During the Middle and Late Triassic, Ordos Basin in the Northwestern China deposited the terrestrial freshwater lacustrine hydrocarbon source Chang 73 sub-member. The composition of planktonic algae and the ecosystem state of the lake are the key to elucidate the high organic matter content of the Chang 73 sub-member. An abundant of phosphatized spherical microfossils in the Chang 73 sub-member are discovered. A new genus and species Yanchangparapandorina inornata gen. et sp. nov. is established, which may be animal embryo-like fossil at the cleavage stage from aquatic arthropod based on its shape, envelope, polygonal divisions and size. This is the first report of phosphatized preserved animal embryo-like fossils other than the Ediacaran and the early Cambrian periods. A large amount of pyrite framboids and collophnite have been found associated with these phosphatized microfossils. The diameter size of these pyrite framboids indicates that the bottom water of the lake basin is suboxidized and the abundant presence of collophnite suggests that the pores among sediments are rich in phosphate fluid. It is speculated that suboxidized water-bottom environments and phosphate fluid in pores among sediments are beneficial for the preservation of embryo-like fossils through permineralization of phosphate-rich fluid. Additionally, the extensive preservation of animal embryo-like fossils at the cleavage stage, possibly as resting eggs, is likely related to fluctuations of paleoenvironmental conditions of the terrestrial lacustrine. Therefore, the discovery of Y. inornata gen. et sp. nov. provides a new perspective for the ecosystem state and high productivity of the terrestrial lacustrine during the depositional period of the Chang 73 sub-member of the Ordos Basin.

The Ordos Basin is a typical craton basin. Underpressure exists in the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Chang 7 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Yishan slope of the basin. However, overpressure was verified in these reservoirs during the Early Cretaceous period, and the evolution process from overpressure to underpressure is still unclear. In this paper, the overpressure evolution process of various lithologies in the Chang 7 member in the study area was reconstructed by using basin simulation. Then, the evolution process from overpressure to underpressure in these lithologies was quantitatively analyzed. These analyses were performed by considering the effects of temperature reduction, elastic rebound, and brittle rupture of overpressured mudstone during tectonic uplift. We also summarized the effect of the pore pressure evolution on oil migration and accumulation. The results show that the overpressure genesis in the Chang 7 member was mainly hydrocarbon generation and disequilibrium compaction, which began to form in the Early Early Cretaceous and peaked at the end of the Early Cretaceous. Since the Late Cretaceous, elastic rebound and temperature reduction due to tectonic uplift have led to current underpressure in the sandstone of the Chang 7 member. Their contributions to pressure reduction of the Chang 7 member range from 53.2% to 60.5% and 39.5% to 46.8%, respectively. In addition to these influences, the formation of nearly normal pressure in the dark mudstone of the Chang 71+2 member and two sets of black mudstone at the top and bottom of the Chang 73 member is also influenced by the brittle rupture of overpressured mudstone. This effect leads to the release of overpressure in these mudstones and simultaneously causes an increase in the pore pressure of the adjacent tight sandstones. During the entire hydrocarbon accumulation period, the excess pressure difference between the source rock and reservoir rock of the Chang 7 member was the main force driving hydrocarbon migration. This force was 1.5-3.5 MPa and 5-11 MPa during the Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous and Paleogene, respectively. The excess pressure difference between the dark mudstone caprock and the reservoir rock can reach 3 MPa, which strengthens the physical sealing ability of the caprocks. This study provides new concepts for the quantitative evaluation of the evolution of underpressure and its relationship with the tight oil distribution.

The Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin presents a unique setting to examine how climate change and sea-level rise influenced organic matter accumulation. This study combines TOC analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, GC-MS, GC-MS-MS, and elemental geochemistry on core samples from two wells to assess organic matter deposition before and after transgressive events. TOC values range from 0.18 to 14.63 wt%, with significant variations in hydrocarbon potential and thermal maturity. Periodic warm and cool climates triggered intermittent seawater intrusions that created anoxic conditions conducive to marine diatom and lacustrine dinoflagellate proliferation. Extended warm periods, however, suppressed dinoflagellate development and reduced paleo-productivity. The activity of methanogenic bacteria further contributed to the degradation of sedimentary organic matter, hindering its accumulation. While warm climates facilitated flood events that transported terrigenous nutrients, enhancing dinoflagellate blooms and expanding the oxygen minimum zone. These findings highlight the bio-environmental interactions that governed organic matter accumulation during transgressions, offering insights for exploration in similar sedimentary environments.

Based on the production curves, changes in hydrocarbon composition and quantities over time, and production systems from key trial production wells in lacustrine shale oil areas in China, fine fraction cutting experiments and molecular dynamics numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of changes in shale oil composition on macroscopic fluidity. The concept of “component flow” for shale oil was proposed, and the formation mechanism and conditions of component flow were discussed. The research reveals findings in four aspects. First, a miscible state of light, medium and heavy hydrocarbons form within micropores/nanopores of underground shale according to similarity and intermiscibility principles, which make components with poor fluidity suspended as molecular aggregates in light and medium hydrocarbon solvents, such as heavy hydrocarbons, thereby decreasing shale oil viscosity and enhancing fluidity and outflows. Second, small-molecule aromatic hydrocarbons act as carriers for component flow, and the higher the content of gaseous and light hydrocarbons, the more conducive it is to inhibit the formation of larger aggregates of heavy components such as resin and asphalt, thus increasing their plastic deformation ability and bringing about better component flow efficiency. Third, higher formation temperatures reduce the viscosity of heavy hydrocarbon components, such as wax, thereby improving their fluidity. Fourth, preservation conditions, formation energy, and production system play important roles in controlling the content of light hydrocarbon components, outflow rate, and forming stable “component flow”, which are crucial factors for the optimal compatibility and maximum flow rate of multi-component hydrocarbons in shale oil. The component flow of underground shale oil is significant for improving single-well production and the cumulative ultimate recovery of shale oil.

Low-to-medium maturity lacustrine shale oil resources have enormous potential and are projected to play a crucial role in the massive scale-up of crude oil production in China in the near future. The in-situ conversion process is currently the only effective means of utilizing this resource. Nevertheless, significant scientific challenges and technological bottlenecks still exist. Under this circumstance, the National Natural Science Foundation of China approved an integrated project of the Enterprise Innovation and Development Joint Fund titled "The Mechanism of Low-to-medium Maturity Lacustrine Shale Oil Resource Formation and its in-situ Conversion and Exploitation". This project aims to systematically investigate the entire process of in-situ conversion for low-to-medium maturity shale oil resources and lay a solid scientific and technological foundation for advancing the smooth implementation of on-site pilot trials. This paper presents the latest progress in this field and summarizes the existing scientific and technological challenges that need to be addressed. With the foundational support of the above project, our research team has made significant progress in several fields, including the formation mechanisms of organic matter super-rich shale, low-to-medium maturity shale oil enrichment area evaluation, heat and mass transfer dynamics, coupled fluid field and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency, exploitation methods, among others. Despite these theoretical advances, several major challenges were identified, which help to further focus on the critical scientific issues, determine the in-situ conversion technique-developing direction, and formulate a feasible implementation plan for future resource utilization.

目的 探讨听神经发育不良(cochlear nerve deficiency,CND)儿童人工耳蜗植入(cochlear implant,CI)术后听觉能力、言语能力的变化特点及发展规律,为此类儿童的诊治和康复提供参考.方法 使用婴幼儿有意义听觉整合量表(infant toddler-meaningful auditory integration scale,IT-MAIS)、有意义使用言语量表(meaningful use of speech scale,MUSS)、听觉能力分级(categories of auditory performance,CAP)和言语可懂度分级(speech in-telligibility rating,SIR)四个问卷量表,对42例内耳结构正常伴CND的CI儿童(A组)和189例内耳结构正常且听神经发育正常的CI儿童(B组)分别在术前、开机后1、3、6、9、12、24和36个月进行听觉言语能力评估.结果 两组患儿4个问卷得分均随着开机时间的延长而逐渐提高,且B组比A组增长趋势明显.IT-MAIS评估结果显示,在开机后6、9个月时两组得分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);MUSS评估结果显示,在开机后24、36个月时两组得分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CAP结果显示,在开机后6、9、12、24个月时两组得分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);SIR结果显示,在术前(开机)、开机后9、12、24和36个月时两组得分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CND儿童人工耳蜗植入术后听觉和言语能力均随术后时间的延长呈增长趋势,且发展趋势与听神经发育正常的CI儿童相同,但是发展速度滞后.CND的CI儿童听觉能力在开机后36个月可以接近或达到听神经发育正常的CI儿童,但言语能力与听神经发育正常CI儿童仍有较大差距.

The geological characteristics and production practices of the major middle- and high-maturity shale oil exploration areas in China are analyzed. Combined with laboratory results, it is clear that three essential conditions, i.e. economic initial production, commercial cumulative oil production of single well, and large-scale recoverable reserves confirmed by the testing production, determine whether the continental shale oil can be put into large-scale commercial development. The quantity and quality of movable hydrocarbons are confirmed to be crucial to economic development of shale oil, and focuses in evaluation of shale oil enrichment area/interval. The evaluation indexes of movable hydrocarbon enrichment include: (1) the material basis for forming retained hydrocarbon, including TOC>2% (preferentially 3%–4%), and type I–II1 kerogens; (2) the mobility of retained hydrocarbon, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon composition and flow behaviors of light/heavy components, and can be evaluated from the perspectives of thermal maturity (Ro), gas-oil ratio (GOR), crude oil density, quality of hydrocarbon components, preservation conditions; and (3) the reservoir characteristics associated with the engineering reconstruction, including the main pore throat distribution zone, reservoir physical properties (including fractures), lamellation feature and diagenetic stage, etc. Accordingly, 13 evaluation indexes in three categories and their reference values are established. The evaluation indicates that the light shale oil zones in the Gulong Sag of Songliao Basin have the most favorable enrichment conditions of movable hydrocarbons, followed by light oil and black oil zones, containing 20.8×108 t light oil resources in reservoirs with Ro>1.2%, pressure coefficient greater than 1.4, effective porosity greater than 6%, crude oil density less than 0.82 g/cm3, and GOR>100 m3/m3. The shale oil in the Gulong Sag can be explored and developed separately by the categories (resource sweet spot, engineering sweet spot, and tight oil sweet spot) depending on shale oil flowability. The Gulong Sag is the most promising area to achieve large-scale breakthrough and production of continental shale oil in China.

目的 探讨颅底内淋巴囊肿瘤(ELST)的临床特点及手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年8月至2022年2月首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经外科联合耳鼻咽喉头颈外科手术治疗的7例ELST患者的临床资料.术前均经多学科讨论制定治疗方案.其中4例患者术前行供血动脉血管内栓塞;肿瘤最大径＜3 cm的4例患者,采用经乳突入路;≥3 cm的3例患者,1例采用经颞下窝入路,2例采用经颞下窝入路联合中颅底入路或乙状窦后入路.结果 4例患者首发症状表现为听力下降和耳鸣,1例合并von Hippel-Lindau病.术前面神经功能House-Brackmann分级Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅳ级2例.CT主要表现为溶骨性骨质破坏;MRI表现为肿物呈囊实性,血供丰富.肿瘤最大径＜3 cm的4例患者,全切除2例,次全切除1例,大部分切除1例;≥3 cm的3例患者,全切除1例,大部分切除2例.7例患者术后中位随访时间为48个月(2个月至6年).3例全切除及1例次全切除者均无肿瘤复发.2例肿瘤大部分切除者术后接受放疗,1例肿瘤消失,随访6年无复发;1例随访3年,肿瘤有缩小趋势.1例患者术后4年死于肿瘤进展,其余6例正常生活.结论 ELST具有特征性影像学表现;多学科合作制定个体化手术治疗方案、术后残余肿瘤辅助放疗,均有助于提高患者的疗效.

The Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin is an important shale oil exploration layer, with new shale-oil discoveries in recent years. The Chang 7(3) submember is rich in organic shale, which is the main source rock of shale oil in the Yanchang Formation. In order to clarify the lamina structure, composition, types, and distribution characteristics in Chang 7(3) submember and its influence on organic matter enrichment, a full coring well in Chang 7(3) submember located in deep-lacustrine facies is selected to obtain intensive systematic core samples. Core observation, thin section identification, X-ray fluorescence element analysis, X-diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, electron probe, rock pyrolysis, and other techniques are performed to systematically analyze the morphology, structure, thickness, mineral compositions, and organic matter content of the shale lamina in the Chang 7(3) submember. Five types of lamina are identified: silty felsic lamina (SF), tuffaceous lamina (TF), organic-rich clay lamina (ORC), organic-bearing clay lamina (OBC), and homogeneous clay lamina (HC), which are further subdivided into eight subtypes. The lamina types change greatly vertically in the Chang 7(3) submember, in which the lower part is mainly silty felsic lamina, organic-rich clay, and tuffaceous lamina, the middle part is mainly organic rich and organic clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina, and the upper part is mainly homogeneous clay lamina and a small amount of silty felsic organic-bearing clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina. Different laminae show various organic matter types, organic matter content (TOC), and organic matter occurrence states which can be divided into four occurrence types. The TOC in organic-rich clay lamina and part of homogeneous clay lamina is high, while that of silty felsic lamina is lower. The relationship between shale lamina and organic matter enrichment is established according to the correlation analysis of laminar characteristics, mineral content, and organic matter content. Among them, the organic-rich lamina is richest of TOC and is a favorable "sweet point" for shale oil exploration.

老年性聋大多表现为双侧、进行性、对称的感音神经性听力下降，该病以高频听力减退、言语识别率下降为主要特征。老年性聋的病变部位包括外周听觉系统特别是耳蜗以及听觉中枢的退行性改变。老年性聋表现出中枢处理听觉信息速度的减慢、噪声环境下言语识别困难，而且中枢听觉处理障碍是老年性聋的重要组成部分。功能性磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging，fMRI）是研究大脑中枢病变的新型手段。本文从老年性聋的诊疗现状以及fMRI应用在老年性聋中的研究进展做一综述，旨在探讨fMRI对于明确老年性聋中枢听觉处理机制以及为未来听觉康复干预提供指导等方面的应用前景。

蜗神经发育不良(Cochlear nerve deficiency,CND)是先天性极重度耳聋的原因之一,指蜗神经缺失或蜗神经纤细.CND的诊断主要依靠在3D-核磁中判断蜗神经状态,而由于技术限制,蜗神经往往显示不清.与非CND患者相比,CND患者的人工耳蜗术后效果较差,且部分患者无法从中获益.因此,提高术前CND的诊断准确率十分重要,CND的影像学精确诊断是近年来的研究热点.本文主要总结可协助CND诊断的影像学诊断指标,并回顾以往研究中其对人工耳蜗术后效果的预测作用.

目的 评价不同类型内耳结构异常的语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入术后听觉语言康复效果.方法 选取人工耳蜗植入儿童10例(12耳),其中内耳结构发育正常的3例,前庭导水管扩大3例,Mondini畸形1例,蜗孔狭窄1例,内听道狭窄听神经纤细2例,分别采用电刺激诱发听神经复合动作电位(electrically evoked compound action potential,eCAP)、助听听阈、听障儿童听觉能力、语言能力评估标准及方法,从听神经客观电生理水平、听察觉阈、听觉辨识与理解能力以及语言能力4方面评价患儿的康复效果.结果 ①客观电生理:单纯前庭导水管扩大患者听神经对电刺激敏感度与内耳发育正常者相似,Mondini畸形患者比内耳发育正常者略高,蜗孔狭窄及听神经纤细患者听神经敏感度较差;②听察觉阈:与内耳结构正常及轻度畸形(Mondini畸形)患者相比,蜗孔狭窄及听神经纤细患者听察觉阈偏高,高频比低频阈值低;③听觉辨识与理解能力:在安静环境近距离交谈情境下,单纯前庭导水管扩大、Mondini畸形及蜗孔狭窄患者对熟悉语词和短句的辨识与理解能力与内耳发育正常者无差别,听神经纤细患者得分较低;④语言能力:单纯前庭导水管扩大、Mondini畸形患者与内耳发育正常者无差别,蜗孔狭窄患者的语言交往与表达能力落后于内耳发育正常者,听神经纤细患者在语法、理解、交往、表达4个维度均落后于内耳发育正常者.结论 语前聋儿童人工耳蜗植入术后听觉语言康复效果需要使用多种方法综合评价.Mondini畸形患者给予足够电刺激量后,其听觉语言能力可达到内耳发育正常者水平.蜗孔狭窄、听神经纤细等严重内耳畸形患者,人工耳蜗对其听觉语言能力发展有一定帮助,家长需要建立合理期望值并坚持长期康复.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of each sequence by analyzing the characteristics of labyrinthine signal on MRI in patients with unilateral sudden deafness.Methods:Totally 52 patients of unilateral sudden deafness with inner ear MRI were analyzed retrospectively at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2016 to July 2019, all of which could find abnormalities in the labyrinth, including 17 cases of plain scan and 35 cases of enhanced scan, with sequences including plain T 1WI, enhanced T 1WI, plain and enhanced delayed 3D fluid attenuation inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR). The affected labyrinthine signal characteristics of each sequence were analyzed and the involvement sites were judged. The ability of each sequence to show labyrinthine abnormal signal was evaluated and scored. The Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test were used to compare the subjective scores of the ability to show labyrinthine high signal in different sequences in plain and enhanced patients, respectively. Fisher′s exact probability method was used to analyze the relationship between the affected sites and the recovery of hearing, tinnitus and vertigo symptoms. Results:Fifty-two patients (100%, 52/52) showed labyrinthine high signal on T 1WI, 8 (15.4%, 8/52) showed higher signal and 3 (5.8%, 3/52) showed low signal on T 2WI. Thirty-five (100%, 35/35) showed high signal on enhanced T 1WI, among which 27 had enhancement (77.1%, 27/35). Fifty-two (100%, 52/52) showed significant high signal of the affected labyrinth on 3D-FLAIR (17 plain scan, 35 enhanced scan). The scores were 2 (2, 2), 3 (2, 3), 3 (3, 4) and 4 (4, 4) of T 1WI, enhanced T 1WI, plain and enhanced 3D-FLAIR respectively. The overall difference in subjective scores of plain T 1WI, enhanced T 1WI and enhanced 3D-FLAIR in enhanced patients was statistically significant (χ2=64.528, P<0.001), and the comparison between the two was statistically different (all corrected P<0.05). The plain 3D-FLAIR score was higher than the plain T 1WI in patients with a statistically significant difference ( Z=-3.729, P<0.001). Twenty-seven cases (51.9%, 27/52) exhibited high signal at the ampulla of semicircular canals, with a statistically significant difference in the distribution of hearing recovery or not ( P=0.001). Conclusions:Both T 1WI and 3D-FLAIR sequences can effectively identify the labyrinthine high signal, but the latter was better than the former of its ability to display, especially delayed enhanced 3D-FLAIR. The high signal at the ampulla of semicircular canals was a characteristic predictor of non-recovery of hearing.

上半规管裂综合征(superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome ,SCDS)即因上半规管上方骨质缺损产生内耳第三窗,导致患者出现一系列听觉和前庭功能症状的综合征,其典型临床表现为强声刺激引起的眩晕和听觉过敏.1998年 Minor 等[1]首先报告了8例 SCDS病例,此后 SCDS被陆续报道.SCDS的发病率较低,发病机制不明,可能与头部外伤、感染、中耳或邻近结构的病理性改变有关[2～4 ] ,其诊断需要结合临床表现、听觉功能检查、前庭功能检查以及影像学检查.目前SCDS的治疗包括非手术治疗和手术治疗,主要取决于患者的症状严重程度.国外学者对手术治疗SCDS的效果较为肯定,但手术方式及手术入路的选择尚存在争议,目前国内相关外科治疗报道较少[5～7 ].因此,本文从SCDS的病理生理机制、手术入路、手术方式及修补材料等方面予以综述,以进一步促进临床医师对此病的认识.

目的 探讨听神经病谱系障碍患者人工耳蜗植入术后长期听力康复效果.方法 回顾性分析46例经我院诊断为听神经病谱系障碍的患者并行人工耳蜗植入(Cochlear Implantation,CI)患者的临床资料、听力及颞骨影像检查结果.对其中12例患儿通过听觉行为分级标准量表(CAP)、言语可懂度分级标准量表(SIR)两种问卷进行规律随访评估术后听觉言语康复效果,并将其与45例极重度感音神经性听力下降且结构正常的患儿术后效果进行比较.结果 本研究46例患者(74耳)中,18例为单侧患病;74耳中36耳畸变产物耳声发射(Distortion Product Oto-acoustic Emission,DPOAE)引出(引出率为48.65％);61耳(64耳行CM检查)耳蜗微音电位(Cochlear Microphonic, CM)引出(引出率为93.85％);23耳DPOAE及CM均引出.12例CI患儿,于开机后当月、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年的CAP平均得分为0.58、1、2.33、3.1、4.5、5.2、5.6;相应SIR平均得分为分别为1、1、1.09、1.6、2.42、3.3.在这12耳中,5耳DPOAE未引出,并且该5耳其CAP平均得分为0.6、0.75、2.67、3、4.8、5.6、5.8,相应的SIR平均得分分别为1、1、1.25、1.75、2.6、3.6、3.75;在7耳DPOAE引出患儿中,其相应CAP平均得分为0.57、1.17、2.17、3.14、4.29、4.8、5.4,对应的SIR平均得分分别为1、1、1、1.5、2.29、3、3.6.结论 DPOAE的引出受多种因素影响,其未引出不代表耳蜗外毛细胞功能缺失.对于ANSD患儿人工耳蜗植入术后效果具有个体差异.

Source kitchen is an important factor to control the distribution of oil and gas. In this paper, the characteristics of Paleogene source kitchen of Qikou Sag in Bohai Bay Basin and its relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation were analyzed using data from structure, geochemistry and thermal history. The results show that Qikou sag was a large continental fault–depression basin with long-term continuous subsidence, and multiple lacustrine source rocks were developed with the 1st and 3rd section in the Shahejie Formation of the Paleogene (hereafter referred to as Es1 and Es3, respectively) as the main source rocks. The tectonic evolution of Qikou sag was controlled by basement subsidence and fault growth that leaded to the formation of multiple depressions in local subsidence centers. As a result, multiple source kitchens were developed in Es1 and Es3 with different oil and gas characteristics. Oil and gas fields were mainly distributed in the uplifts and slopes around the source kitchen which showed that source kitchen acted as an important factor in the process of oil and gas accumulation.

声音主要通过气传导和骨传导两条途径传人内耳骨传导途径是声音直接作用于颅骨,并经颅骨、骨迷路、内耳淋巴液、螺旋器、听神经、大脑皮层听觉中枢径路传至内耳,刺激听觉感受器.骨传导有5种影响因素:①声音辐射至外耳道;②中耳惯性;③耳蜗内液体的惯性;④耳蜗骨壁的压缩;⑤来自脑脊液的压力.正常情况下,人类听外界声音时,气导途径起主要作用.当出现外中耳疾病,如外中耳畸形、听骨链中断等,气导传声途径受到影响,临床可使用骨导听觉装置补偿部分听力.目前骨导助听技术的产品主要集中在骨导助听器、骨导麦克风、骨导耳机等.由于骨导听觉具有有效抵御环境噪声的优势,还可应用于噪声环境下通信、安保巡查、应急救援、听觉增强现实等方面.

This paper investigates the sedimentary characteristics, geochemical indicators of source rock, and the hydrocarbon potential in detail within the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous in the northern Kaikang trough, Muglad Basin. Analysis shows that the thickness of good source rocks in Paleogene ranges from 50 to 200 m, and the TOC value can reach 0.5–1.3

Abstract As one of the most important proliferous basins in the northeast of China, the proven ration for natural gases in the Bohai Bay Basin is low. In order to figure out the genetic types and origins of natural gases in the Paleogene, a study on their geochemical characteristics (such as C1+, C1/C1+, C1/C2+3, δ13C1, δ13C2) and kinetic behaviour of the lacustrine source rock have been carried out. The relationship between carbon isotopes and components of gases shows that oil-associated gas and coal-derived gas with low mature are the most important types in our research area. The gases were mainly generated from the lacustrine source rocks with type II2-III kerogen. The pyrolysis experiment on the kerogen indicates that the Paleogene source rock entered the main gas window at the late Miocene.

The tympanic membrane (TM) is the gateway to the middle earofthe sound waves and converts it into mechanical vibrations of the ossicular chain.Measurement of the TM vibration caused by sound using laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) has been many years.However,singlepoint measurements did not provide information on the complex motion of the entire TM surface.The measurement of a large number of points on the TMcan provide additional verification of the human ear finite element model.Multi-point or scanning laser Doppler vibration measurement techniques,time-averaged or stroboscopic holographic measurement techniques,and optical coherence tomography scan the entire TM surface.These experimental measurements are valuable for understanding mechanisms of wave propagation across the TM and its vibration caused by sound.