The instability of anaerobic digestion (AD) caused by ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation is a considerable hindrance to its utility and scalability. Electron-conductive materials (ECMs) enhance direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) but fail to sufficiently compensate for a key bioenergetic vulnerability, the loss of the proton motive force (PMF). This review provides a critical reorientation by introducing proton-conductive materials (PCMs), a class of functional materials that provide external proton transfer (PT) pathways as a potential additive strategy for AD. PCMs also assist in stabilization of PMF, provide proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and micro-pH buffering capability to the system. These mechanisms help overcome the inhibition attributed to ammonia-VFAs and elevate the yields of methane by 261–350%. Nonetheless, the introduction of PCM-amended systems adds complexity, thereby creating a need for advanced control strategies. Therefore, we propose a synergistic combination of machine learning (ML) with PCM amendment. ML models, especially the Random Forest (RF) and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), are useful in control prediction and real-time optimization of complex bioprocesses. The integrated approach of PCMs and ML is a dual pathway approach, i.e., PCMs enhance bioenergetics stability at microbial levels and ML offers an avenue for activation and predictive data-driven process management. This review provides a synthesis of current methodologies for ammonia and VFAs suppression in AD, evaluation of the challenges to the establishment of robust and smart AD platforms for carbon-neutral energy systems for a circular bioeconomy, and also provides future research direction.

In addressing the inadequate water solubility and bioavailability of baicalin， this study develops a drug carrier that exhibits both antimicrobial and self-healing hydrogel by integrating konjac glucomannan （KGM）-based hydrogel with cyclodextrin encapsulation technology. The successful preparation of baicalin/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes is achieved through the utilisation of a saturated solution stirring-freeze-drying method. Subsequent FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrates the effective inclusion of baicalin within the cyclodextrin cavity. The inclusion complexes are loaded into KGM/sodium tetraborate dynamically crosslinked hydrogels， and the resulting hydrogels exhibit excellent swelling properties with a swelling rate of 630.23%. Mechanical tests demonstrate that the hydrogel has significant self-healing capability， with a tensile strength retention rate of 97.80% after healing. In vitro release experiments demonstrate that the system conforms to First-order release model， the cumulative release rate of baicalin reaches 84.33% at 48 h. Antimicrobial experiments confirm that its inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus， Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reaches 99.12%， 98.07% and 98.82%， respectively， and the DPPH radical scavenging rate is as high as 93.54%. This study proposes a viable methodology for the development of innovative antimicrobial materials and drug carriers， addressing the challenges of low solubility and poor stability associated with baicalin.

To achieve rapid and efficient removal of toxic dyes through an integrated membrane filtration and electrocatalysis process, copper porphyrin metal-organic framework/MXene composite nanoparticles were introduced into the polyethersulfone substrate. Using a straightforward hydrothermal method, Cu-TCPP was uniformly loaded onto the MXene surface. The interactions between the two components yielding a structurally stable Cu-TCPP/MXene composite. Furthermore, during the phase inversion process on a PES support substrate, onedimensional silver nanowires (AgNWs) were incorporated. This established a ternary system integrating a reaction platform (MXene), a catalytic centre (Cu-TCPP), and a conductive network (AgNWs), addressing the issues of contamination susceptibility and functional limitations inherent in conventional PES ultrafiltration membranes. A series of comparative tests confirmed that the optimal membrane (M3) achieved a permeability of 398.59 L m-2 h-1 & sdot;bar-1. Furthermore, the membrane demonstrated highly efficient dye separation, with rejection rates of 98.18% for Congo Red and 89.94% for Methylene Blue. More importantly, the membrane achieved highly effective decomposition of organic dyes upon the application of an external electric field. After 1 h of electrification, the average degradation rates for the four dyes (MB, SY, CV, MG) reached 91%, with degradation rates of 97.81%, 95.12%, 99.73%, and 98.08% after 5 h, respectively. Moreover, the membrane exhibited high stability and effective recoverability.

Given the recalcitrance of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments and its pronounced ecotoxicological effects, developing high-performance catalysts with enhanced activity and degradation efficiency via microstructural regulation is of great importance for mitigating TC-associated environmental risks. Unlike conventional doping approaches that rely on externally added nitrogen sources, this study proposes a MOF synthesis strategy using green and biodegradable glutamic acid (GA) as an auxiliary additive, enabling both in situ nitrogen incorporation and microstructure regulation. For the first time, we elucidate the dual role of GA in the CuFe-MOF synthesis system: it serves as both a nitrogen donor and a morphology-directing agent. Through competitive coordination effects, GA induces a precursor transformation from a cubic phase to a rod-like morphology, thereby breaking the isotropic growth equilibrium. After high-temperature carbonization, this molecular-level regulation is retained, significantly improving the physicochemical properties and electron-transport capability of the material. Experimental results show that the optimized catalyst exhibits excellent activation potential toward perox-ymonosulfate (PMS) over a wide pH range (3 similar to 11), achieving approximately 98% deep degradation of high-concentration TC (50 mg/L). Quenching experiments confirm that the system follows a synergistic degrada-tion mechanism involving both radical pathways (dominated by SO4 center dot-) and non-radical pathways. This study not only develops an efficient functional material for water treatment, but also offers new insights into the struc-ture-activity relationship between GA-mediated MOF crystal-facet growth and the catalytic performance of MOF-derived carbon materials.

Membrane technology has been widely applied in oil-water separation owing to low energy consumption and high separation efficiency, but membrane fouling is a fatal factor affecting membrane performance and service life. Inspired by polyether nonionic detergents, a liquid surfactant polymer with polyoxypropylenepolyoxyethylene (PPO-PEO) segments was tailored to the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane via in-situ grafting to improve its antifouling and oil-water separation properties. Firstly, in order to activate the inert surface of the PVDF membrane, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) was blended with PVDF to prepare the MA@PVDF as membrane substrate. Then, PPO-PEO brushes were grafted onto the surface of the substrate by an alcoholysis reaction to fabricate the PPO-PEO@PVDF membrane. The chemical structure and the surface morphology of the PPO-PEO tailored PVDF membrane surface were characterized, and the separation performance for oil/water emulsion was explored. The results show that the optimized grafting amount of PPOPEO on the PVDF membrane is up to 476.2 +/- 3.0 mg center dot g(-1), and the pure water flux of the corresponding PPO PEO@PVDF membrane is 191.3+4.0 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1), which is more than 20 times higher than that of the control PVDF membrane (around 7 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1)). The water wetted PPO-PEO brushes on the surface of the PVDF membrane can hinder the adhesion of oily substances, and the separation efficiency of the PPO-PEO@PVDF membrane for kerosene/water emulsion reaches 91.7+0.6 %, which is much higher than that of the MA@PVDF membrane without PPO-PEO brushes. The PPO-PEO tailored PVDF membrane provides useful strategies for the surface modification of membranes with enhanced performances of antifouling and oil-water separation.

Baicalin is a natural active ingredient known for its medicinal properties and a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer effects. However, its application is hindered by its poor water-solubility. In this study, we aimed to enhance the water solubility of baicalin by embedding it within the hydrophobic cavity of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin through supramolecular assembly to form inclusion complexes. The inclusion complexes were subsequently processed into nanofiber membranes suitable for application on skin and wounds using coaxial electrostatic spinning. The inclusion complexes and nanofiber membranes were analyzed and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The combined results from XRD, FT-IR, and TGA confirmed that baicalin successfully formed inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin, resulting in an increase in water solubility from 0.0170 mg/mL to 8.9600 mg/mL, representing a 527-fold enhancement. Additionally, the inclusion complexes demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, as well as higher free radical scavenging rates compared to native baicalin. After the inclusion complexes were transformed into nanofiber membranes via coaxial electrospinning, their properties remained unchanged, and they continued to exhibit excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In the in vitro release assay, nearly 90 % of the drug (baicalin) was released from the nanofiber membranes over a period of time, indicating sustained release. Furthermore, the molecular docking mechanism of baicalin and cyclodextrin was elucidated through molecular docking simulations, establishing a theoretical foundation for the synthesis of inclusion complexes in the computational studies. This study reports the successful fabrication of water-soluble, antimicrobial nanofiber membranes containing bioavailable baicalin, which have potential clinical applications in the development of wound dressings and drug delivery systems utilizing plant-extracted bioactive compounds.

Anaerobic digestion is not only a powerful biochemical process for the management of organic wastes, but also a crucial technology for the recovery of biogas, a source of renewable energy, from organic materials. However, as different substrates undergo biological degradation, inhibitory chemicals like free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) can be accumulated. It can readily induce process instability, which is initially manifested as a reduction in methane yield, and may ultimately result in reactor failure. Hence, it is important to develop mitigation strategies that can alleviate this inhibition. At the outset, the review details the parameters that are critical in determining the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen within a reactor, and the detriments of ammonia toxicity on methanogens and methane output. A literature survey of the last ten years indicates that while feedstock management might be important, the use of the latest technology for sensitive early detection is critical. Further, the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to simplify complex system parameters, and the use of synthetic biology to enhance the adaptability of methanogens are promising for further exploration. This review aims to provide a compendium of the current approaches targeting ammonia inhibition during anaerobic digestion, and also discusses the challenges associated with these techniques while giving possible future research directives.

Anthocyanins, natural plant pigments responsible for the vibrant hues in fruits, vegetables, and flowers, boast antioxidant properties with potential human health benefits. However, their susceptibility to degradation under conditions such as heat, light, and pH fluctuations necessitates strategies to safeguard their stability. Recent investigations have focused on exploring the interactions between anthocyanins and biomacromolecules, specifically proteins and polysaccharides, with the aim of enhancing their resilience. Notably, proteins like soy protein isolate and whey protein, alongside polysaccharides such as pectin, starch, and chitosan, have exhibited promising affinities with anthocyanins, thereby enhancing their stability and functional attributes. High-pressure processing (HPP), emerging as a non-thermal technology, has garnered attention for its potential to modulate these interactions. The application of high pressure can impact the structural features and stability of anthocyanin-protein/polysaccharide complexes, thereby altering their functionalities. However, caution must be exercised, as excessively high pressures may yield adverse effects. Consequently, while HPP holds promise in upholding anthocyanin stability, further exploration is warranted to elucidate its efficacy across diverse anthocyanin variants, macromolecular partners, pressure regimes, and their effects within real food matrices.

In order to achieve effective separation and rapid degradation of toxic dyes, copper porphyrin/graphene oxide (Cu-TCPP/GO) composite membranes with structural stability were prepared. In this process, Cu-TCPP MOF was successfully synthesized by hydroxyl double salt active intermediates, which grow along the GO surface in different directions (the main direction is perpendicular to the GO base layer). The results showed that the CM3 composite membranes (GO-MOF: CNT = 2.5 : 1, wt%, PES substrate membrane) exhibited good membrane properties (permeation flux reached 26.24 L & sdot;m- 2 & sdot;h- 1 & sdot;bar- 1, with over 99 % rejection of Congo red) and excellent conductivity with RCM3 of 3.73 k omega & sdot;sq- 1. Consequently, highly effective and rapid degradation of organic dyes was accomplished, e.g., 99.5 % of the Congo red was degraded in 10 min, and 94.8 % for methylene blue in 30 min, indicating a harmless treatment of dye wastewater. Furthermore, the composite membrane has maintained excellent stability and degradation ability in multiple cycle tests. The GO-MOF composite membrane provides a treatment method and design reference for clean water resources and environmental protection.

Ammonia, a cost-effective hydrogen carrier, holds the potential for hydrogen production through decomposition, where catalysts play a pivotal role in lowering the decomposition temperature. However, identifying suitable catalysts involves expensive and time-consuming experiments. Machine learning (ML) emerges as a powerful solution to address challenges in catalytic ammonia decomposition. This study focuses on creating an ML model to predict ammonia decomposition. A comprehensive database is compiled and statistically analyzed to discern correlations between descriptors and responses. Employing random forest regression, support vector machine, and gradient boost regression models, the study models the ammonia decomposition process as a function of catalyst properties and reaction conditions. Feature importance analysis evaluates the influence of descriptors on responses. The results unveil a robust positive correlation between ammonia decomposition and reaction temperature. Improved ammonia decomposition and hydrogen formation rates are achievable with a total metal loading below 20 %. The gradient boost regression tree model exhibits satisfactory performance during testing (R2 > 0.85, RMSE <13.24, and MAE < 10.31). Notably, reaction temperature and gas hourly space velocity emerge as the two most influential descriptors impacting ammonia conversion and hydrogen formation rate. This research underscores the efficacy of ML in addressing challenges in catalytic ammonia decomposition, providing valuable insights for the advancement of hydrogen production.

Recent advancements in signal amplifiers, such as biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have improved the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) performance. However, the correlation between the sizes of DNA-Au conjugates and the SPR chips remains elusive. We investigated how the size of AuNPs functioned with DNA detection probes (D-AuNPs) affect SPR signals in sandwich DNA hybridization assays. The effects of three sizes (5, 13, and 29 nm) of D-AuNPs with an equal surface probe density were systematically compared to delineate the relationship between signal amplification and steric hindrance. Sporadically adsorbed target DNA on sparse capture probe-coated chips led to a growth of signal amplification with larger D-AuNPs. In contrast, on dense capture probe-coated SPR chips, when the target DNA concentration was above 1.5 nM, the medium-sized 13 nm AuNPs displayed 1.7- and 1.3-fold enhancement factors than 5 nm and 29 nm ones, respectively. Our results indicate the steric hindrance disturbs the capture of D-AuNPs on dense target DNA-modified chips, rendering the surface density of captured D-AuNPs a determining factor of the sensor response. Alternatively, the sensor sensitivity to D-AuNP surface density is crucial on chips with sparse target DNA. These insights should stimulate and guide future research on surface functionalization toward SPR sensors and AuNPs.

In this paper, nicotinic acid was used as the ligand to prepare copper nicotinate coordination polymer, and the metal organic framework(MOFs) material was used for the adsorption, separation and purification of baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis, and a non-toxic, environmentally friendly, simple process, and efficient extraction method was obtained. In this experiment, the copper nicotinate coordination polymer Cu-NIC-TMED was synthesized by solvothermal method, and then its structure was characterized for proper coordination and accurately synthesized. The law and mechanism of the adsorption of baicalin by Cu-NIC-TMED were studied: the adsorption conformed to the Quasi-secondary kinetic equations, and the equilibrium adsorption data conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isothermal model. At the same time, the optimal adsorption parameters were obtained by optimizing the response surface(RSM). Under the condition of obtaining the optimal adsorption parameters, the adsorption rate of Cu-NIC- TMED on baicalin in S. baicalensis was as high as 84.08%, and the adsorption effect on other ingredients in S. baicalensis was minimal. Using pH=6.8 phosphate buffered saline(PBS) as the desorption solution, the ratio of Cu-NIC-TMED desorbed baicalin was 41.24%, and the purity of baicalin was increased from 21.55% before adsorption to 75.77% after desorption, Cu-NIC-TMED had good stability before and after adsorption, and the recovery rate reached 78.64%. Therefore, Cu-NIC-TMED has application value in the adsorption and purification of baicalin.

为拓展淀粉与淫羊藿苷在骨组织工程中的进一步应用,以淫羊藿苷为药物,以可溶性淀粉为基材,通过静电纺丝法制备负载淫羊藿苷的淀粉纳米纤维,考察淀粉质量分数、淫羊藿苷/淀粉比例、纺丝液推注速率、电压、接收距离等工艺参数对纳米纤维外观形貌的影响,并分析交联前后淫羊藿苷-淀粉纳米纤维的药物释放性能.结果表明:当纺丝液中淀粉质量分数为19％、电压为19kV、推注速率为0.5 mL/h、接收距离为16 cm时能够获得直径分布较窄、形态较好的淀粉纳米纤维,此时纤维直径范围为0.17～0.60 µm,平均直径为0.30 µm;当淫羊藿苷质量为淀粉质量的6％时,能够获得形态较好的载药纤维;交联可大幅增加载药纤维的药物缓释性能,历经168 h只释放了 64.9％的淫羊藿苷.

Electrospinning technology enables the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers with exceptional properties, which are highly influenced by their diameter. This work focuses on the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to obtain PAN nanofibers under different processing conditions. The morphology and size of the resulting PAN nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the corresponding diameter data were measured using Nano Measure 1.2 software. The processing conditions and corresponding nanofiber diameter data were then inputted into an artificial neural network (ANN) to establish the relationship between the electrospinning process parameters (polymer concentration, applied voltage, collecting distance, and solution flow rate), and the diameter of PAN nanofibers. The results indicate that the polymer concentration has the greatest influence on the diameter of PAN nanofibers. The developed neural network prediction model provides guidance for the preparation of PAN nanofibers with specific dimensions.

目的:调查食管癌患者临床营养状况,分析其相关影响因素,为提早预防及选择合理营养支持模式提供依据.方法:采用定点连续抽样法,选取食管癌患者137例为研究对象,入院24?h内应用一般资料,PG-SGA评估量表及体质指数给予患者进行营养状况调查.结果:(1)根据PG-SGA评分显示接受调查患者中13.8％不需营养干预,86.2％需不同程度营养干预;(2)根据体质指数BMI分组,与组内PG-SGA分级构成进行比较,具有统计学差异(P<0.05);(3)根据就诊目的进行分组,与各组内PG-SGA分级构成进行对比,具有统计学差异(P<0.05);?(4)根据合并症数量进行分组,对各组内PG-SGA分级构成进行比较,不具有统计学差异(P>0.05).结论:临床食管癌患者普遍存在营养问题;单纯的体质指数不能直接反映患者是否需要给予营养干预;随着体质指数增加,需要给予营养干预的概率会下降;患者拥有合并症数量的多少与是否存在营养不良无直接关系;医务人员给予患者及家属进行健康教育对患者营养改善有重要意义.

为提高艾草纤维的抗菌效果,应用超声波辅助提取技术从艾草中提取总黄酮,采用单因素实验考察提取时间、提取温度、料液比、乙醇体积分数等条件对艾草总黄酮提取率的影响,采用响应曲面分析法,研究艾草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺.结果表明:乙醇体积分数、料液比及提取温度对总黄酮提取率的影响较大,影响大小顺序为料液比>乙醇体积分数>提取温度,艾草总黄酮提取率随着料液比和提取温度的增加而增大,随着乙醇体积分数的增加先增大后降低;超声波辅助提取艾草总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为艾草粉碎100目、乙醇体积分数50％、提取温度80℃、提取时间20 min、料液比1:40(g/mL)、提取次数3次,在此条件下艾草总黄酮的提取率可达167.02 mg/g.

中医诊断学是中医学课程体系中的主干课程,是连接中医基础和临床各科的桥梁课程.此研究紧密结合《中医诊断学》教材,探究教学目标,探索教学过程设计,探讨教学方法.引导学生坚定中医药道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信,"继承好、发展好、利用好"中医药.

目的 分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)化疗患者应用追踪营养护理方案的实践效果.方法 选择2019年3月至2021年2月山西省肿瘤医院收治的150例NSCLC化疗患者,依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各75例.对照组实行常规饮食护理方案,观察组实行追踪营养护理方案;比较两组护理前、护理12周营养指标[总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白(Hb)],人体测量学指标[体重指数(BMI)、中臂肌围(MAMC)、肱三头肌皮肤褶皱厚度(TSF)],统计化疗不良反应程度.结果 护理12周,两组TP、Alb、Hb低于护理前,但观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05);护理12周,对照组BMI、MAMC、TSF低于护理前(P＜0.05),观察组BMI、MAMC、TSF与护理前比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但观察组BMI、MAMC、TSF高于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组食欲减退、呕吐、腹泻不良反应程度均低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 追踪营养护理方案可显著改善NSCLC患者化疗期间营养状况,减轻患者化疗不良反应.

"人之所有者,血与气耳",气血是人体生命活动的动力和源泉.《难经·二十二难》提出"气主呴之,血主濡之",是对气血功能的高度概括,同时也揭示了气血之间的关系."气主咆之",言气属阳主动,具有流动不息的生理特性;"血主濡之"言血属阴主静,具有柔顺、安养的生理特性."气主咆之"体现在诸气的功能上,"血主濡之"体现在营养全身和为神志提供物质基础.气血功能中,以气之功能为主导,血之功能顺从于气.文章详细分析"气主昀之,血主濡之",为临床上诊治与气血相关的疾病,提供一定的借鉴思路和方法.