媒介昆虫的核心共生菌能被用作基因工程菌发挥抗病毒功能.灰飞虱是一种重要的农业害虫,其传播的水稻条纹病毒造成水稻的大面积减产甚至绝收.[目的]本研究对不同稻区及温室饲养的灰飞虱进行菌群组成分析并初步鉴定灰飞虱的核心共生菌.[方法]通过16SrDNA介导的二代测序技术,分析了 2018-2020年间采集自云南昆明、河南开封、河南范县稻区以及温室的灰飞虱的菌群组成.[结果]所有37个灰飞虱测序样本均携带细胞内和细胞外共生菌,细胞内生菌沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)为灰飞虱最稳定的核心共生菌,在所有样本中存在,平均相对丰度51.96％,其代表性序列OTU45占据该属85条OTU序列总数的96.55％.除Wolbachia之外,其他常见核心菌均为胞外菌,其中4种平均相对丰度最高的常见核心菌分别为不动杆菌属、泛菌属、肠杆菌属和假单胞菌属,在10种常见核心菌中平均占比0.25％-2.97％.不同稻区的灰飞虱各有优势菌,昆明为立克次体属,范县为杀雄菌属和Cardinium,开封为醋杆菌属、泛菌属和Sulcia.这些田间的优势菌包括多种细胞内生菌.稻田灰飞虱在温室进行24h蔗糖饲喂后,Wolbachia相对丰度显著升高,菌群结构与温室灰飞虱更加接近;继代培养后,除Wolbachia之外的细胞内生菌丢失或以低丰度存在于部分样本中.[结论]本研究初步阐明灰飞虱的菌群组成并鉴定了常见核心菌及3个中国稻区的优势共生菌,为通过核心菌进行抗病毒的研究提供了可选择的共生工程菌靶标.

Plant endophytic bacteria colonize the internal tissues of plants and interact with plants closely.The past two decades have witnessed the increasing application of next-generation 16S r RNA gene sequencing in the investigation of bacterial communities.However,deciphering plant endo-bacterial communities by this method is difficult because of the co-amplification of massive plant organellar DNAs with bacterial 16S.Here,we designed polymerase chain reaction(PCR) primer sets,including799F/1107R,322F/796R,and 322F-Dr/796Rs(primer pair 322F/796R with a penultimate-base substitution in 322F),that can specifically amplify bacterial 16S from plant total DNAs.We computationally and experimentally evaluated the specificity,coverage,and accuracy of the newly designed primer sets.Both 799F/1107R and 322F-Dr/796Rs produced plant DNA-free 16S amplicon libraries or reduced plant DNA contamination to lower than 5% for the plant materials with extremely-low-abundance bacterial communities.The primer set 322F-A/796R was used through absolute quantitative PCR to quantitate the population size of rice leaf or root endo-bacteriome,which revealed 10 6 –10 7 and 10 9 –10 10 bacteria per gram fresh weight,respectively.These 16S primer sets and amplification methods enable the simple and inexpensive next-generation sequencing and quantification of plant endo-bacteriome,which will significantly advance studies on the plant-related microbiome.

Background: Plant endophytic bacteria colonize plants’ internal tissues and interact with plants more closely than do epiphytic or environmental bacteria. However, the community structure of such endophytic bacteria could not be efficiently deciphered, and the microbiota abundance could not be quantified through absolute quantification. Application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the plant endophytic community is greatly hindered by the high sequence identities among bacterial 16S rRNA, plant mitochondrial 18S rRNA and chloroplast 16S rRNA genes. This makes it difficult to identify bacterial sequences among total DNAs extracted from plant material. Results: We designed PCR primer sets that are able to specifically amplify bacterial DNAs, even when there are very few bacteria colonizing the plant material. We computationally and experimentally evaluated the specificity, coverage, and accuracy of the newly designed primer sets (322F/796R and 799F/1107R) and two widely used primer sets (338F/806R and 799F/1193R). When applied to a same planting-soil community through next generation sequencing (NGS), the four different primer sets revealed similar high-abundant taxa composition with variation in taxa abundance. Primer sets amplifying the same 16S variable regions generated more comparable sequencing results. When applied to a rice endo-bacteriome, both 799F/1107R and modified 322F-Dr/796Rs (Primer pair 322F/796R with a penultimate-base substitution in 322F) produced plant DNA-free bacterial amplicon libraries. Primer 322F-A/796R was then used through NGS to decipher the rice endo-bacteriomes. The rice root and leaf endo-bacteriomes shared 66.36% OTU identity but enriched different bacterial species. Within the same host genotype and soil type, the root endo-bacteriome was more stable than the leaf endo-bacteriome across individual plants. 322F-A/796R was used through absolute quantitative PCR to quantitate the population size of leaf or root endophytes, which revealed 10 6 –10 7 and 10 9 –10 10 bacteria per gram fresh weight, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first study to develop plant DNA-free bacterial 16S amplification methods. The newly designed primer sets combined with NGS deciphered the rice endo-bacteriome structure, and absolute quantitative PCR quantitated the size of the endobacterial population. The protocols developed here are suitable for various plants, will significantly advance studies on plant endo-bacteriomes.

Day length has an important influence on flowering and growth habit in many plant species. In crops such as soybean, photoperiod sensitivity determines the geographical range over which a given cultivar can grow and flower. The soybean genome contains ~10 genes homologous to FT, a central regulator of flowering from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the precise roles of these soybean FTs are not clearly. Here we show that one such gene, GmFT2b, promotes flowering under long-days (LDs). Overexpression of GmFT2b upregulates expression of flowering-related genes which are important in regulating flowering time. We propose a 'weight' model for soybean flowering under short-day (SD) and LD conditions. Furthermore, we examine GmFT2b sequences in 195 soybean cultivars, as well as flowering phenotypes, geographical distributions and maturity groups. We found that Hap3, a major GmFT2b haplotype, is associated with significantly earlier flowering at higher latitudes. We anticipate our assay to provide important resources for the genetic improvement of soybean, including new germplasm for soybean breeding, and also increase our understanding of functional diversity in the soybean FT gene family.

The experimental teaching demonstration center is an important platform for cultivating the students ' practical and innovative ability. In the process of deepening the construction of the national experimental teaching demonstration center,by relying on the platform of such center,and through the completion of the multilevel trainings such as the teaching experiments,the research training proj ects,the participation in subj ect competitions,etc.,the students'practical and innovative ability is enhanced,and the goal of the talent cultivation is realized.

The existence of the Chemistry Experiment Teaching Quality Assurance System is to guarantee the experimental teaching quality at the Center for Experiment Chemistry, so that it will be violated and destroyed.The system includes ideas,personnel,curriculum and information among other subsystems.It operates on a common platform.Itsown opration process has the characteristics of being people-oriented and teaching excellence.Development should be based on its initiative elements.The future of this system should have the essences of service,incentives and dynamics.

藏药藏茵陈川西獐牙菜是传统高寒藏药,在治疗肝胆疾病方面具有独特疗效,已成为目前研究的热点.文章系统查阅近20年国内外有关川西獐牙菜的研究进展,对川西獐牙菜生物学特性及资源分布、组织培养、分子生物学和引种栽培研究的进展进行分析、概括和总结,为藏茵陈资源保护和可持续发展提供科学的参考依据,对地区生物、生态多样性保护起到积极作用.

利用MISA(MicroSAtelite)软件对测序得到的蒙药冷蒿转录组序列143 700条跨叠群(contigs)进行简单重复序列(SSR)位点的挖掘,发现3 614条序列含有3 753个SSR位点,发生频率为2.51％,共有122种重复基元,平均每18.46 kb出现1个SSR位点.冷蒿转录组序列的SSR主要集中在三核苷酸重复(56.12％),其次是二核苷酸重复(31.60％).AC/TG、AT/TA、CA/GT、AAT/TTA和AAC/TTG是二核苷酸、三核苷酸中的优势重复基元.冷蒿转录组SSR以5～12次重复为主,基序长度主要集中于12～36 bp.冷蒿转录组共注释43 415个contigs,其中578个SSRs位于编码区,主要以三核苷酸重复为主(397,68.69％).从分子水平和生物信息学角度介绍了蒙药冷蒿转录组SSR信息的开发利用,其出现频率高、重复类型丰富,将为冷蒿的分子标记辅助育种、遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和功能基因挖掘提供了候选序列.

MISA (MicroSAtelite) software was employed to screen SSRs in 68 787 contigs of Swertia mussotii transcriptome sequences. 5 610 SSRs were distributed in 5 099 contigs which accounted for 7.41% of 68 787 contigs. There are 220 kinds of SSR motifs existing in S. mussotii transcriptome. On average, SSRs occurred every 12.60 kb in length. In the SSRs, the tri-nucleotide repeat motif was the most abundant (45.99%), followed by the di-nucleotide (41.62%). AT/TA and AAT/TTA were the main types of motif in di-, tri-nucleotide repeats. The repeat numbers of SSRs which from S. mussotii transcriptome SSRs were mainly from 5 to 10 and motif length of them mostly ranged from 12 bp to 30 bp. A total of 30 651 contigs were annotated, and only 1 447 SSRs were occurred in protein-coding regions. In the six repeat motifs, tri-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant in coding regions (928). There are abundant SSRs in S. mussotii transcriptome with high frequency and various types, indicating their usefulness in theory. This research may lay the foundation for designing the targeted SSR primers and developing SSR molecular markers by mining the information of SSRs loci in S. mussotii transcriptome sequences data.

Wulingshan region is located on the border between Hunan,Hubei,Chongqing,Guizhou. In the area,the geographical composition is complicated,the climate is warm and humid,ecological environment is complicated,gestates rich biological resources,but there are also many endangered plants in urgent need of research and conservation. This paper reviewed researches on the survey of the endangered plants resource,the genetic diversity research,conservation and use of it in Wulingshan region. It can provide scientific reference for the protection and sustainable development of these endangered plants,and play an active role in protection of biological diversity in Wulingshan region.

A FRUITFULL homolog GmFULa was cloned and found to play roles in the flowering and maturation of soybean.

The radiation function of the national experimental teaching demonstration center ,in the process of its existence and development ,has a positive ,extensive and lasting impact on the center’s surrounding area and people .The mechanism of radiation function includes factors ,media ,directions and steps .The positive effect of radiation function mainly lies in its balance and development .An analysis of the above key points will contribute to understanding the radiation function of national experimental teaching demonstration center .

生物化学是制药工程专业的一门主干课程.结合制药工程专业特点、新形势下社会的需求,以及多年的生物化学教学经验,对制药工程专业的生物化学教学方法进行了探索实践和总结,为进一步提高生物化学教学质量奠定基础.

(口山)酮是一种特殊的黄酮类化合物,也是藏药中含量最高、生物活性较强、药用价值和经济价值丰富的一类有效成分.目前认为,3-羟基苯甲酸辅酶A连接酶、二苯甲酮合成酶和(口山)酮合成酶是山酮生物合成路径中的关键酶.文章对(口山)酮的结构类型、功能及其在植物中的分布,以及(口山)酮的生物合成路径与关键酶进行综述,并对相关研究进行了展望.

Mind mapping,a way to visually outline information,provides the visual mode of thinking,and shows the features of constructivism which leads to an enjoyment in study.The application of mind mapping to the teaching of organic chemistry experiment can enhance the effectiveness of students' preview,teachers' guidance and experimental evaluation.A total mindmapping concerning the basic chemical knowledge,chemical operation,and synthetic reaction has been made by using mind mapping software.In addition,synthenic of barbitone was selected as the example of the reaction experiment which was applied to the mindmapping.Furthermore,the expansion of the function of mind mapping by using various materials was discussed,such as interesting animation,pictures and video,and online experiment preparation.The above mentioned methods may improve organic chemistry experimental teaching and enhance the students' interest.

Objective:This study investigated EST-SSRs feature in EST resource of Glycyrrhiza uralensis which is a kind of Chinese medicine and wildly used in clinical practice.Methods:EST database of Glycyrrhiza uralensis downloaded from NCBI website was analyzed by DNAstar to get rid of redundant EST sequences.SSRIT software was employed in screening SSRs in these non-redundant EST sequences.The characters of Glycyrrhiza uralensis EST-SSR were analyzed by statistical methood.Results:A total of 50,666 ESTs of Glycyrrhiza uralensis were downloaded from the database of NCBI.After the preprocession,11,100 non-redundant EST sequences that totaled 9.28×106 bp length were obtained.963 SSRs were distributed in 752 EST sequences,which accounted for 8.68% of the 11,100 non-redundant ESTs.The average density of SSR was 1 SSR/9.64 kb EST sequence.In the SSRs,the di-nucleotide repeat motif was the most abundant(43.41%),followed by tri-nucleotide(41.95%).AG/TC、GA/CT and CTT/GAA were the main types of motif in di-,tri-nucleotide repeats.The repeat number of Glycyrrhiza uralensis EST-SSR was mainly 4~10 and motif length of them mostly ranged from 20 bp to 30 bp.Conclusion:The EST-SSRs are abundant in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and highly feasible in theory.This research might lay the foundation for designing the targeted EST-SSR primers and developing EST-SSR molecular markers by mining the information of EST-SSR loci in Glycyrrhiza uralensis EST sequences data.

本文对槲寄生的化学成分、药理作用及分子生物学等方面的研究进展进行综述,为今后该药用资源的研究与开发提供参考.

Chemical experimental teaching demonstrative center is the base of undergraduate experimental teaching.During the construction,the duties of center had new content.The experimental teaching system and the experimental management system were reformed.So the quality of experimental teaching is improved,the students' experimental innovative abilities are enhanced,and the level of the experimental teaching team is improved.