花粉等植物性过敏原导致的各类变态反应性疾病逐年高发,成为全球性公共卫生问题和各国政府日益关注的环境与健康风险.花粉过敏动物模型是研究植物源过敏性疾病的发生及其过敏机制等的关键环节,可为花粉过敏机制及相关研究提供重要依据,也可对花粉过敏原进行有效准确的评价和检测,推动防治策略研究.文章围绕花粉过敏动物模型的品系种类、模型构建方法、繁育策略、检测与评价等方面的研究资料进行综述,通过总结近年来花粉过敏动物模型研究的优缺点及其应用情况,为建立适宜的花粉过敏研究实验动物模型及其相关的基础和应用研究提供参考.

Protein is the nutritional basis for animal growth and the main nutritional components of feed. In recent years, there is a shortage of animal protein resources, and the development and utilization of plant protein resources has become a hot spot in animal nutrition researches. However, there are certain allergens in some plant proteins, which directly affect the quality and nutritional properties of plant proteins, and produce potential application risk factors. How to make full and effective use of plant protein resources, the main plant protein types and sources, processing methods and nutritional properties were combed. The progress of plant protein allergens focused on main types, allergic actions, epitopes and influencing factors, desensitization methods and so on were collated and analyzed, in order to provide references and basis for the development and utilization of plant protein resources.

IL-33作为IL-1家族的成员,在免疫及过敏性疾病中发挥重要作用.研究显示,其通过与其受体ST2结合,激活多种炎性细胞及信号通路,在多种疾病中发挥重要作用.本文就IL-33及其受体ST2在免疫及过敏性疾病中的作用机制的研究进展进行综述,并对文献报道的治疗过敏性疾病的中药复方对IL-33/ST2通路的作用机制进行整理分析,以期为临床治疗相关疾病提供依据和方法.

采用网络药理学和分子对接技术分析源自"瘴疠之区"丰富认识的傣医药在治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)中所发挥的作用.基于文献调研,确定傣医药对COVID-19治疗方案中三种傣药方的化学成分;采用中药系统药理分析平台、中药化学成分数据库和Swiss target prediction数据库对每个药方中主要化学成分的潜在靶点进行整理;在基因挖掘软件(GenCLiP3)和GeneCard数据库搜索COVID-19相关靶点,绘制中药调控网络图;使用STRING数据库构建靶点蛋白质蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络;同时进行基因本体论(GO)富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,并对关键化学成分与靶蛋白严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)3CL水解酶和血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)进行分子对接.研究结果表明,傣药方所含化合物以黄酮类、萜类等为主,主要活性成分β-谷甾醇、槲皮素、儿茶素等可作用于周期蛋白依赖性激酶2(CDK2)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1(MAPK1)等多个靶点,调节MAPK信号通路、白介素-17(IL-17)信号通路、酪氨酸激酶-转录因子(JAK-STAT)信号通路、核转录因子(NF)-κB信号通路、花生四烯酸代谢通路等多条通路.药方1核心靶点包括MAPK1、JAK1等,以抗炎、病毒感染细胞的通路为主,以提高机体免疫能力;药方2核心靶点则包括环加氧酶1(PTGS1)、一氧化氮合酶2(NOS2)等,集中于病原菌、病毒感染通路、抗炎信号通路等,对临床上所出现的发热不退等症状可协同调控;药方3核心靶点包括磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶催化亚基α(PIK3CA)、IL-6等,以炎症信号通路、细胞的增殖凋亡通路为主,对抗更为严重的临床症状.靶点、通路的差异可作为这三种药方对COVID-19分别对症下药的初步理论依据.

中药脑疏宁是基于中风本虚标实、气血亏虚、痰瘀闭阻的病因确立的活血、利水、通腑、调气的临床经验方,已有研究表明其在大鼠MCAO模型和TBI模型中具有改善脑损伤的作用,但在体外细胞实验上鲜有研究.应用体外分离培养大鼠神经干细胞,探讨脑疏宁对神经干细胞增殖的影响及其相关作用机制.本文采用WST-1法测定经不同浓度(21.4 mg/mL、2.14 mg/mL、214 μg/mL、21.4 μg/mL、2.14 μg/mL、0)脑疏宁分别处理神经干细胞24 h和48 h后,其对细胞增殖的影响;利用U0126建立MAPK/ERK信号通路阻断模型,WST-1法检测脑疏宁对该阻断模型的作用;Western blot法检测脑疏宁处理后细胞中p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达情况.结果 表明,与对照组相比,一定浓度范围内的脑疏宁可以显著促进神经干细胞的增殖(P＜0.05),与浓度呈依赖关系,但高浓度脑疏宁抑制干细胞增殖并使细胞死亡.WST-1结果显示,脑疏宁可以使MAPK/ERK信号通路阻断模型组的干细胞增殖,但其增殖结果不显著.Western blot结果显示,脑疏宁能显著上调MAPK/ERK信号通路中p-ERK1/2的表达,促进ERK1/2磷酸化.适宜浓度的中药脑疏宁可以促进体外培养的神经干细胞增殖,其机制可能与促进MAPK/ERK信号通路中ERK1/2的磷酸化有关.

Artemisia rupestris is widely used as a folk medicine of Uygur and Kazak with blood and detoxification, deaccumulation stagnation, clearing heat digestion and other effects. Currently, the chemical profile of A. rupestris has not been disclosed, resulting in a great obstacle for the systematic clarification of the efficacy materials and the quality evaluations. In this paper, HPLC-IT-TOF-MS was deployed to characterize the chemical constituents in A. rupestris. As a result, a total of 124 compounds were detected in 75% ethanol extract of A. rupestris. By comparing with the reference compounds, seven chlorogenic acids, and four flavonoids as well as one sesquiterpenoid were definitely identified. Moreover, twenty sesquiterpenes, sixty-five flavonoids and twenty-three chlorogenic acids were preliminarily identified by matching MS/MS spectral information with literature data and applying those empirical mass spectrometric cracking rules. In current study, the chemical composition of A. rupestris was profiled in depth, and the findings are envisioned to provide a theoretical basis for the further studies of this well-known herbal medicine, such as efficacy material characterization and quality assessment.

Swertia mussotii Franch. is an important traditional Tibetan medicinal plant with pharmacological properties effective in the treatment of various ailments including hepatitis. Secoiridoids are the major bioactive compounds in S. mussotii. To better understand the secoiridoid biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the root, leaf, stem, and flower tissues, and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 98,613 unique transcripts with an N50 of 1,085 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 35,029 transcripts (35.52%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO and KEGG. The expression profiles of 39 candidate transcripts encoding the key enzymes for secoiridoid biosynthesis were examined in different S. mussotii tissues, validated by qRTPCR, and compared with the homologous genes from S. japonica, a species in the same family, unveiling the gene expression, regulation, and conservation of the pathway. The examination of the accumulated levels of three bioactive compounds, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside, revealed their considerable variations in different tissues, with no significant correlation with the expression profiles of key genes in the pathway, suggesting complex biological behaviours in the coordination of metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation. The genomic dataset and analyses presented here lay the foundation for further research on this important medicinal plant.

Xanthone is a collective name for one kind of natural plant secondary metabolites which possess tricyclic aromatic structure and widely distributed in the plants of several family such as Gentianaceae,Guttiferae,Polygalaceae,Moraceae and Leguminosae.The present studies showed that natural xanthones have wide range of pharmacological activities,including anti-tumor,anti-bacterial,anti-viral,hepatoprotective,pypoglycemic,inhibition of xanthine oxidase,etc.The review on pharmacological activities and related molecular mechanisms,structure-activity relationships of titled constituents over the last decade were summarized in this article,by which the prospect of development and utilization of natural xanthones can be prospected.The article provided the reference for the further research and comprehensive utilization of the natural xanthone resources.

The active ingredients in some Tibetan medicinal herbs are toxic components as well,and we need to have a clear understanding of their mechanism and metabolic pathways in use. The endogenous toxic components of highly toxic Tibetan herbal medicines are mainly alkaloids, such as aconitum alkaloids, methyllycaconitine, tropane alkaloids, brucine, strychnine, papaverine and swainso-nine. The majority of endogenous toxic alkaloids in Tibetan medicine herbs exist in roots, fruits and seeds of plants, exerting neurotoxicity or cardiotoxicity as highly toxic inherent chemicals. Most alka-loids are metabolized in phaseⅠvia de-alkylation, hydroxylation, hydrolysis and other reactions, as well as in phaseⅡvia glucuronic acid and sulfonic acid conjugation. They form various metabolites with high polarities and reduced toxicities so as to be easily excreted. The closeness between the therapeutic dose and toxic dose of alkaloids components in Tibetan medicinal herbs leads to their attenuated prep-aration via frying, dairy, highland barley wine soaking, or in combination with Terminalia Chebula to decrease toxicity, as is cited classic books on in Tebitan medicine. Focused on twelve alkaloids of five classes including aconitine, tropane and brucine, we have reviewed the characteristics of their metabo-lism and transformation, as well as their toxicity attenuation and safety evaluation.

There are abundant bacteria,fungus and actinomycete existed in medicinal plants rhizosphere.The rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plant is closely related to the plant growth,reproduction and metabolic activity.Recently,there are more and more studies on the relation between medicinal plants and their rhizosphere microbiome.This article summarized recent research progress made on rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plants from 3 aspects,including research object,research method,and research content.In addition,this article came up with the research emphasis on rhizosphere microbiome of medicinal plants in the future,so as to provide references for the development and utilization of medicinal plants.

α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(alpha-glucosidase inhibitors,AGI)是一类通过延缓肠道内碳水化合物的水解和吸收从而到达有效控制餐后血糖上升的糖尿病治疗药物,具有控制餐后血糖、保护胰岛细胞功能及改善多种糖尿病并发症等作用.近10年来,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的筛选方法由传统的筛选模型迅速发展到多种新技术的应用,各种新型筛选模型不断发展应用,从天然资源中寻找新的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂已成为现如今防治糖尿病的研究热点.本文对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的降糖机制及作用特点、从天然资源中筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的模型和方法等内容进行整理和归纳,重点对近10年来国内外从天然资源中筛选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的新型筛选模型和方法进行总结和比较,探讨各类方法的特点、存在的问题以及研究思路,为寻找和发现天然α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂提供基础.

冬凌草(Rabdosia rubescens)是唇形科香茶菜属一种抗肿瘤药用植物,二萜类主要成分冬凌草甲素是其主要的活性物质.对冬凌草的生物学特性、分布、遗传多样性、冬凌草甲素及其抗癌活性、冬凌草甲素生物合成路径及其二萜类合酶、冬凌草的转录组等研究方面进行了综述,为冬凌草种质资源的合理开发利用及其相关的生物分子机制进一步发现奠定基础.

藏药藏茵陈川西獐牙菜是传统高寒藏药,在治疗肝胆疾病方面具有独特疗效,已成为目前研究的热点.文章系统查阅近20年国内外有关川西獐牙菜的研究进展,对川西獐牙菜生物学特性及资源分布、组织培养、分子生物学和引种栽培研究的进展进行分析、概括和总结,为藏茵陈资源保护和可持续发展提供科学的参考依据,对地区生物、生态多样性保护起到积极作用.

MISA (MicroSAtelite) software was employed to screen SSRs in 68 787 contigs of Swertia mussotii transcriptome sequences. 5 610 SSRs were distributed in 5 099 contigs which accounted for 7.41% of 68 787 contigs. There are 220 kinds of SSR motifs existing in S. mussotii transcriptome. On average, SSRs occurred every 12.60 kb in length. In the SSRs, the tri-nucleotide repeat motif was the most abundant (45.99%), followed by the di-nucleotide (41.62%). AT/TA and AAT/TTA were the main types of motif in di-, tri-nucleotide repeats. The repeat numbers of SSRs which from S. mussotii transcriptome SSRs were mainly from 5 to 10 and motif length of them mostly ranged from 12 bp to 30 bp. A total of 30 651 contigs were annotated, and only 1 447 SSRs were occurred in protein-coding regions. In the six repeat motifs, tri-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant in coding regions (928). There are abundant SSRs in S. mussotii transcriptome with high frequency and various types, indicating their usefulness in theory. This research may lay the foundation for designing the targeted SSR primers and developing SSR molecular markers by mining the information of SSRs loci in S. mussotii transcriptome sequences data.

Objective To investigate whether salidroside (SAL) has protective and anti-oxidative effects on astrocytes. Methods Firstly, SAL was extracted from the roots of Rhodiola rosea with 70% ethanol and butanol to obtain crude phenylethyl alcohol glycosides which have been known as bioactive part of R. rosea; Secondly, WST-1 assay was carried out to assess the cell viability of astrocytes and cortical neurons under the treatment of the purified (> 95%) SAL. Moreover, WST-1 assay was also used to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of SAL preventing astrocytes from staurosporine-induced cell death; Thirdly, we examined the spontaneous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and staurosporine-induced ROS generation in astrocytes in the absence or presence of SAL. Results SAL was observed to improve the astrocytes viability but not cortical neurons. In addition, SAL was able to ameliorate staurosporine-induced cell death. Moreover, SAL was able to attenuate the spontaneous ROS and staurosporine-induced ROS generation. Conclusion We here confirm that the anti-oxidative effect of SAL on primary astrocytes might be an important mechanism accounting for the cytoprotective effects from SAL.

As an important source of Chinese traditional herb,some of Swertia have been included in the Ministry of Health Tibet standards and Chinese medicine hepatobiliary standard compilation volume. Based on the latest research status of medicinal botany of Swertia genus,drug type and geographic distribution,national application,chemical constituents,pharmacological effects,clinical applications were summarized in this article,in the view of Medicinal Ethnobotany. At the same time,some suggestions were proposed for future research.

Three new saikosaponin analogs, comastomasaponins I–K (1–3), were isolated from the aerial portions of Comastomapedunculatum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, and their nitric oxide production inhibitory activity was evaluated invitro.

目的建立UPLC-MS法同时测定大鼠静脉注射辛芍（灯盏细辛和赤芍）提取物后血浆中氧化芍药苷、没食子酸、1,3-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸5种成分的分析方法。方法血浆样品酸化后经乙腈沉淀除去蛋白,UPLC分析采用Waters Acquity BEH C18色谱柱,流动相为0.1%甲酸乙腈-0.1%甲酸水梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源,扫描方式为选择性离子监测模式。结果 5种成分在血浆中线性关系良好,提取回收率91.95%~109.09%,日内、日间精密度和准确度良好,被测成分在大鼠体内消除较快。结论本分析方法特异、快速、准确灵敏,可用于氧化芍药苷、没食子酸、1,3-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸的药代动力学研究。

目的:建立UPLC-MS同时测定大鼠静脉注射和口服给予辛芍提取物后血浆中野黄芩苷和芍药苷的分析方法,研究2种指标成分在大鼠体内的药动学特征及其绝对生物利用度.方法:采用Waters BEH C18(50mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱;流速为0.35 mL·min-1;流动相为0.1％甲酸乙腈溶液-0.1％甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;质谱采用电喷雾电离源(ESI);扫描方式为选择性离子监测(SIM).结果:野黄芩苷和芍药苷2种成分呈良好线性关系(r ＞0.999),提取回收率,精密度、准确度、基质效应和稳定性均良好.静注和口服给药后的野黄芩苷和芍药苷在大鼠体内消除半衰期分别为(0.93±0.85),(9.51±5.43)和(1.16±0.41),(4.59±0.61)h;口服后的达峰时间分别为(9.67±1.51)和(10±1.79)h,峰浓度分别为(1.67±0.81)和(5.59 ±3.23) mg·L-1.绝对生物利用度分别为26.48％和5.38％.结论:该方法可特异、快速、准确、灵敏地同时测定生物样品中芍药苷、野黄芩苷2种成分的血药浓度,不同给药途径下所检测成分的药动学参数存在一定差异且绝对生物利用度较低.

(口山)酮是一种特殊的黄酮类化合物,也是藏药中含量最高、生物活性较强、药用价值和经济价值丰富的一类有效成分.目前认为,3-羟基苯甲酸辅酶A连接酶、二苯甲酮合成酶和(口山)酮合成酶是山酮生物合成路径中的关键酶.文章对(口山)酮的结构类型、功能及其在植物中的分布,以及(口山)酮的生物合成路径与关键酶进行综述,并对相关研究进行了展望.