Developing high-performance 3D micro-meso-porous lamellar catalytic filters is a key challenge in organic wastewater purification. Hence, a high-efficiency lamellar catalytic membrane for the degradation of doxycycline (DTC) by leveraging wood's inherent well-aligned liquid transport channels and chitosan's (CS) excellent metal chelating/film-forming properties was fabricated. The carbon skeleton's uniformly distributed micron-sized vertical channels facilitate rapid fluid transport and strengthen interactions among DTC, PMS, and catalytically active sites. Wood delignification and Fe/urea doping enhanced the active site density of FePCN30@CS0.5-700-0.1, while CS deposition improved its mechanical strength and structural stability, synergistically promoting catalytic performance. Under continuous filtration, the catalyst achieved 82.74 % DTC degradation, with excellent mechanical strength, stability, and broad applicability. Experiments demonstrated that Fe0, Fe3C, pyridine N and graphite N as the potential active centers, and SO4 center dot-, O-2(center dot-),and 1O2 as the main reactive oxygen species in the FePCN30@CS0.5-700-0.1/PMS system. Integrating multiple catalytic membranes enables the construction of a flow-through reactor for continuously degrading organic pollutants, which presents great potential for wastewater treatment and environmental pollution mitigation.

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water represents a highly promising strategy for environmental remediation. However, conventional photocatalysts are hampered by their inefficient employment of visible light energy and the propensity of photoinduced charge carriers to undergo recombination. To overcome these limitations, Z-scheme photocatalyst UiO-66-NO2@ Ag/AgCl (UiO@Ag-X, where X denotes the Ag/AgCl content) composites were designed and prepared. The crystal structure, morphology, photocatalytic performance, light absorption capacity, and carrier separation efficiency were systematically tested. Optical and electrochemical measurements revealed that the incorporation of Ag/AgCl enhanced the segregation and transfer efficiency of charge, which is crucial for boosting photocatalytic activity. These improvements directly contributed to the enhanced degradation efficiency observed in subsequent experiments. In experiments using methyl violet (MV) as the model pollutant, the photocatalytic degradation performance of UiO@Ag-X samples was evaluated. Among these samples, UiO@Ag-50 achieved a remarkable degradation efficiency under light irradiation. Moreover, the corresponding kinetic rate constant was about 0.04724 min-1, which was higher than that of UiO-66-NO2. Quenching experiments were employed to investigate the mechanisms related to photocatalysis. The results show that hydroxyl radicals play an important role in the degradation of MV.

The demand for high-performance catalytic filters that exhibit high-water flux is a significant challenge in the field of organic wastewater purification. The present study investigates the potential of wood's well-aligned liquid transport channels and the remarkable metal chelation and film-forming activity of chitosan (CS) to develop a catalytic filter with superior efficiency for degradation of doxycycline (DTC). The delignification creates more deposition sites for deposition of metal and N atoms within the wood channels. The encapsulation of CS effectively prevents the loss of metal and nitrogen in wood, yielding catalysts with exceptional structural stability and outstanding capability to degrade DTC. The introduction of H2 during carbonization process facilitates the generation of active sites. When DTC solution permeates through the catalytic filter, the well-distributed micron vertical channels of carbon skeleton serve as primary conduits for facilitating rapid fluid transport and enhancing the interaction between DTC, PMS and catalyst. Additionally, the integration and assembly of multiple catalytic filters can be effortlessly achieved to create a flow-through catalytic reactor for continuous degradation of organic pollutants. These economically viable and easily scalable catalytic filters exhibit immense potential for wastewater treatment. Environmental implication This study reveals the potential of preparing sheet-like carbon-based catalytic filter membranes to activate PMS for degrading organic pollutants in water by utilizing the abundant microporous vertical channels of wood, and investigates the effects of different influencing factors on the performance of catalytic filter membranes. The research results provide data support for the preparation of carbon-based catalytic filter membranes, facilitating the efficient utilization of biomass resources such as wood and the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water, which holds significant practical value for sustainable development.

Abstract As a clean and efficient means of pollutant degradation, photocatalysis has received widespread attention and application in the degradation of wastewater pollutants and residual antibiotics, with promising prospects. In this paper, bismuth molybdate was prepared through the hydrothermal method under mild conditions, and the products were characterized. This study explored the key factors affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dimethoxy-sulfadiazine by bismuth molybdate, aiming to provide insights into the photocatalytic degradation of residual antibiotics in wastewater. The findings indicate that bismuth molybdate, when used as a photocatalyst with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, effectively degrades sulfonamide in water.

Despite the increase in the prevalence of postpartum depression among maternal disorder, its treatment outcomes remain suboptimal. Studies have shown that exercise can reduce postpartum depressive episodes in the mother, but the effects of exercise during pregnancy on maternal behavior and the potential mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. From the second day of pregnancy to the day of birth, dams exercised for 1 h a day by running on a controlled wheel. The maternal behaviors of the dams were assessed on postpartum day 2 to postpartum day 8. Chronic restraint stress was applied from postpartum day 2 to day 12. Blood was collected on postpartum days 3 and 8, then subjected to ELISA to determine the serum concentration of prolactin. The weight of each dam and the food intake were recorded. Anxiety- and depression-like behavioral tests were conducted, and hippocampal neuroinflammation and prolactin receptor levels were measured. The dams exhibited elevated levels of anxiety and depression, decreased serum prolactin levels, decreased prolactin receptor expression, and activation of NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in the hippocampus following the induction of postpartum chronic restraint stress, which were reversed with controlled wheel running during pregnancy. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that the preventive effects of exercise during pregnancy on postpartum anxiety-and depression-like behaviors were accompanied by increased serum prolactin levels, hippocampal prolactin receptor expression and hippocampal NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation.

Multilayer hydrogels are widely used in biomedical-related fields due to their complex and variable spatial structures. Various strategies have been developed for preparing multilayer hydrogels, among which electrically induced self-assembly provides a simple and effective method for multilayer hydrogel fabrication. By application of an oscillatory electrical signal sequence, multilayer hydrogels with distinct boundaries can be formed according to the provided programmable signals. In this work, we establish an electrical field in microfluidics combined with polarized light microscopy for in situ visualization of anisotropic construction of multilayer chitosan hydrogel. The noninvasive, real-time birefringence images allow us to monitor the orientation within the hydrogel in response to electrical signals. An increased birefringence was observed from the solution-gel side to the electrode surface side, and a brief electrical signal interruption did not affect the anisotropic assembly process. This understanding of the oscillatory electrical signal-induced hydrogel anisotropy assembly allows us to fabricate chitosan hydrogels with a complex and spatially varying structure.

Traditional thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) for sludge deep dewatering is energy -intensive and poses the risk of generating bio-toxic substances that affect downstream wastewater treatment processes. To address these challenges, this study introduces the novel application of polyoxometalates (POMs) in THP to achieve sludge deep dewatering at lower temperatures. Specifically, under the optimal conditions with a POMs dosage of 1.0 mM/g VSS and a THP temperature of 140 degrees C, a reduction of 30.36%, 88.31%, and 55.04% in W-C, SRF, and CST, respectively, was achieved compared to 20-RS-THP. Further analysis revealed that both the acidity and the biological effect of POMs played the dominant role in enhancing sludge dewatering. Spectroscopic techniques and molecular simulations revealed changes in protein structure during THP induced the POMs-proteins interaction. Results revealed that at lower THP temperatures (<80 degrees C), POMs induced protonation of functional groups in amino acid residues, strengthening electrostatic interactions. As temperatures increased (80-140 degrees C), more binding sites in hydrophilic amino acid residues became available for hydrogen bonding with POMs. This interaction led to structural changes in proteins, facilitating water liberation and the formation of sludge colloidal aggregates with improved drainage channels. However, at higher temperatures (140-180 degrees C), the exposure of hydrophobic sites, the loss of hydrophilic amino acids, and the occurrence of the Maillard reaction in proteins partially offset POMs' binding effects. Moreover, the development of magnetized POMs-based materials may offer sustainability and economic benefits for POMs-based sludge treatment and disposal technologies.

Patulin (PAT) is a hazardous mycotoxin frequently occurs in fruit industry. A reusable g-C3N4-SH@KG composite aerogel for PAT removal in a novel "dark adsorption-light regeneration" mode was prepared by thiol(-SH) functionalization and konjac glucomannan (KG) immobilization. The g-C3N4-SH@KG was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XPS and UV-Vis DRS, and its PAT adsorption and photocatalytic regeneration behaviors and mechanisms were investigated. The g-C3N4-SH@KG exhibited good regeneration performance, maintaining 83% of PAT initial adsorption capacity (0.92 mg/g) after 5 "adsorption-regeneration" cycles. The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. center dot OH and h+ generated by photocatalysis were the main substances that degraded PAT into two products and regenerated -SH. The g-C3N4-SH@KG could effectively remove PAT without negative impact on juice quality. The study provided a new strategy for the regeneration of thiol-functionalized PAT adsorbents, and a new idea for the application of non-selective photocatalysis in the control of food contaminations.

Fe loading 3D micro-meso-porous carbon sphere (Fe@3C-2N) was derived from natural cellulose of sawdust and melamine through sodium alginate and ferric chloride cross-linking followed by carbonization processes, which served as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators for enrofloxacin (ENR) degradation. The cellulose was produced by the delignification of sawdust with sodium chlorite. The delignification of sawdust and the addition of melamine increased the porosity and electron transport capacity of Fe@3C-2N. When the dosages of Fe@3C-2N and PMS were 0.60 g L-1 and 0.20 g L-1 respectively, the degradation rate of ENR (20 mg L-1) reached 92.17 % within 80 min, suggesting the satisfactory activation performance of PMS. The good structural stability of Fe@3C-2N makes it suitable for use as packing in continuous flow reactors for wastewater treatment. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) suggested that SO4•- and 1O2 were the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in Fe@3C-2N/PMS system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that Fe3C, pyrrolic N and graphitic N were the potential active sites.

The utilization of high-efficiency adsorption materials to reduce cadmium pollution in aquatic environments is the focus of current environmental remediation research. Straw waste and sludge, which are available in huge amounts, can be best utilized in the preparation of environmental remediation materials. In this study, six types of biochar (SBC, CBC, DBC, SD1BC, SRDBC, and SCDBC) were prepared from straw and sludge by co-pyrolysis, and their cadmium adsorption mechanisms were explored. Cd(II) adsorption isotherms and kinetics on the biochar were determined and fitted to different models. Kinetic modeling was used to characterize the Cd(II) adsorption of biochar, and findings revealed the process of sorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.96). The Langmuir model accurately represented the isotherms of adsorption, indicating that the process was monolayer and controlled by chemical adsorption. SCDBC had the highest capacity for Cd(II) adsorption (72.2 mg g–1), 1.5 times greater than that of sludge biochar, and 3 times greater than that of corn straw biochar. As the pH level rose within the range of pH 5.0 to 7.0 and the ionic strength decreased, the adsorption capacity experienced an increase. SCDBC contained CaCO3 mineral crystals before Cd(II) adsorption, and CdCO3 was found in SCDBC after adsorbing Cd(II) via X-ray diffraction analysis; the peak of Cd could be observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after the adsorption of Cd(II). The possible adsorption of Cd(II) by SCDBC occurred primarily via surface complexation with active sorption sites, precipitation with inorganic anions, and coordination with π electrons. Collectively, the study suggested that the six types of biochar, particularly SCDBC, could be used as highly efficient adsorbents for Cd(II) removal from aquatic environments.

Anisotropic hydrogel is emerging as an important soft matter in the field of bionics and bioactuators, owing to its outstanding mechanical toughness and strength. Understanding the dynamic construction process of anisotropic hydrogel is beneficial for matching subsequent application. In this work, we establish an electrical field in microfluidics for the in-situ real time visualization of anisotropic assembly of chitosan, an amino polysaccharide. Polarized light microscopy is adopted to observe the dynamic growth of chitosan with different molecular weights. The results demonstrate that electrical signal has a profound influence on anisotropic assembly process of chitosan. It is interesting to notice that high oriented structure can be found in chitosan hydrogel with large molecular weight, which exhibits a dense and compact structure. This work provides a new perspective for predicting and controlling the formation of different molecular weights anisotropic chitosan hydrogels, which permit the rational design of chitosan hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and specific functions.

As(III) and Cd(II) co-existence results in co-contamination in soil and water. It is still a great challenge for As(III) and Cd(II) simultaneous removal in the aqueous medium due to their contrasting chemical behaviour. Herein, we prepared a novel magnesium-manganese modified biochar composite (Mg/Mn@BC) for simultaneous Cd(II) and As(III) elimination from contaminated water. The synergistic effect of Mg/Mn@BC composite on synchronous Cd (II) and As(III) removal was confirmed. In the mixed sorption system, the Langmuir sorption capacity of Mg/ Mn@BC for As(III) and Cd(II) was 164 and 316 mg g-1, respectively, which was more than that in the single adsorption system (75 and 295 mg g-1). In the single sorption system, the Mg/Mn@BC sorption efficiency was > 61% and 100% for As(III) and Cd(II), respectively, while > 87% and 100% in the mixed adsorption system. The characterization results revealed that synergistic adsorption was mainly attributed to anion-bridging (Mn/ MgO-As-Cd) and cation-bridging (Mn/MgO-Cd-As). The ion exchange, precipitation, Cd-& pi; binding and inner-sphere surface complexation with functional groups were predominant in the sorption process, while hydrogen bonding force and ternary complexation were the primary pathways in mixed adsorption system to eliminate Cd(II) and As(III). The results suggested that Mg/Mn@BC composite can be a potential material for wastewater treatment.

Although sulfate radical (SO4.-) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is promising for the removal of stubborn organic contaminations, low utilization efficiency of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has practically troubled the potential application of this water treatment technology. In this study, a novel strategy for ultrafast PMS decomposition was proposed using solid peroxyborate (PBO) as the catalyst. Over 80 % of PMS can be rapidly activated within 1 min. strong electrophilic H2O2BO2 rather than commonly recognized species was considered as the reactive species causing BPA degradation. Through thermodynamic DFT calculation, the catalytic mechanism was thoroughly clarified as the electrophilic substitution reaction between protonated perboric acid (H4BO4+) and ionized PMS (SO52-). Universality experiments showed that PMS/PBO system was a promising, efficient, and eco-friendly process for the degradation of selective contaminants. This work sheds novel lights on the mechanism of electrophilic substitution induced PMS activation, and provides a new idea for environmental remediation.

In this study, using Prussian blue analogs (Mn-Fe PBAs) as the precursors, Mn/Fe bimetal loaded N-doped carbon materials (Mn-Fe-CN) were obtained by pyrolysis followed by acid etching. The influences of calcination tem-perature and the molar ratio of Fe/Mn in precursor were investigated. Mn-Fe-CN obtained by calcining Mn-Fe PBAs precursors with Fe/Mn molar ratio of 0.5 at 700 degrees C exhibited high activity for degradation of rhoda-mine b (RhB) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Acid etching achieved higher catalytic activity by removing excessive agglomerated metals generated during pyrolysis process and exposing more catalytic active sites in the catalyst. Fe, Mn and N-doped carbon were the active sites of the catalyst. In the Mn-Fe-CN/PMS/ RhB system, there was a redox cycle between Fe and Mn with multivalent states. O2 & BULL; and 1O2 were found to be the major reactive oxygen species, while & BULL;OH, SO4 & BULL; and electron transfer between Mn-Fe-CN and PMS, RhB played the minor roles. This work could provide a reference for further development of high performance and envi-ronmentally friendly catalyst.

Magnetic porous carbon materials as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators for sulfadiazine degradation were derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) grown in-situ on the cellulose of wood through the one-step pyrolysis method. The cellulose was obtained by treating wood powder with sodium chlorite to remove lignin, and Fe-MOFs (MIL-101(Fe)) nanoparticles were in-situ grown on the cellulose through hydrothermal reaction. The delignification of wood effectively enhanced the in-situ growth of MIL-101(Fe) on the wood tracheid skeleton, increased the specific surface area of magnetic porous carbon material (Fe@PC-50) after pyrolysis, and improved the performance of Fe@PC-50 as a PMS activator for the degradation of sulfadiazine. With the presence of 0.04 g L-1 Fe@PC-50 and 0.12 g L-1 PMS, the degradation percentage of sulfadiazine (20 mg L-1) could reach 100 % within 15 min, indicating excellent catalytic activity. Quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) indicated that both free and non-free radicals played important roles in PMS activation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested that Fe0 and Fe3C were the possible important active sites for sulfadiazine degradation. This work offered an effective method to synthesize PMS activators from biomass/MOF materials for water treatment.

BackgroundsThe neural circuit mechanisms underlying depression remain unclear. Recently optogenetics has gradually gained recognition as a novel technique to regulate the activity of neurons with light stimulation. Scientists are now transferring their focus to the function of brain regions and neural circuits in the pathogenic progress of depression. Deciphering the circuitry mechanism of depressive-like behaviors may help us better understand the symptomatology of depression. However, few studies have summarized current progress on optogenetic researches into the neural circuit mechanisms of depressive-like behaviors.AimsThis review aimed to introduce fundamental characteristics and methodologies of optogenetics, as well as how this technique achieves specific neuronal control with spatial and temporal accuracy. We mainly summarized recent progress in neural circuit discoveries in depressive-like behaviors using optogenetics and exhibited the potential of optogenetics as a tool to investigate the mechanism and possible optimization underlying antidepressant treatment such as ketamine and deep brain stimulation.MethodsA systematic review of the literature published in English mainly from 2010 to the present in databases was performed. The selected literature is then categorized and summarized according to their neural circuits and depressive-like behaviors.ConclusionsMany important discoveries have been made utilizing optogenetics. These findings support optogenetics as a powerful and potential tool for studying depression. And our comprehension to the etiology of depression and other psychiatric disorders will also be more thorough with this rapidly developing technique in the near future.

The presence of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (VEN) in surface waters has caused some concerns due to their harmful impacts on the human health and environment security. In the study, ultraviolet (UV) coupled with chlorine was developed for degrading VEN. Among the experiments, the UV/chlorine process demonstrated the highest performance in eliminating VEN. UV irradiation alone played a negligible role in VEN degradation. 39.56% of VEN was degraded by dark chlorination in 30 min, while 76.02% of VEN was decayed by UV/chlorine treatment within 30 min. Adding chlorine dosage and raising solution pH both facilitated the VEN removal. HCO3-, Cl- and HA inhibited VEN degradation during UV/chlorine treatment in accordance with predicted data. Furthermore, Kintecus software was applied to simulate the process of VEN degradation. Under UV/chlorine co-exposure, hydroxyl radical (HO.), chlorine and reactive chlorine species (RCS) were all proved to provide significant contribution to VEN oxidation. Note that both experimental and predicted contributions of HO. decreased as solution pH increased from 5.0 to 8.0. Four transformation pathways of VEN during UV/chlorine process were elucidated on basis of the DFT calculation and LC/MS analysis. Moreover, ECOSAR model program showed that UV/chlorine process reduced ecological toxicity of VEN obviously. Considering the influence of various factors, the most economical experimental conditions consist of chlorine (2.0-4.0 mg L-1) and pH (7.0-8.0).

N,N-Diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide (DEET) has been detected as an emerging pollutant in various water bodies because of its widespread use as an insect repellent. In this study, the combination of UV-LED275 and iron-containing coagulant (FeCl3) was used for the elimination of DEET in water. It was found that UVLED275/FeCl3 (98 %) system presented a favorable removal of DEET compared with UV254/FeCl3 (59 %) and UV-LED275/Fe2(SO4)3 (81 %) processes at initial pH 3.5. DEET degradation by both UV-LED275/FeCl3 and UV-LED275/Fe2(SO4)3 processes followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with the calculated pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) of 0.0105 and 0.0046 cm2 mJ-1, respectively. The results of ESR analysis and radicals quenching experiments indicated that hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) and superoxide radicals (O2-center dot) were responsible for DEET degradation in UV-LED275/FeCl3 process, and the former played the major role. An increase in FeCl3 dosage was beneficial to the degradation. In the UV-LED275/FeCl3 process, DEET degradation increased with a decrease in pH from 3.5 to 3.0, whereas it was almost completely suppressed with an increase in pH from 4.3 to 6.3. DEET degradation was almost unchanged after the introduction of NO3-, and it impeded after the addition of humic acid (HA), HCO3-, and SO42- . The plausible degradation pathway mainly involved hydroxylation, cleavage of the C-N bond, acetylation, and dealkylation. Among the disinfection by-products (DBPs) evaluated, UV-LED275/FeCl3 pretreatment generally increased the