胶东花生出口区由于连续多年大量使用化肥导致土壤酸化严重,花生出现死苗、烂果、空壳现象,使用硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂可有效调理土壤酸化,同时补充钙、硼等中微量元素,使花生空壳死苗现象得到控制,荚果多,籽仁饱满.

Prepared sesame flavor with the method of hydrolyzing sesame cake and thermal reaction.The optimal formula was: hydrolysate of sesame cake 10 g,amino acid 4.5 g(glutamic acid 2.25 g,arginine 2.25 g),glucose 1.25 g,sesame oil 60 g;While the optimum process conditions were as follows: temperature 120 ℃,time 60 min.With gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS),the flavor was analyzed and 42 kinds of volatile compound were identified,most of which as flavor donor were pyrazine,thiazole,thiophene and pyran.

Plant lipoxygenases (LOXs) is a functionally diverse class of dioxygenases involved in multiple physiological processes such as growth, senescence, and stress-related responses. Previously, based on the analysis of LOX1 activity and corm formation, it was depicted that LOX1 increased jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and induced enlargement at top of stolon branches, forming cormels in Gladiolus hybridus. Here, LOX gene (GhLOX1) in full length was isolated from developing corms in G. hybridus. Sequence analysis showed that GhLOX1 was a novel LOX1 gene encoding 9-LOX. Transient expression analysis determined GhLOX1 to be a cytoplasm protein. Real time RT-PCR showed that the mRNA level of GhLOX1 gene correlated positively with LOX activity and was highest in cormels. GhLOX1 mRNA level. LOX activity and endogenous methyl jasmonate (MJ) content in corms increased steadily with a MJ gradient from 0.1 mmol/L to 0.5 mmol/L. Conversely, GhLOX1 mRNA level. LOX activity, and endogenous MJ content in corms steadily decreased with the increasing concentration of Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). At the same time, we observed that MJ and SHAM treatments effected both LOX1 mRNA level and LOX activity, leading to promotion and inhibition of corm formation and enlargement, respectively. These data reveal that GhLOX1 is a novel LOX1 gene encoding a cytoplasm 9-LOX protein and its expression would contribute to LOX activity which plays an important role in corm formation and enlargement. In general, GhLOX1 is an ideal candidate for the promotion of corm formation and enlargement by gene manipulation in G. hybridus. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

As a key enzyme,allene oxide synthase (AOS) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA).In order to study its function in the process and molecular mechanism of corm expansion for Gladiolus hybridus,a full-length cDNA of GhAOS,containing a 1 533 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding 510 putative amino acids with a calculated protein molecular weight of 56.53 kD,was cloned from the corms of G.hybridus 'Rose Supreme'through RT-PCR and RACE technologies.The tissue-specific expression analysis using RT-PCR showed that the GhAOS was expressed in leaves,stolons,flowers,roots,corms and cormels.Moreover,its RNA level was higher in leaves and stolons.In corms,the expression level of GhAOS decreased with the increasing concentrations of salicylic acid(SA) from 0,0.1,0.5,1.0 to 2.0 mmol/L.In summary,results indicate that GhAOS is a novel AOS gene and repressed by SA in mRNA level,which primarily verifies the antagonistic interaction between SA and JA in signaling pathways.

A all-length heat shock transcription factor(HSF) gene with 350aa ORF,belonging to HSFA,was cloned from Lilium longiforum ‘white heaven’ by RACE(Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends).Cluster analysis showed that this gene was highly homologous to known HSFA2 from other organisms and one novel member of HSFA2.Furthermore,alignment with HSFA2 from tomato and Arabidopsis indicated there was highly conserved DNA binding domain in this gene,harboring other characterized domains and regulatory elements.RT-PCR showed that expression of this gene could be detected in roots and bulbs treated by 37 ℃ for 1 hour and be detected in leaves during 0.5–12 hours at 37 ℃.

This article summarizes is the carrot, Tumorous stem mustard, lotus plant three vegetables are always eating by people and to them by measure and solubility weightlessness rates as well as amino acids, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin c, hard as nutrients to change a comparative analysis, research, several quick-freezing the nutritional components of the changes. The result is that vegetables weightlessness quick-freezing the rate of more slowly than common temperature;fresh vegetables are high in sugar, after a period is slowing down; quick-freezing of vegetable protein has a noticeable trend of escalation; vitamin C amount at stake quick-freezing vegetables, in short, quick-freezing stored as possible to maintain the value of the vegetables and flavor, extended stored time for the people's daily life provide reference information.

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are the terminal components of the signal transduction chain mediating the activation of genes responsive to both heat stress and a large number of chemical stressors. This paper aims to clone Hsf from lily and characterize its function by analyses of mRNA expression, transactivation activity and thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. In this study, the gene encoding HsfA2 with 1,053 bp open reading frame (ORF) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique from Lilium longiflorum 'White heaven'. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses showed that the deduced protein was a novel member of the Hsf class A2. Expression analyses by RT-PCR indicated that LlHsfA2 expression was induced by heat shock and H(2)O(2) treatment, but not by NaCl. It was also found that the expression of LlHsfA2 correlated with thermotolerance in Lilium longiflorum 'White heaven' and Oriental hybrid 'Acapulco' under heat stress. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid assay showed that LlHsfA2 had transactivation activity. In addition, overexpression of LlHsfA2 activated the downstream genes including Hsp101, Hsp70, Hsp25.3 and Apx2 and enhanced the thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, our data suggest that LlHsfA2 is a novel and functional HsfA2, involved in heat signaling pathway in lily and useful for improvement of thermotolerance in transgenic plants.

To compared and analysed the acidity,lactic acid,protein,amino acid and Vitamin C of glossy mushroom yoghurt.Experimental result showed that milk powder yoghurt was higher than milk yoghurt about amino acid content.Amino acid content of the two kinds glossy mushroom increased alongside ferment time adding.Milk powder yoghurt was lower than milk yoghurt about protein content.The protein content of two kinds yoghurt went down alongside ferment going on.Milk powder yoghurt was higher than milk yoghurt about vitamin C content.The vitamin C content of the two kinds yoghurt went down all alongside ferment going on.Acidity of two kinds yoghurt going up alongside ferment.Milk powder yoghurt was higher than milk yoghurt about acidity.Difference of the two yoghurt was not clear about lactic acid content.The lactic acid went up alongside ferment.Glossy mushroom ferment quickly.Change tendency was big of each tested target.Nutrition value of milk powder yoghurt was higher.

Effects of several plant growth regulating substances in different concentrations and different cormlet inoculation methods on callus induction and plant regeneration were investigated with cormlets,styles,ovary and stamens of Gladiolus hybridus cv.‘Advanced red'as explants.The results showed that the optimal explants were central sections of cromlets,the optimal inculation method was inverse inoculation.The optimal induction mediums forNEC and EC induction were MS+6 mg·L~(-1) NAA and MS+6 mg·L~(-1) TDZ with theinduction rates of 65.53%and 71.88%,respectively.Calli from NEC and EC could differentiate adventitious shoots and the differentiation rates were 88.89%and 61.11%,respectively.Rooting rate on the optimal rooting medium was 87.50%.

Cormlet and virus-free root of Gladiolus cv.advanced red with different cutting means were cultured on media with different plant growth substances and AgNO3.The results showed that plant direct regeneration rate of cormlet was much higher than that of virus-free root.The optimum medium for direct regeneration of adventitious buds from the cormlet was MS+2,4-D 0.6 mg/L+6-BA 1.1 mg/L+AgNO3 1.5 mg/L,in which the regeneration percentage of adventitious buds was 85.95%,and average adventitious buds was 14.10.Transection was the best inoculation means without regard for frontback,whereas there are only adventitious roots in the inoculation of longitudinal cutting with different combinations of hormones.The optimum medium for rooting was MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L,the rate of rooting reached 91.81% and the number of roots per plantlet were 18.97.This will provide a good acceptor system for genetic transform of Gladiolus.

In order to determine contents of sucrose and starch and related metabolic enzyme activities,the leaves,stolons,new corms and cormels in 'Rose Supreme' were studied.The results indicated that the sequence of sucrose content is leaves>new corms and cormels>stolons.The starch contents of leaves and stolons were lower than new corms and cormels.Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)activity was higher in the leaves than stolons,except in new corms and cormels.At the early development stage of \%Gladiolus hybridus\%,the activity of sucrose synthase(SS)was lower in all parts,but ascended quickly in the new corms comparated descended in the leaves at the late stage.The sequence of acid invertase(AI)activity is leaves>stolons>cormels>new corms.The activity of neutral invertase(NI)in leaves was higher than other parts,and stolon was ascended,whereas new corm was ascended firstly then descended.The activities of Q-enzyme increased except leaves.The activities of amylase ascended first then descended.The activities of Q-enzyme and amylase in the new corms and cormels were higher than in the leaves and stolons.From the development process of \%G.hybridus\%,sucrose-metablizing are integrately controlled by AI,NI,SPS and SS.Q-enzyme and amylase play important roles in metabolizing of starch.

To investigate the effects of SHAM and MJ in vitro on corm formation in Gladiolus hybridus ‘Rose Supreme’, the contents of total soluble protein, endogenous methyl jasmonate (MJ) and carbohydrates as well as the activities of LOX-1 and antioxidant enzymes were examined under different treatments. LOX isozymes were also analysized. The results showed that, under the SHAM treatment, corm formation was obviously delayed and reduced in terms of frequency and corm fresh mass and diameter and that the concentrations of total protein, MJ and carbohydrates, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and LOX-1 were all reduced compared to the control. The activities of LOX isozymes became weaker with two isozyme bands disappeared. In contrast, these physiological and biochemical indexes were increased under MJ treatments, in which, 0.5 mmol·L-1 was the optimal concentration for promoting corm formation in Gladiolus. These results suggested that corm formation could be improved by MJ but suppressed by SHAM through regulating the LOX activity, resulting in carbohydrate accumulation and increase of antioxidant enzymes activities in Gladiolus hybridus.

The objecive of this study is to develop a method of determination for acrylamide in fried potato chips by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The acrylamide in potato chips was extracted by 0.1 % formic acid in water and cleaned up by centrifugation, freezing and solid phase extraction, then analyzed by HPLC. The analysis conditions are as follows water acetonitrile-0.1 % acetic liquor (98.9:1:0.1, V/V/V) as mobile phase, flow rate 0.2 ml/min, injection volumn 20μl ,retention time 8.4 min, wavelength 202 nm and column oven temperature 26 ℃. The limit of detection of this method is below 10 ng/g, the recovery is higher than 70%, and the relative standard deviation is below 20%.

To investigate the effects of lipoxygenase (LOX1) on the corm formation and enlargement in Gladiolus hybridus, the field and in vitro researches were conducted to detect the growth and development course, the LOX1 activity, the contents of endogenetic methyl jasmonate (MJ), sucrose, starch and cellulose, as well as LOX isozymes and the expression of its genes in ‘Rose Supreme’ and ‘Advanced Red’. The field investigation showed that the highest activities of LOX1 activity and MJ content in stolons, but not detected in leaves, which were higher in ‘RS’ than in ‘AR’. And the contents of sucrose, starch and cellulose in corm and cormels showed different increase during growth and development of Gladiolus corm. The in vitro investigation showed that the salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) treatment caused obviously delayed corm formation, decrease of fresh weight and diameter, and percentage of corm formation; reduced contents of total dissoluble protein, MJ and carbohydrates, and LOX1 activity. Additionally the activity of LOX isozymes became weaker, with two isozyme bands disappeared. In contrast, these physiological and biochemical indexes were increased under MJ treatment. RT-PCR also demonstrated that the expression of LOX1 gene was inhibited under SHAM treatment, induced under MJ treatment. These results suggested that LOX1 might regulate the growth and development of Gladiolus corm through affecting JAs biosynthesis cycles, and then resulting in carbohydrate accumulation. The corm formation could be improved by MJ, but suppressed by SHAM, in which, MJ 0.5mmol/L was the optimum concentration for promoting corm formation and enlargement in Gladiolus.

In order to understand the relation of carbohydrate metabolism with the growth and development of gladiolus cormels,we monitored the changes of soluble sugar,sucrose,reduced sugar and amylase during cormel development of bothRose Supreme and Advanced Red.The results indicated that there were two stages of morphologization and ex-pansion during cormel development.The contents of soluble sugar,sucrose,reduced sugar and amylase were about 50,30,16mg/g,3mg/(g.min),and90,46,30mg/g,0.7mg/(g.min) at the two stages respectively.Carbohy-drate metabolism slowed down with withering.Both varieties of gladiolus had a similar pattern of carbohydrate metabolism although their courses of growth and development were different.It is therefore suggested that the level of carbohydrate metabolism is closely related with the growth and development of gladiolus cormels.

This paper studied the effects of variety,temperature,and the thickness of chitosan on fresh-cut potato about chromatism(E),polyphenoloxidase(PPO)and content of total sugar.The L9(34)orthogonal design was used in this experiment.Range analysis was then employed to optimize the process conditions from the test result.The results of analysis showed that the best variety was Atlantic,the second was Favorita,the third was Zhongshu No.3 and the temperature lower the preservation effect was better in the three temperatures of cold storage(0℃,4℃,8℃)and the best thickness was 1.0% in the three of chitosan.As a conclusion,the best treatment was the fresh-cut potato of Atlantic treated with 1.0%chitosan film in 0℃ refrigerate.The shelf life could reach to six days.

China has abundant potato resource but low utilization.To use resources and make consumers especially younger content,base on orthogonal design and single factor experiment,the results demonstrated that the best color retention agent was D-AA(0.5%)+MA(1.5%)+CaCl2(0.1%),immersing time is 50 minutes,scalding 3 minutes at 100℃,the best drying condition was 40 minutes at 85℃,the best frying condition was 180℃ during 40s.

The oil content of potato chips produced by traditional deep-fry technique arrived at 30% and more,therefore,it is necessary to decrease the oil content of potato chips.The objective of this work was to determine the effect of pre-drying treatment over the quality of products(crispness,color and oil content) during producing low oil content potato chips by microwave baking.The trials indicated that we could decrease the oil content of potato chips by microwave baking(the oil content below 20%) and get the semi-manufactured pro-ducts which contain different water through the pre-drying treatment after blanching.when air-dry temperature was at 85℃,Pre-drying time influenced the quality of potato chips,such as crispness,color and oil content.Potato chips pre-dried 35min had the greatest crispness.longer pre-drying time,lighter color of potato chips had.Generally,the oil content of product was decreased by the increasing of pre-drying time.

Consistent evidence suggested that acrylamide is formed in starch-rich foodstuffs during mailard reaction. However, information regarding the influence of related parameters on acrylamide formation is scarce. We investigated the impact of frying temperature and heating time, the content of reducing sugar and amino acid of fresh potatoes, the citric acid content of the blanch juice used for blanching fresh potato slices, the moisture of potato crisps which would be fried, antioxdants and accumulative time being used for frying of the oil used. Acrylamide content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Processing under the same conditions, the high content of reducing sugar and amino acid in fresh potatoes caused high acrylamide content in the products; With same material and post processing, acrylamide content consistently increased with increasing temperature and processing times; Lower pH value of potato juice caused a decreasing of acrylamide level; And acrylamide content decreased as the moisture of potato slices decreased gradually; While adding antioxidants such as BHT and TBHQ to the frying oil and using different oil did not markedly influence the acrylamide content of the product potato chips.

根据之前所做的单因素实验结果,确定以原料品种、浸泡液的柠檬酸浓度、预干燥时间以及油炸温度四个因素来做四因素四水平正交实验,并对实验结果进行数据分析.根据分析结果确定了生产低丙烯酰胺含量的油炸马铃薯片的最佳加工工艺条件为:以大西洋品种的马铃薯为原料,采用浓度为0.5%的柠檬酸水溶液浸泡,85℃鼓风干燥20min,最后在180℃的油温下恒温油炸至熟.