informatization,technology service has the development opportunity in China's rural areas.In order to understand the status and effectiveness of the application of internet service in rural science and technology,and further analysis of the constraints of its wide application facing,this article took the survey for the country's 14 provincial-level regions.The results showed that,the internet used in China's rural grass-roots technology services already had a certain basic conditions and achievements,but in the information content,services infrastructure and information quality of the audience,there were still insufficient.The empirical research conclusion as the basis,from network S & T information resources construction,construction mode of transmission,rural information service facilities construction,farmers information quality promotion in such aspects as promote the countermeasures of rural technology service informatization development.

Based on the information of maize yield, phonological period, and related weather data, four models (those of climatic drought risk, crop drought risk, yield loss risk, and drought resistant capability) applicable for the assessment of maize drought risk in Sichuan Basin and the corresponding index systems were established, and a comprehensive model for assessing the maize drought disasters in the Basin was constructed, with the comprehensive index for the risk regionalization of the maize drought disasters determined. The values of the indices for assessing the maize drought risk in the Basin differed obviously with different regions, but showed similarity in some areas. The Sichuan Basin was divided into three regions, with high, medium and low maize drought risk, respectively. The region with high risk was mainly in the most areas of northwest basin, the middle basin, and parts of the south basin of Sichuan, the region with medium risk was in the north basin and some parts of the south basin, and the region with low risk was in the northeast and southwest basin, and parts of the southeast basin.

Based on surveyed and interviewed some typical department and agriculture products security production bases,we sorted out the basic situation of agriculture products security production bases in Beijing and analysed the problems which met in construction and operation of the bases,then put forward some relevant strategies and suggestions.

针对北京市发展高端农业的实际需要,对高端农业的内涵、特征和形态进行了归纳,介绍了国内外发展高端农业的一些主要做法,并从中得出北京市发展高端农业的几点启示。

世界城市是城市发展的高级形态,而农产品安全供给是城市健康发展的基础,分析英国伦敦、美国纽约、日本东京以及法国巴黎等世界城市农产品供给格局,存在诸多共性特点,对目前中国北京等大城市农产品市场的安全、稳定具有一定借鉴意义.

即使工业发展、城市扩张对土地需求巨大,世界城市也依然保留着广阔的农业空间,在强化生态管理和可持续发展中发挥着重要作用。融入城市系统是世界城市农业持续存在与发展的关键所在,也是城市农业在技术、经济、生态方面的影响比乡村农业更大的关键原因。

The non-government agriculture extension system based on rural science and technology coordinators has been developed since 2007 in Beijing,which sought to achieve a strong complement to government agriculture extension system.This paper is based on the sample survey results of the rural science and technology coordinators from 30 towns in Beijing.The survey content includes behavioral characteristics,intrinsic motivation,external environment,service effectiveness and development needs.In view of the analysis,the article puts forward relevant suggestions for integrating rural technology services resources,support to the development of modern agriculture by science and technology and achieving the leading role of modern service industry.

大学新生的适应性不仅影响其在校生活,也关系到其未来发展。对它的研究一直是国内外学者关注的重点。文章对近年来大学新生适应性研究的现状及其相关研究进行了总结,就大学新生适应性的界定、测量工具、影响因素和教育对策等重要论题进行了回顾,并指出了目前该研究领域中存在的问题和研究思路。

1.发达国家现代动物标识体系建设概况 现代动物标识与追溯系统建设是在疯牛病发生后受到重视的.自20世纪80年代以来,疯牛病的暴发严重影响了牛及牛肉制品的出口量,为了恢复牛类产品的国际贸易,出口国不得不提供证据证明本国奶牛及牛肉制品等的动物卫生状况,为此,欧盟首先提出了肉牛和犊牛的追溯性,并在欧盟各国建立了牛及牛肉标识追溯系统.此后,为了保证畜产品国际贸易,促进本国畜禽产品管理,动物标识系统建设受到主要动物生产国的高度重视.

The rural informatization is an important part of national informatization and plays a significant role in building a new socialist countryside. This paper traced the current situation of the agricultural information services in Beijing on the construction of information infrastructure, the construction of rural information resources system, the construction of grassroots services sites, the development of information application system, the team establishment and management, etc. Problems in the cuurent work were analyzed and the measures and suggestions on development of the rural informatization in Beijing were put forward to provide a reference for building a new socialist countryside and the rural informatization in Beijing.

The motivations of rural talents taking part in the construction of peasants’ specialized cooperative organizations were analyzed and individual advantages of rural talents in the development of cooperative organizations were expounded. The problems in practice for rural talents were discussed. Some related proposals and countermeasures were also put forward.

世界各国和有关国际组织高度重视健全动物标识及可追溯管理体系建设,其中美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、欧盟等发达国家和地区在动物标识及可追溯管理体系建设方面起步较早,目前已形成了较完备的技术和管理体系。本文在分析国外动物标识技术应用及管理状况基础上,总结发达国家动物标识技术研发趋势,提出中国动物标识技术研发应用的重点。