Two new isomeric oxalatophosphates c-KMg(C2O4)0.5(HPO4)center dot 2H2O (c-KMCPO) and n-KMg(C2O4)0.5(HPO4)center dot 2H2O (n-KMCPO) are successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal method and their crystal structures, electronic density of states, optical and thermal properties are investigated. The c-KMCPO and n-KMCPO crystals both crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with space groups of P21/c and P21/n, respectively. These two oxalatophosphate compounds show similar two-dimensional layered structures. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the functional group information of two crystals. Ultraviolet-visible near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that these two compounds both have wide band gaps. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that both two compounds remain stable before 210 degrees C.

Very recently, a novel two-dimensional material hexagonal MBene (h-MBene) has been proposed by the combination of theoretical prediction and experimental validation. So far, the h-MBene has exhibited practical applications in several fields. In this work, we further explored the potential applications of h-MBene as gas sensor and capturer using first-principles calculations. The results revealed a strong interaction strength between monolayer HfBO and NH3, as evidenced by the adsorption energy (E-ads) below -0.56 eV. In contrast, other gas molecules (such as CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, H2S, H-2, N-2, O-2 and SO2) exhibit weak adsorption strength on HfBO (E-ads > -0.29 eV). The adsorption of NH3 leads to the obvious alteration in the calculated current/voltage curve, which reflects the excellent sensing capability of the HfBO toward NH3. More importantly, as compared with the widely studied MXene-based NH3 gas sensor, HfBO monolayer still exhibits high performance with the presence of H2O. In addition, the adsorption strength of the NH3 molecule on the HfBO surface could be effectively modulated by applying biaxial tensile strains to the system. Our study further broadens the application of monolayer HfBO as the potential NH3 gas sensor and capturer, which exhibits high sensitivity, selectivity and reversibility.

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical cathodic protection offers a green and sustainable strategy for marine metal corrosion prevention, requiring no additional energy input and causing no environmental pollution. However, practical deployment is limited by narrow spectral utilization and the loss of protection in the dark. Herein, we design a near-infrared light responsive Bi2S3-sensitized WO3 S-scheme heterojunction (TWB) photoelectrode coating that integrates efficient photoelectric conversion with electron storage capability. The TWB photoelectrode exhibits an absorption edge extending to approximately 1500 nm, enabling efficient utilization of visible and near-infrared light. Under simulated solar irradiation, the TWB photoelectrode achieves a photocurrent density nearly eight times higher than that of pure WO3. When coupled with metal, the composite photoelectrode provides sustained cathodic protection in the dark, deriving from the electron-storage characteristic of WO3. Combined DFT calculations, in-situ XPS, and ESR analyses confirm the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism, which achieves efficient charge separation and transport while preserving highly reductive electrons in Bi2S3 for effective cathodic protection. This work provides a simple and operable strategy for designing wide-spectrum responsive and energy-storing photoelectrodes that advance green and sustainable corrosion protection for marine installations.

Four-electron redox chemistry in aqueous zinc‑iodine batteries (4e-ZIBs) offers an exceptional energy density but also suffers from poor cycle stability and rapid self-discharge, originating from the hydrolysis of I+ and the crossover reaction between I+ and I-. In this work, a green and multifunctional electrolyte additive, pyridine hydrochloride (py-HCl), is proposed to stabilize the I+ species and improve the kinetics of the four-electron conversion reaction. The py-HCl additive provides Cl- to coordinate with I+ and form iodine monochloride (ICl) interhalogen, and then pyridine (py) to further coordinate with the resulting ICl and form a more stable solid complex pyridine‑iodine chloride complex (py-ICl). This py-ICl dual-coordination mechanism enables a novel liquid-solid-solid reaction pathway, allowing stable operation of the 4e-ZIBs even at a low Cl- concentration of 1 mol L-1. At a current density of 2 A g-1, the 4e-ZIBs achieve a decent cycling lifetime of more than 4000 cycles, and a large average specific capacity of 449 mAh g-1. The practicability of the electrolyte is further demonstrated by constructing a 5 × 6 cm2 soft-package battery. The device achieves an initial areal capacity of 1 mAh cm-2 and a capacity retention of 75% after 50 cycles. This dual-coordination strategy opens a new avenue for the construction of high-performance 4e-ZIBs.

Metal borides have found extensive use in breaking the inert chemical bonds in small molecules due to their outstanding catalytic capabilities. Meanwhile, the dual-metal catalysts (DACs) have garnered much attention owing to their numerous active sites and adjustable chemical properties. Inspired by these findings, 55 different dual-metal-boron based systems were constructed by introducing two transition metal atoms (TMs) into boron-doped graphene (BG). Their catalytic performance towards CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) was studied by employing density functional theory calculations. It is found that the MnZn@BG electrocatalyst could effectively reduce the CO2 into CH4 with a low limiting potential of-0.29 V. The catalytic performance of MnZn@BG is enhanced under acidic conditions. Furthermore, the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction is effectively suppressed on MnZn@BG, contributing to its high selectivity for CO2RR. Machine learning analysis revealed that, except for the widely used d-band center descriptor, the number of d-electrons on TMs significantly influences the CO2 adsorption strength on TM1TM2@BG. These results suggest that the MnZn@BG is a promising candidate as a CO2RR electrocatalyst, offering insights into the application of dual-metal-boron systems in sustainable energy conversion.

The conventional nucleophilic addition of alcohols to epoxides for producing valuable beta-alkoxy alcohols typically requires strong acids and harsh conditions, hindering green synthesis under mild alternatives. Inspired by recent advances in photo-thermal-synergistic systems for energy and environmental applications, this work synthesized Zr-doped ZnIn2S4 (Zr-ZnIn2S4) nanosheets as a novel photothermal catalyst for the mild alcoholysis of epoxides. Remarkably, the optimal 2 % Zr-ZnIn2S4 catalyst achieved a 98.9 % yield for styrene oxide alcoholysis with isopropanol under blue light illumination at 80 degrees C. Structural characterization revealed that Zr doping modulated the electronic structure of ZnIn2S4, significantly enhancing surface acidity and basicity while simultaneously suppressing photogenerated carrier recombination through shallow-trap defects. The abundant exposed Zn/Zr sites functioned as acidic centers, facilitating the adsorption and polarization of epoxides-identified as the rate-determining step for pristine ZnIn2S4. Ultimately, the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers cooperatively promoted the nucleophilic addition reactions (SN1 and SN2) between the epoxide (styrene oxide or epichlorohydrin) and alcohol. This study provides deep insights into the atomic-level site design of Zr-Zn-In-S photothermal catalysts for achieving photothermal synergistic-driven organic transformations via photo-redox catalysis.

Electrochromic (EC) windows are receiving extensive attention owing to their flexibly adjustable optical properties controlled by external bias. Nevertheless, the widespread commercialization of EC windows still faces substantial impediments, including high cost, intricate fabrication processes, slow switching times and especially poor durability. Herein, we propose a facile yet high-performance EC system based on the reversible electrodeposition of iodine, which is theoretically free of "ion-trapping", structure degradation, dendrite growth and corrosion issues encountered by the traditional EC windows. To overcome the polyiodide shuttling problem, the electrolyte is further modified with [EMIM]+, which can coordinate with the polyiodide intermediates to form insoluble [EMIM]I3, and thereby effectively suppress polyiodide formation and shuttling. Moreover, the preferential adsorption of [EMIM]+ onto the Zn counter electrode ensures uniform and stable Zn deposition/stripping, synergistically improving the durability of the I2-Zn EC window. With these multifaceted merits, the simple EC system simultaneously achieves rapid response speeds (t coloring: 7 s, t bleaching: 6 s), high optical modulation amplitude (89.6% at 500 nm), impressive coloration efficiency (44.8 cm2 C-1) and excellent lifetime (without performance attenuation after 10 000 cycles). The scaling potential of the system is further demonstrated by constructing a large-area (10 × 10 cm2) device.

The [EMIM] + additive can not only suppress polyiodide shuttling via forming insoluble [EMIM]I 3 , but also inhibit the side reactions on the Zn counter electrode, significantly enhancing the optical performance and cycling stability of the EC system.

Lentinan (LNT) is a bioactive polysaccharide that has been proven to improve the production performance of animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of LNT on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Through random block design, 80 Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments (CON, control group, fed a basal diet; and 5LNT, 10LNT, 15LNT groups, fed a basal diet with 5, 10, 15 g/d LNT, respectively) according to the days in milk (57 ± 21.3 d), milk yield (42.3 ± 7.88 kg/d) and parity (3.44 ± 1.45). Each treatment had 20 replicates of one cow each. The results showed that there was a linear increment in the production of milk (P = 0.034, increased by 3.28 kg/d), milk protein (P = 0.020, increased by 76.04 g/d) and lactose (P = 0.003, increased by 213.07 g/d) with the increase in LNT doses. In addition, the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) linearly increased with the increasing LNT supplementation (P = 0.008, increased by 15.42%). In terms of ruminal fermentation, oxidation-reduction potential value (P = 0.001, reduced by 35.89), the proportion of acetate (P = 0.004, reduced by 8.91%) and acetate to propionate ratio (A/P; P = 0.002, reduced by 1.27) linearly decreased, while the proportion of propionate (P = 0.003, increased by 6.42%) and butyrate (P = 0.037, increased by 2.49%) linearly increased with the increase in LNT dosages. The changes in ruminal fermentation parameters led to changes in the ruminal microbiota and metabolites. Supplementation with LNT increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria, such as Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05), and decreased the relative abundance of some harmful bacteria, such as Rhodobacteraceae, Tyzzerella, Lysinibacillus and Turicibacter (P < 0.05). Moreover, LNT supplementation up-regulated 2-(pyridin-2-ylamino) benzoic acid and hippuric acid (P < 0.05), which could promote phenylalanine metabolism, and down-regulated some metabolites inhibiting arginine biosynthesis, like 2-methylglutaric acid and N2-acetylornithine (P < 0.05). Moreover, lentinan supplementation significantly elevated 2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)benzoic acid (Py-PABA) and hippurate (P < 0.05), metabolites associated with enhanced phenylalanine metabolism, while reducing inhibitors of arginine biosynthesis such as 2-methylglutaric acid and N²-acetylornithine (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of LNT could improve the ruminal microbiota and metabolism and further affect the lactation performance of cows.

The BESIII Collaboration recently performed a precise measurement of the e^+e^-→ DD̅ Born cross sections, and confirmed the G(3900) structure reported by BaBar and Belle with high significance. We identify the G(3900) as the first P-wave molecular resonance. The experimental and theoretical identification of the P-wave dimeson state holds paramount importance in enhancing our comprehension of the non-perturbative QCD and few-body physics. Its existence is firmly established in a unified meson-exchange model which simultaneously depicts the features of the χ_c1(3872), Z_c(3900) and T_cc(3875). This scenario can be directly examined in the e^+e^-→ DD̅^*/D̅D^* cross section by seeing whether a resonance exists at the threshold. The credibility of the investigations is also ensured by the fact that the P-wave interaction dominantly arises from the well-known long-range pion exchange. Additionally, thanks to the centrifugal barrier, it is easier to form resonances in P-wave than in S-wave. We extensively calculate all systems up to P-wave with various quantum numbers and predict a dense population of the and states, where the S-wave state with I^G (J^PC)=0^- (1^+-), P-wave state with I^G(J^PC)=0^+(0^-+), and P-wave state with I(J^P)=0(0^-) are more likely to be observed in experiments.

Recent experimental work (Science, 2020, 369, 979) reported the successful synthesis of S-terminated MXenes, among which the M2CS2 (M = Sc or Y) exhibits the brand-new phase vary from all the already known MXenes. In this work, we have theoretically studied the adsorption of 17 kinds of gases (including atmospheric and organic molecules) on M2CS2. Our results revealed that M2CS2 prefers to interact with the N/O-containing gases by forming M–N/M–O bond. Among all the gases, the NH3 and nicotine could be captured by M2CS2 in view of their low adsorption energies (< -0.50 eV). By considering the changes in charge transfers, electronic properties and current/voltage curves before and after the gas adsorption, we proposed that Sc2CS2 could be the potential candidate as NO, NO2, NH3, nicotine, ethanol and formaldehyde gas sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity. It is noted that the Sc2CS2 is reusable after gas sensing or capturing in view of their moderate adsorption energies (> -0.60 eV). The above features in Sc2CS2 are also expected in the case of Y2CS2, in view of their similar chemical properties. Our results will be very helpful for understanding the chemical properties and the potential applications of this unique MXene phase (M2CS2).

当奶牛处于热应激的高温环境下,机体易发生氧化应激损伤和各种炎症反应,进而表现出产奶量和乳品质的降低,造成严重的经济损失.硒是反刍动物必需的微量元素,参与机体抗氧化、抗炎功能的调控,具有缓解奶牛热应激的能力.本文综述了热应激对奶牛的危害及其防治措施、饲粮添加硒对奶牛的影响及其对热应激的缓解,并从机体氧化应激-炎症反应-免疫功能三方联动的角度总结了硒缓解奶牛热应激可能的作用机制,以期为生产中奶牛热应激的防治及硒产品的合理使用提供参考.

本试验旨在研究饲粮钙水平对夏南牛生长性能、钙磷代谢、养分利用及血液指标的影响.选用40头体重[(240.86±5.56)kg]相近、健康的夏南牛公牛,随机分为4组,每组10头.各组分别饲喂钙水平为0.45％、0.54％、0.65％和0.73％的试验饲粮.试验期100 d,分2个阶段,每个阶段50 d.结果表明:1)第1阶段,各组之间生长性能无显著差异(P＞0.05).第2阶段和全期,0.65％组平均日增重显著高于0.45％组和0.54％组(P＜0.05).2)各阶段钙采食量随饲粮钙水平升高显著升高(P＜0.05).第1阶段,0.73％组粪钙排泄量显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),0.45％组钙表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05),0.73％组粪磷排泄量显著高于0.54％组(P＜0.05),0.73％组磷表观消化率显著低于0.54％组(P＜0.05).第2阶段,0.45％组钙表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05).3)第1阶段,0.65％组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于0.45％组(P＜0.05).第2阶段,各组之间养分表观消化率无显著差异(P＞0.05).4)各组之间各阶段血液钙、磷、骨钙素和降钙素含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).5)第1阶段,各组之间血液铜、铁、锌、锰、镁含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).第2阶段,0.54％组血液铜含量显著低于0.45％组和0.73％组(P＜0.05),各组之间血液铁、锌、锰、镁含量无显著差异(P＞0.05).综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,推荐240～330 kg夏南牛的饲粮适宜钙水平为0.65％.

The objective of this meta-analysis was to analyze the effect of feeding live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on feed intake (FI), lactation performance (LP), rumen fermentation (RF), and rumen microbiota (RM) in dairy cattle. We performed a literature search using the Boolean search approach with MeSH keywords, including live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae, feed intake, lactation, performance traits, rumen, fermentation, microbiota, and cattle. Twenty-five (25) articles published contained at least data on feed intake, lactation performance or milk production parameters, rumen fermentation or digestibility, and rumen microbiota measured for experiments involving dairy animals have been selected. Microsoft Excel performed data extraction and organization, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Few studies have observed a negative impact of the LY on the FI (8%), LP (12%), RF (4%), and RM (8%), but the majority of the selected studies reported a positive impact of adding LY (FI: 36%, LP: 52%, RF: 52% and RM: 40%). Cows supplemented with LY showed a marginal decrease in feeding rate; min/d (0.13 vs. 0.14; p=0.65), interval between meals; min (142.1 vs. 1603, p=0.09), meal size; kg of DM/meal (3.4 vs. 3.8, p=0.09), meal duration; min/meal (32.5 vs.35.3, p=0.39), lying boots; no/d (9.5 vs. 9.6, p=0.83), eating boot; bout/day (80.7 vs.8.26, p=0.24), and lying time; min/d (671.1 vs. 697.5, p=0.51). However, LY increases feeding duration; min/d (232.0 vs.226.6, p=0.65), meal frequency; meal/d (9.0 vs.7.8, p=0.07), rumination; min/d (570.3 vs. 344.9, 344.9, p=0.08), and meal criterion with significance; min (20.0 vs. 25.8, p=0.04). Meta-regression of the covariate effect shows that using live yeast products in the cattle diet significantly increased the Lactation Performance (p=.001) and Feed Intake (p=.001). However, it enabled a higher average ruminal Fermentation (p=.005) and microbiota (p=.003). Furthermore, the timing of live yeast culture before calving could influence the performance and ruminal parameters, especially the microbiomes (p=0.006). A little increase in milk yield (1.4kg/day) and lower SCS（somatic cells score (2.76) were observed in LY. This meta-analysis indicated feeding live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) could improve feeding behaviour, animal performance, and herd productivity (milk and rumen health). However, further research is required to study its effect on feed intake and rumen microbiota in dairy cattle.

The efficiency of pharmacotherapy is significantly influenced by the crystal habit and polymorphic form of the drugs. Especially due to the anisotropy of different facets in crystalline material, crystal habit impacts the physicochemical properties and behaviors of a drug, which has been rarely reported. This paper describes a facile method for online monitoring of crystal plane orientation of favipiravir (T-705) by Raman spectroscopy. Firstly, we investigated the synergy of multiple physicochemical fields (solvation, agitated flow fields, etc.), and then prepared favipiravir crystals with different orientations in a controllable manner. Secondly, to establish the connection between crystal planes and Raman spectra, the favipiravir crystals were theoretically analyzed at the molecular and structural levels using density functional theory (DFT) and three dimensional (3D) visualization tools. Finally, we based on standard samples and applied it to 12 actual samples to evaluate the crystal habit of favipiravir. The results are similar to the classical X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Additionally, the XRD method is difficult to be monitored online, while the Raman method is non-contact, fast, and requires no sample preparation, showing a great application prospect in the pharmaceutical process.

牛异食癖是由环境、营养、内分泌、心理和遗传等多种因素引起的,会导致牛出现骨骼发育异常、繁殖机能障碍以及贫血等症状,严重影响牛场的生产效益.本研究旨在分析造成异食癖的原因,为牛异食癖的预防和治疗提供理论依据.采集某牧场中采食粪便、毛发以及泥土等异物的安格斯繁殖母牛的血清和肝脏样品,分别采用原子吸收法对样品进行常量、微量元素和生化指标测定.结果表明:试验牛肝脏和血液样品中铜和锌元素均偏低,而生化指标显示肌酐偏高,谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶偏低,其他生化指标均处于正常范围之内.由此推测,铜和锌的缺乏可能是该牛场肉牛发生异食癖的主要原因.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bupleurum extract (BE) on the haematological profiles, the mineral and hormone levels of heat stressed dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows (75 +/- 15 days in milk, 37.5 +/- 1.8 kg of milk/d, and 1.7 +/- 0.4 parity) with heat stress were randomly assigned to four treatments, which consisted of 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 g BE/kg DM (Dry Matter). Compared with the control group, cows that were fed 0.5 g/kg BE had a higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and white blood cell count. Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg BE decreased creatine kinase levels. Compared with the cows that were fed 0 or 1.0 g/kg BE, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities were lower in those given 0.5 g/kg BE, while serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase was lower in those given 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg BE. Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg BE decreased sodium concentrations and increased potassium and calcium concentrations. In addition, the supplementation of 1.0 g/kg BE decreased phosphorus concentrations, while that of 0.5 g/kg BE increased chloride concentrations. As for hormone levels, triiodothyronine and prolactin levels increased in cows given 1.0 g/kg BE, while cortisol levels were lower in cows given 0.5 g/kg BE. Further, growth hormone levels were elevated in cows fed 0.25 g/kg BE. These findings suggest that supplemental BE at 0.5 g/kg could have positive effects on the blood metabolism of heat-stressed cows.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a key factor that affects plant silage. To explore the effects of different LAB from Broussonetiapapyrifera (BP) on the quality of Broussonetiapapyrifera leaves (BPL), in this experiment, LAB from natural Broussonetiapapyrifera (BP) silage was identified. BPL were fermented with LAB from BP as the test groups and BPL were fermented without LAB as the control group, The quality and nutritional components of BP silage were analyzed after 60 days of fermentation in the dark, to study the effects of different LAB from Broussonetiapapyrifera (BP) on the quality of BPL. The results showed that four strains of LAB were isolated from the Broussonetiapapyrifera silage, namely Lactobacillus sakei, Pediococcuspentosus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Weissellaparamesenteroides. The first three kinds were homotypic fermentation LAB, and the last kind was a heterotypic fermentation LAB. Among them, Pediococcuspentosus and Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly better tolerance to tannins from BP than the other two strains (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and soluble carbohydrates (WSC) contents of the treatment groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Among the treatment groups, the CP contents of Pediococcuspentosaceus and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly higher than that of the Weissellaparamesenteroides group (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the pH and propionic acid (PA) of the treatment groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the lactic acid (LA) content was significantly higher (P < 0.05). Among the treatment groups, the pH, acetic acid (AA), and ammonia nitrogen contents of Pediococcuspentosaceus and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly lower than the other groups (P < 0.05); the LA content of the Weissellaparamesenteroides group was significantly lower than the other treatment groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of exogenous LAB can improve the quality of BPL silage, and the tolerance of different LAB to BP tannins influences their enhancing effect on the quality of BPL silage fermentation.

Heat stress response in dairy cattle affects milk production, quality, body temperature, and other parameters. Dairy cows will most likely experience increased heat stress with unabated global warming. Elevated temperatures and humidity reduce feed intake, harm reproductive potential， and reduce milk production. Heat stress is more common in high-yielding cows than in low-yielding ones. In addition to reducing milk production, heat stress can also reduce milk quality. During lactation, internal metabolic heat production can further reduce cattle's substances to high temperatures, resulting in altered milk composition and decreased milk yield. Several studies proposed various nutritional strategies such as dietary fats, dietary fibers, microbial diets, mineral substances, vitamins, metal ion buffers, plant extracts, and other anti-stress additives. This review addresses the challenging study on the effects of heat stress on nutritional and fed intake perturbations, milk and components yield, immune system activation, and reproduction parameters. It proves that specific nutritional strategies effectively mitigate the harmful effects of heat stress in dairy cattle.