铁路运输与其他运输方式相比有着"运量大,碳排低"的特点,将在未来交通运输业实现"双碳"目标的过程中发挥重要作用.研究发现,铁路行业运营期碳排放占全生命周期的80％以上,其中牵引供电占60％左右,非牵引供电占40％左右.以中国北方某铁路局集团为例,分析了35个站段碳排放特征,发现机务段与客运车站碳排放量高于其他站段,其中铁路车站的碳排放来源主要包括通风空调、照明系统、商业广告三大功能单元.通过敏感性分析发现,铁路运营期碳排放量对电力排放因子、化石燃料使用量更加敏感,提出铁路运营期采用新能源替代、运营期系列关键节能减碳技术替代和智慧化能效-碳管控系统是实现碳减排和碳中和的重要途径.

近年来电镀行业蓬勃发展,每年平均废水总排放量占工业废水总排放量的20％左右,电镀废水中主要含有铬、镍、铜、锌等重金属污染物.膜分离技术具备分离精度高、出水水质好,无二次污染、工艺简单等特点,能够高效处理电镀废水并回收其中有价值的金属离子,实现废水资源化利用,因此在电镀废水处理中得到广泛应用.本文针对电镀废水中的铬、镍、铜、锌等主要金属离子,结合国内外近年文献,介绍了主要膜分离技术如微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透、电渗析、液膜等在处理电镀废水中不同金属离子的应用研究进展,最后提出膜分离技术在电镀废水处理中存在的问题并对其发展进行了展望.

自然界中部分生物体能够产生矿物质形成矿化保护壳,保护壳在提高生物体对外界不利环境的抗性和改善生命功能方面展现出良好的效果.为了利用保护壳的诸多优势,科研人员深入研究生物矿化机理,开发出多种仿生矿化方法,为不能 自然产生矿化壳的生物体制备人工保护壳,具有保护壳的生物体在疾病治疗、环境保护和新能源等领域展现出广阔的应用前景.主要围绕微生物细胞保护壳的制备方法和功能价值进行讨论.首先从制备机理、制备过程和适用范围方面介绍细胞保护壳的主要制备方法,然后阐明矿化壳在保护细胞免受外界侵害和室温储存细胞方面的应用价值,最后对具有保护壳的微生物在环境污染治理方面的应用进行展望.

分别采用碳纤维和不锈钢作为阴阳极加入到厌氧消化装置,在有微电压驱动条件下,能够显著性提高热水解厌氧消化的产甲烷速率,在有外加0.8V电压条件下,电流稳定在4 mA左右,最大产甲烷速率比空白组高1.78倍,比未加电压的对照组高1.39倍.在放大的试验中,进一步研究了外加电压对产甲烷速率的影响,电流值范围1.5～3.5mA,产甲烷速率最高为0.18 mL/(d·mL反应体积).结果 显示外部微电压可提高厌氧消化产甲烷的速率,厌氧消化过程中碳氢化合物的浓度是影响微电压性能的关键因素.

本文采用新型电-多相臭氧催化(E-catazone)工艺深度处理焦化废水生化二级出水,开展工艺可行性研究.通过与O3/TiO2纳米花(TiO2-NF)与O3/TiO2-NF/H2O2及单独电化学氧化工艺相比较,对E-catazone工艺技术优势及氧化机理进行探究.结果表明:在相同条件下(O3浓度84mg/L),电-多相臭氧催化获得的COD和TOC的去除率(分别为67.9％,50.0％)显著优于O3/TiO2-NF获得的去除率(25.8％,20.9％),即便在O3/TiO2-NF体系中投加5g/L的H2O2以促进臭氧均相催化效果,但COD和TOC去除率也仅分别提高到63.6％,43.6％.

以金霉素为降解对象,采用沉淀法制备α-FeOOH光催化剂,进一步将其用共价结合法负载在陶瓷膜上,用SEM、XRD、EDS、UV-Vis和FTIR对α-FeOOH和光催化陶瓷膜进行表征.结果表明催化剂α-FeOOH呈针状或纺锤长片状,长宽分别为500～550nm、25～50nm,经α-FeOOH改性的陶瓷膜孔隙率由14.83％变为8.11％.研究光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系对金霉素的降解效率和动力学行为,确定了光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系的最优降解条件为金霉素初始浓度50mg/L,H2O2投加浓度10mmol/L,UV强度为3796.6μW/cm2.进一步利用UV-Vis光谱分析了两种体系对金霉素的降解机理,光催化剂体系下,H2O2的浓度基本保持不变,而光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系下H2O2的浓度先升后降,同时后者在同一时间点对TOC和NH4+-N去除率更高,表明光芬顿陶瓷膜耦合体系氧化能力更强,对金霉素的降解更为彻底.

如何在环境工程专业课教学过程中开展思政教育,同时锻炼学生的创新思维,是培养环保人才中的迫切需要解决的问题.本文基于北京交通大学威海国际校区全英文课程"环境工程专业导论",在课堂讲授的基础上,设立专题汇报与小组讨论两个课堂活动来培养学生创新思维能力,通过深入解析这两个典型案例的设计思想、具体实施方法以及效果,为高水平国际化环保人才培养提供有力的指导,为环境类课程思政建设提供有益的参考.

为研究黄河流域表层土壤的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,于2015年5月期间采集了39个黄河全流域岸边表层土壤样品.研究了土壤中∑25PAHs和∑7carc PAHs的空间分布特征,利用同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法对其进行来源解析,并采用BaP毒性当量和超额终生癌症风险增量模型(ELCR)对多环芳烃进行风险评估.结果表明,黄河流域表层土壤样品中∑25PAHs浓度范围为18.23～6805.49ng/g,均值为343.764ng/g;∑7care PAHs含量为2.23～2796.34ng/g,均值为126.6ng/g.PAHs含量整体趋势为中上游高于下游,多数土壤样品中Ant/(Ant+Phe)<0.1,0.2<Inp/(Inp+BghiP)<0.5,Flu/(Flu+Pyr)<0.4,说明其污染主要来源为煤燃烧、石油排放和交通带来的石油燃烧.研究区域ELCR值除享堂外均处于10-6～10-4之间,处于潜在风险水平.享堂ELCR值为10-3,呈现较高健康风险水平.

选取长江流域干流及支流周围的土壤作为研究介质,分析表层土壤中13种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,用同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法解析其来源,并对土壤中的OCPs进行风险评估.结果表明,长江流域表层土壤中∑13OCPs的含量范围为8.94～77.79ng/g,平均含量是24.55ng/g,主要成分是六HCHs和DDTs.OCPs的含量水平表现为上游与下游相近,且二者均小于中游,在世界范围内处于中等水平.土壤中的HCHs主要来自于林丹的历史残留;DDTs主要来自于三氯杀螨醇的近期输入和工业DDTs的非法使用.健康风险评价表明,中游地区的风险高于上游及下游地区,特别是在城陵矶、南嘴和湘阴3个地区,土壤中OCPs对儿童的致癌风险Risk综合处于10-6～10-4,存在一定的致癌风险.

The concentration level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in topsoil from Shenfu New City in urbanization was studied. 54 topsoil samples were collected from Shenfu New City and 4 different land uses (urban land, rural land, forest land, cultivated land) were included. The concentration of PAHs in different land uses was analyzed, the sources of soil PAHs were analyzed by using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis, and the ecological risks were calculated using toxic equivalency concentrations of BaP and the incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR)model. Results indicated that the concentrations of ∑PAHs in urban land, cultivated land, rural land and forest land were in the range of 184-18276, 230-14102, 151-3205, 303-2980 μg·kg-1, respectively. Four land uses had similar sources, the main sources were coal combustion and traffic emission. According to the calculation of ecological risks, there were potential health risks for residents in Shenfu New City, especially urban land, meanwhile, residents were easily exposed to soil PAHs through dermal contact.

In order to investigate the residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the agricultural soil of sewage irrigation areas,and analyze the effects of different reclaimed wastewater on PCBs in soil,we analyzed 48 types of PCBs congeners of soil samples from 6 irrigation areas of Tongliao City,and assessed the ecological risks by using environmental quality standard and toxicity equivalent factors method.The results showed that the total concentrations of PCBs were between 0.36 ng · g-1 and 2.44 ng · g-1,the total concentrations of seven indicative PCBs ranged from 0.05ng · g 1 to 0.38ng · g-1,and the total concentrations of PCBs in soil from the treated industrial wastewater irrigation areas were the highest.Tri-CBs and tetra-CBs took up the max proportion of the homologues of PCBs,and di-CBs and penta-CBs were in the next place respec tively.It showed a trend that the concentration of PCBs in deep soil samples was lower than that in surface soil samples.Principal component analysis revealed that PCBs in farmland soil was mainly from domestic transformer oil leakage and atmosphere deposition.Overall,the pollution level and toxic equivalence of PCBs in farmland soil of Tongliao City were at a lower level.Risk assessment indicated that the environmental risk in farmland soil of Tongliao City was at a lower level,but the long-term irrigation of wastewater can increase the ecological risk of soil.

通过对英国兰卡斯特大学环境中心实地考察、调研与学习,以校方相关资料为依据结合自身理解,介绍了兰卡斯特大学环境专业优势与特色、学科培养方案以及课程设置的基本内容,重点分析了其特点以及借鉴意义,总结了对我国高校环境专业教育有益的相关经验与启示.

By contrasting home and abroad training modes for innovative professionals, the paper analyzed the problems of training modes for innovative professionals in environmental engineering of Beijing Jiaotong University, and provided integrated raining modes for innovative professionals. This mode included teaching system, practice system and international communication system. These will activate students`subjective initiatives, tamp their major foundation, and train their scientiifc literacy and operating ability.

通过对通辽碧波水务有限公司和通辽经济开发区污水处理厂出水水质与排污渠两侧农田土壤中重金属镉、砷、铬、铅、镍、锌和铜含量进行对比,研究灌溉水质对土壤重金属富集的影响.结果表明:污灌对土壤pH的影响很小,但对土壤含水率和重金属富集有一定的影响,工业废水处理水会增加土壤含水率,二道河灌区土壤中Cu存在一定程度富集.根据内梅罗综合污染指数法,各灌区土壤均属于安全级别,处于清洁水平.单因子污染指数法表明As(0.742) ＞Cu(0.606) ＞Cd(0.560) ＞Cr(0.239)＞Ni(0.175) ＞Zn(0.170) ＞Pb(0.129),二道河灌区土壤中Cu处于轻度污染状态.

介绍了北方某化学合成类制药厂废水处理系统的处理工艺流程、主要构筑物构成及设计参数，通过对该制药厂废水处理系统进行水质调研，分析评价了该废水处理系统的水质指标，系统对COD、T OC、N H3-N、T P的平均去除效率分别为98.8％、99.4％、84.3％、94.3％，出水水质多项指标可达《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》（GB 21904-2008）。

By analyzing problems of undergraduate innovative experiments of environmental sciences in Beijing Jiaotong University, the paper provide some management measures, including the students independent subject selection, the guiding function of the teacher, and process management. These will activate students` subjective initiative, train students' basic scientiifc literacy of continuous exploration and innovation in the selection, design and implementation stage of undergraduate innovative experiments.

Chlortetracycline is a kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics which is used for treating human diseases and animal diseases,and as a kind of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) remained in the aquatic environment.The degradation of CTC with the influence of Fe3+ was discussed via complexation reaction mechanism and under different conditions(ratio of n(Fe3+) to n(CTC),temperature and pH).Results show that the CTC-Fe3+ complex is likely formed with the A-ring and that a single unit of CTC can complex with a maximum of two units of Fe3+.The degradation rates are different with different concentrations of Fe3+.When the ratio of n(Fe3+) to n(CTC) reaches 1∶1,the degradation rate attains the maximum value.In the presence of Fe(Ⅲ) with the same concentration to CTC,the degradation rate of CTC is significantly enhanced 271% and 322% at 10 ℃ and 20 ℃,respectively(however,the effect of Fe3+ was not significant at 30 ℃),and by 400%,141% and 179% at pH 3,5 and 7,respectively.Because of the abundant appearance of Fe3+,the results can provide a scientific basis for the determination of actual engineering environment condition and the modeling of CTC's degradation in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

A full-scale test was conducted with a process combining two-phase anaerobic, aerobic and ANAMMOX to treat mixed wastewater from chlortetracycline and starch production. 272 days of continuous experimental result demonstrated that the removal rate of CODCr, ammonia and total nitrogen (TN) of the combined process was 94%-98%, 96.9% and 89.8% when the influent CODCr, ammonia and TN were 4 000-16 000 mg/L, 100-800 mg/L(average value 530 mg/L) and 200-1 000 mg/L(average value 624.4 mg/L), respectively. The effluent average CODCr, ammonia and TN concentration were 514, 15.6 and 59.2 mg/L, respectively. The combined process could effectively reduce the organic load, the burden on the follow-depth treatment, and also the operating and investment costs of conventional materialized denitrification by using biological treatment. The ammonia and TN of effluent could meet the Discharge Standards of Water Pollutants for Pharmaceutical Industry Fermentation Products(GB 21903-2008).

Antibiotics wastewater was treated with the 0.6 m3/d pilot-scale process of acid phase UASB-gas stripping desulfurization-methane phase UASB-SBR.In this process,sulfate reduction was separated from methane production to avoid the inhibition on methane bacteria.At that time,sulfide was removed by air stripping to reduce its toxic-action on methane bacteria.Experiment results for 80 days showed CODCr,sulfate and sulfide concentration of the effluent was 760～1 020 mg/L,160～210 mg/L and 1.8～2.9 mg/L,average removal rate was 92.8%,87.7% and 97.1% when CODCr,sulfate and sulfide concentration of influent was 10 680～14 140 mg/L and 1 280～1 610 mg/L.This system can be good pre-treatment process for antibiotics wastewater containing high concentration sulfate to enter advanced treatment technology.

Using five different kinds of sludge produced by different wastewater treatment plants as raw materials,sludge activated carbon was made by ZnCl2 activation method(the mass ratio of ZnCl2 and sludge was 3∶ 5,time of activation was 24 h,carbonization temperature was 550℃,carbonization time was 1 h).BET surface area,particle size distribution,pore size distribution,functional groups and leaching toxicity were characterized to evaluate the adsorption performance of sludge activated carbon.After the analysis,it was initially determined that sludge activated carbon obtained after chemical modification had good adsorption properties.From a technical point of view,the application of sludge activated carbon in wastewater treatment is feasible.