Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are major contributors to food spoilage, animal diseases, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatments. Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have gained attention for their non-toxic nature and strong antimicrobial properties. LAB-derived bacteriocins have been successfully applied in food preservation and are classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as ‘food-grade’ or ‘generally recognized as safe’ (GRAS). This review summarizes recent progress in the production, purification, and emerging applications of LAB bacteriocins. It emphasizes their versatility in food preservation, agriculture, and medicine, providing insights into their role in antimicrobial development and functional food innovation.

The escalating issue of bacterial resistance, coupled with stringent restrictions on antibiotic use in many countries, has prompted the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Probiotics, such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), have been widely recognized for their ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria proliferation and protect hosts from infection-related damage. In this study, a novel strain of B. subtilis, designated GX15, was isolated from the intestine of a healthy chicken. We systematically evaluated its in vitro antimicrobial activity and protective effects against Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 (S. Typhimurium SM022) infection in mice. GX15 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, effectively inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. Typhimurium SM022, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In a murine model, S. Typhimurium SM022 infection induced clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, anorexia, and fur ruffling in C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of GX15 at 10⁸ CFU/mL significantly attenuated these effects, reducing the elevation of immune organ indices, limiting bacterial translocation to peripheral tissues, and alleviating histopathological damage to the liver and intestinal tissues. Notably, GX15 did not alter antioxidant indices or immunoglobulin levels. However, it markedly modulated the expression of cytokines including GM-CSF, IL-6, TLR2, IL-10, and TGF-β in the small intestine, suggesting an immunoregulatory mechanism of action. B. subtilis GX15 exhibits potent probiotic activity and represents a promising prophylactic candidate against S. Typhimurium infections. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of GX15 as an alternative strategy for the prevention and control of salmonellosis.

The global epidemic of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has caused enormous economic losses. The characterisation and genetic composition of endemic strains in Southwest China remain elusive. This study aimed to fill this gap by isolating three BCoV strains from this region and sequencing their whole genomes. To elucidate the genetic evolution and characterisation of the prevalent strains, the results of BCoV sequences were compared in GenBank, with a focus on genetic evolution, mutation, and recombination patterns. The results showed close homology between strains NN190313 and NN230328, while strain NN221214 showed less similarity to these two strains but clustered with the French strain of the European branch. Intriguingly, NN190313 and NN230328 were grouped with goat-derived BCoV strains from Jiangsu Province in Eastern China in the Asian–American branch. In addition, recombination analyses revealed significant signals between NN230328 and either a Chinese goat-derived strain (XJCJ2301G) or a Shandong strain (ShX310). This study highlights the importance of monitoring cross-species transmission between cattle and goats, especially in the mountainous areas of Southwest China where mixed farming occurs, and thus, the monitoring of cross-species transmission between cattle and goats is important for preventing new public health challenges, providing important insights for research on cross-species transmission, early prevention, and control measures, with potential applications in vaccine development.

Horse domestication revolutionizes human civilization by transforming transportation, agriculture, and warfare patterns. Despite extensive studies on modern domestic horse origins, the intricate demographic history and genetic signatures underlying pony size remain unexplored. Here, a high-quality genome assembly of the Chinese Debao pony is presented, and 452 qualified individuals from 64 horse breeds worldwide are extensively analyzed. The authors' results reveal the conservation of ancient components in East Asian horses and close relationships between Asian horses and Western pony lineages. Genetic analyses suggest an Asian paternal origin for European pony breeds. These pony-sized horses share close genetic affinities, potentially attributed to their early expansion and adaptation to local environments. In addition, promising cis-regulatory elements influencing horse withers height by regulating genes such as RFLNA and FOXO1 are identified. Overall, this study provides insightful perspectives on the dispersal history and genetic determinants underlying body size in ponies, offering broader implications for horse population management and improvement.

Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) contamination poses a significant challenge to breeder egg hatchability and chick health, necessitating the exploration of alternative disinfection methods. This study investigates the potential of phage vB_SPuM_SP02 (SP02) as a novel disinfectant for breeder eggs contaminated with S. Typhimurium SM022. Phage SP02 was isolated from poultry farm effluent and characterized for morphology, biological properties, and genome properties. Experimental groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs were treated with Salmonella and phage SP02, and efficacy was assessed through hatching rates, chick survival, weight, Salmonella load, immune organ indices, and intestinal flora. Phage treatment effectively eradicated Salmonella contamination on eggshells within 12 h, resulting in increased hatching and survival rates compared to controls. Furthermore, phage treatment mitigated weight loss and tissue Salmonella load in chicks without causing immune organ damage while reducing Salmonella spp. abundance in the intestinal tract. This study demonstrates the potential of phage SP02 as an eco-friendly and efficient disinfectant for S. Typhimurium-contaminated breeder eggs, offering promising prospects for practical application in poultry production.

The genetic basis of complex traits and phenotypic differentiation remains unclear in pigs. Using nine genomes-seven of which were newly generated, high-quality de novo assembled genomes-and 1081 resequencing genomes, we built a pan-genome and identified 134.24 Mb nonredundant nonreference sequences, 1099 novel protein-coding genes, 187,927 structural variations (SVs) and 30,143,962 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analysis of selective domestication revealed BRCA1 associated with enhanced adipocyte growth and fat deposition, and ABCA3 linked to an alleviated immune response and reduced lung injury. Integrating 162 transcriptomes and 162 methylomes of skeletal muscle across 27 developmental stages revealed the regulatory mechanism of phenotypic differentiation between Eastern and Western breeds. Artificial selection reshaped local DNA methylation status and imparted regulatory effects on the progression patterns of heterochronic genes such as GHSR and BDH1, particularly during embryonic development. Altogether, our work provides valuable resources for understanding molecular mechanisms behind phenotypic variations and enhancing the genetic improvement programs in pigs.

为研究单原子添加剂对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌效果.本研究采用体外共培养的方法,分析单原子添加剂对这2 种常见致病菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,同时进行单原子添加剂抑菌活性的酸碱稳定性、热稳定性研究.结果表明:单原子添加剂对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度为3.125 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度为50 mg/mL;除 100℃外,其余温度处理并未对单原子添加剂抑菌效果有显著影响;pH值为4～8 时,单原子添加剂对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果与阴性对照组无明显差异.说明单原子添加剂对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有很好的抑制作用,且具有良好的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性.

Copy number variations (CNVs) are crucial structural genomic variants affecting complex traits in humans and livestock animals. The current study was designed to conduct a comprehensive comparative copy number variation analysis among three breeds, Debao (DB), Baise (BS), and Warmblood (WB), with a specific focus on identifying genomic regions associated with miniature features in horses. Using whole-genome next-generation resequencing data, we identified 18,974 CNVs across 31 autosomes. Among the breeds, we found 4279 breed-specific CNV regions (CNVRs). Baise, Debao, and Warmblood displayed 2978, 986, and 895 distinct CNVRs, respectively, with 202 CNVRs shared across all three breeds. After removing duplicates, we obtained 1545 CNVRs from 26 horse genomes. Functional annotation reveals enrichment in biological functions, including antigen processing, cell metabolism, olfactory conduction, and nervous system development. Debao horses have 970 genes overlapping with CNVRs, possibly causing their small size and mountainous adaptations. We also found that the genes GHR, SOX9, and SOX11 may be responsible for the miniature features of the Debao horse by analyzing their overlapping CNVRs. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the widespread presence of CNVs in the horse genome. The findings contribute to mapping horse CNVs and advance research on unique miniature traits observed in the Debao horse.

Salmonellosis is a disease caused by non-typhoid Salmonella, and although some lactic acid bacteria strains have been shown previously to relieve Salmonellosis symptoms, little has been studied about the preventive mechanism of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (L. buchneri) against Salmonella infection in vivo. Therefore, the L. buchneri was fed to C57BL/6 mice for 10 days to build a protective system of mice to study its prevention and possible mechanisms. The results showed that L. buchneri GX0328-6 alleviated symptoms caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection among C57BL/6 mice, including low survival rate, weight loss, increase in immune organ index and hepatosplenomegaly, and modulated serum immunoglobulin levels and intrinsic immunity. Importantly, the L. buchneri GX0328-6 enhanced the mucosal barrier of the mouse jejunum by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, occludins, and claudins-4 and improved absorptive capacity by increasing the length of mouse jejunal villus and the ratio of villus length to crypt depth and decreasing the crypt depth. L. buchneri GX0328-6 reduced the intestinal proliferation and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium by modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal tract of mice, and reduced intestinal inflammation and systemic spread in mice by downregulating the expression of IL-6 and promoting the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, L. buchneri GX0328-6 increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria colonies and decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria in the cecum microflora by modulating the microflora in the cecum contents.

IntroductionThe experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Ganoderma lingzhi culture (GLC) as a fermented feed on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, meat quality, and intestinal morphology and microbiota in Sanhuang broilers. In addition, the association between gut bacteria and metabolites was investigated via untargeted metabolomic analysis.MethodsA total of 192 Sanhuang broilers (112 days old) with an initial body weight of 1.62 ± 0.19 kg were randomly allocated to four treatments, six replicate pens per treatment with 8 broilers per pen. The four treatments contain a control diet (corn-soybean meal basal diet, CON), a positive control diet (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline, PCON), and the experimental diets supplemented with 1.5 and 3% of GLC, respectively. The trial includes phase 1 (day 1–28) and phase 2 (day 29–56).ResultsThe results showed that broilers in PCON and GLC-added treatments showed a lower FCR (P < 0.05) in phase 2 and overall period and a higher ADG (P < 0.05) in phase 2. On day 56, the concentrations of serum SOD (P < 0.05), and HDL (P < 0.05) and cecal SCFA contents (P < 0.05) were increased in broilers fed GLC diets. Broilers fed GLC also showed a higher microbiota diversity and an elevated abundance of SCFA-related bacteria in the caecum. The association between intestinal bacteria and metabolites was investigated via correlation analysis. The differential metabolites in the caecum, such as L-beta-aspartyl-L-aspartic acid and nicotinamide riboside, were identified.ConclusionIn summary, dietary GCL supplementation could increase growth performance to some extent. Moreover, GLC might benefit broilers' health by improving serum HDL content, antioxidant status, SCFAs contents, bacterial diversity, and probiotic proliferation in the caecum.

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

【Objective】 This study was aimed to explore the biological and genome characteristics of Escherichia coli（E.coli） phage vB＿EcoP＿GN07,and provide biological materials for the development of phage cocktail formulations against pathogenic E.coli disease.【Method】 A strain of E.coli lytic phage vB＿EcoP＿GN07 was isolated from a chicken farm in Nanning, Guangxi using the double-layer plate method.Transmission electron microscope observation, host spectrum determination, pH and temperature stability evaluation, the optimal multiplicity of infection（MOI） determination, one-step growth curve determination and whole genome sequencing were used to understand the morphology, biological characteristics and genome-wide characteristics of the phage.【Result】 Transmission electron microscopy showed vB＿EcoP＿GN07 had a head diameter of about 45 nm±5 nm and tail length of about 25 nm, belonging to the Podoviridae.which had strong host specificity.The phage titer could be kept stable at 4 to 60 ℃,and the phage activity could be maintained at pH 3.0-11.0.The optimal MOI of the phage was 10 -2 .The one-step growth curve showed that the incubation period of the phage was 60 min, and the burst size was 560 PFU/cell.Sequencing results showed that it belonged to double stranded DNA,with a length of 70 120 bp and a GC content of 42.8%.The phage vB＿EcoP＿GN07 had 81 open reading frames, of which 23 were known functional proteins.BLASTN comparison showed that the phage vB＿EcoP＿GN07 had low similarity with other phages in NCBI database, conformed to the characteristics of N4-like phage, and lacked virulence genes and drug resistance genes associated with antibiotic resistance, toxins and virulence factors.【Conclusion】 An E.coli phage vB＿ EcoP＿ GN07 was successfully isolated in this study, which had strong cracking ability, host specificity and acid and alkali resistance.vB＿ EcoP＿ GN07 was less similar to other phages, and determined to be a new N4-like phage.This results provided a theoretical basis for the development of new fungicides with application E.coli phage vB＿EcoP＿GN07.

为研究不同养殖模式对樱桃谷鸭生长性能、屠宰性能和养殖效益的影响,试验分别采用立体笼养模式和地面平养模式对樱桃谷鸭进行饲养对比试验.结果显示:①立体笼养组樱桃谷鸭的料重比显著低于地面平养组(P<0.05);②立体笼养组樱桃谷鸭的腿肌率极显著低于地面平养组(P<0.01),胸肌率和腹脂率极显著高于地面平养组(P<0.01);③立体笼养组的饲养栏舍面积、土地投资成本、人力饲养成本、饲料总耗量、饲料投入成本极显著低于地面平养组(P<0.01),兽药成本显著低于地面平养组(P<0.05),耗能成本、栏舍折旧费、综合养殖成本极显著高于地面平养组(P<0.01);④立体笼养组的回收单价极显著低于地面平养组(P<0.01),总收入、净利润、平均利润和欧洲效益指数极显著高于地面平养组(P<0.01).结果表明肉鸭生产性能和养殖效益立体笼养模式优于地面平养模式.

Selection signatures that contribute to phenotypic diversity, especially morphogenesis in pigs, remain to be further elucidated. To reveal the regulatory role of genetic variations in phenotypic differences between Eastern and Western pig breeds, we performed a systematic analysis based on seven high-quality de novo assembled genomes, 1,081 resequencing data representing 78 domestic breeds, 162 methylomes, and 162 transcriptomes of skeletal muscle from Tongcheng (Eastern) and Landrace (Western) pigs at 27 developmental stages. Selective sweep uncovers different genetic architectures behind divergent selection directions for the Eastern and Western breeds. Notably, two loci showed functional alterations by almost fixed missense mutations. By integrating time-course transcriptome and methylome, we revealed differences in developmental timing during myogenesis between Eastern and Western breeds. Genetic variants under artificial selection have critical regulatory effects on progression patterns of heterochronic genes like GHSR and BDH1 , by the interaction of local DNA methylation status, particularly during embryonic development. Altogether, our work not only provides valuable resources for understanding pig complex traits, but also contributes to human biomedical research.

为了研究不同来源的地衣芽孢杆菌对常见致病菌的抑菌效果等生物学特性,试验采用细菌形态学、生理生化、16S rRNA基因测序、系统发育树分析、牛津杯抑菌试验等检测技术,对5株不同来源(鸡粪、羊粪、牛瘤胃内容物、猪肠内容物及土壤)的地衣芽孢杆菌进行了分离鉴定及体外抑菌活性检测.结果表明:5株分离株B17(鸡粪)、B30(羊粪)、B32(牛瘤胃内容物)、B35(猪肠内容物)和B38(土壤)均可在LB固体培养基上生长,其中有3株不同来源的分离株B30、B35和B38菌落形态相同;镜检可见分离株均为革兰氏阳性杆菌、均有近中生的孢子,符合芽孢杆菌的菌体特征;生理生化特性与芽孢杆菌相符;PCR扩增均得到约为1 500 bp的目的片段;所有分离株与GenBank中的地衣芽孢杆菌在同一簇,均鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌;在5株地衣芽孢杆菌中,除猪源地衣芽孢杆菌B35外,其余4株均有抑菌作用,羊源及牛源地衣芽孢杆菌B30及B32的抑菌效果较好,抑菌范围更广泛.说明从羊粪及牛瘤胃内容物中分离出的地衣芽孢杆菌可作为益生芽孢杆菌控制病原菌,不同来源的地衣芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果不同.

为了探讨在日粮中添加中草药对东兰乌鸡血液生化、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响,试验将480羽1日龄东兰乌鸡分成4组,每组设6个重复,每重复20羽.其中A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;B、C、D组为试验组,分别在基础日 粮中添加0.25％、0.50％和1.00％的中草药添加剂.试验期49 d,于21,35,49日龄时分别从每组取6羽鸡抽取血液测定血液生化、免疫及抗氧化指标.结果表明:49日龄时,与A组相比,B、C、D组血液TG和TC水平均极显著降低(P＜0.01);B、C、D组21,35,49日龄血液BUN含量显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);21日龄时C、D组和49日龄时B、C组的ALB含量显著提高(P＜0.05),49日龄时B组的IgM和IL-2含量及C组的IL-2含量显著提高(P＜0.05);与A组相比,B、C、D组21,35,49日龄血液GSH含量显著或极显著提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);21,35日龄时B、C组的T-SOD活性极显著提高(P＜0.01).说明在日粮中添加中草药可在一定程度上改善鸡蛋白质和脂类代谢水平,并显著提高鸡的抗氧化性能.

Lactobacillus plantarum has recently been found to be a natural source feed additive bacteria with great advantages in food safety and animal welfare. Discovering novel strains with commercial application potentiation could benefit the local poultry industry, and in particular support Chinese farmers. In this study, we tested a recently isolated novel strain of Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 as a feed additive on the growth performance and intestinal barrier functions of 1-day-old Chinese yellow-feather chicks. As good as other commercial probiotics, feeding with Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 showed significant improvements in humoral immune responses and enhanced the immune effect after vaccination for either the Newcastle disease vaccine or the avian influenza vaccine. This study also found that feeding with Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 improved the feed-to-weight ratio and caused a significant increase of the villus length to crypt depth ratio. Furthermore, Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of CLDN, MUC2, and TLR2, all of which are jejunum-associated barrier genes, indicating an improvement of the intestinal barrier functions by enhancing the tight junction between epithelia cells. These results are comparable to the effects of feeding the commercial complex probiotics that improve the expression levels of CLDN, ocludin, MUC2, TLR2, and TLR4. In terms of maintaining intestinal health, commercial complex probiotics increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides and Romboutsia, while Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 increased the relative abundance of Pseudoflavonifractor. Our data suggest that Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 could enhance the intestinal absorption of nutrients and therefore improve the growth performance of Chinese yellow-feather chicks. In conclusion, compared with the commercial complex probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum GX17 has more positive effects on the growth performance and intestinal barrier function of yellow-feather chickens, and can be used as a feed additive.

为研究饲料中添加不同剂量单原子添加剂对三黄鸡的生长性能和免疫功能的影响,选用150只1日龄的健康三黄鸡,随机分成5组,每组30只.试验分为空白组、对照组、低剂量组(0.5 g/kg单原子添加剂)、中剂量组(1.5 g/kg单原子添加剂)和高剂量组(3.0 g/kg单原子添加剂).试验期42 d,分为试验前期(1～21日龄)和试验后期(22～42日龄)两个阶段.结果表明:试验全程,高剂量组和中剂量组平均日增重(ADG)均显著高于对照组和空白组(P<0.05);在试验前期,中剂量组脾脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);高剂量组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05);低剂量组血清禽流感(AI)抗体效价显著高于空白组(P<0.05),对照组血清新城疫(ND)抗体效价显著高于空白组(P<0.05);中剂量组空肠和十二指肠绒毛高度(VH)显著高于空白组(P<0.05),高剂量和低剂量组空肠和十二指肠隐窝深度(CD)显著低于空白组(P<0.05).在试验后期,高剂量组的血清IgM含量显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05),高剂量组的空肠和十二指肠VH显著高于空白组(P<0.05),高剂量和中剂量组空肠CD显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).结果表明,日粮中添加单原子添加剂可通过完善肠道结构、调节免疫相关因子和特异性抗体的分泌水平,提高三黄鸡的生长性能和免疫功能,且日粮中最佳的添加剂量为3 g/kg.

[目的]试验旨在研究植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1菌株的生物学特性及体外抑菌活性,探讨其在生产中应用的可能性.[方法]将植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1菌株接种至不同pH和含不同浓度胆盐的PBS,以及人工胃肠液中,使用菌落计数分析其对酸、胆盐和人工胃肠液的耐受性.使用牛津杯法检测GX20200417-1菌株对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及沙门氏菌的抑菌能力;通过与霉菌毒素共培养后使用ELISA方法研究GX20200417-1菌株对霉菌毒素的降解能力,并饲喂小鼠进行安全性试验.[结果]植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1菌株能够耐受pH 2.0及0.3％胆盐,并在人工胃肠液中有至少1×104 CFU/mL的活菌数;GX20200417-1菌株发酵上清液对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑制作用,对玉米赤霉素及黄曲霉毒素均有降解作用,但对呕吐毒素无降解作用;灌服GX20200417-1菌株后小鼠安全、无毒副作用.[结论]植物乳杆菌GX20200417-1菌株具有优良的益生特性,在畜禽生产中有一定的开发潜力.

By their paternal transmission, Y-chromosomal haplotypes are sensitive markers of population history and male-mediated introgression. Previous studies identified biallelic single-nucleotide variants in the SRY, ZFY and DDX3Y genes, which in domestic goats identified four major Y-chromosomal haplotypes, Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2B, with a marked geographical partitioning. Here, we extracted goat Y-chromosomal variants from whole-genome sequences of 386 domestic goats (75 breeds) and seven wild goat species, which were generated by the VarGoats goat genome project. Phylogenetic analyses indicated domestic haplogroups corresponding to Y1B, Y2A and Y2B, respectively, whereas Y1A is split into Y1AA and Y1AB. All five haplogroups were detected in 26 ancient DNA samples from southeast Europe or Asia. Haplotypes from present-day bezoars are not shared with domestic goats and are attached to deep nodes of the trees and networks. Haplogroup distributions for 186 domestic breeds indicate ancient paternal population bottlenecks and expansions during migrations into northern Europe, eastern and southern Asia, and Africa south of the Sahara. In addition, sharing of haplogroups indicates male-mediated introgressions, most notably an early gene flow from Asian goats into Madagascar and the crossbreeding that in the 19th century resulted in the popular Boer and Anglo-Nubian breeds. More recent introgressions are those from European goats into the native Korean goat population and from Boer goat into Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe. This study illustrates the power of the Y-chromosomal variants for reconstructing the history of domestic species with a wide geographical range.