随着我国医疗事业及医学的发展,有关医学的课程也有着很大的改革,特别是人体解剖学,人体解剖学是医学的基础课程,通过人体解剖学能够更加清晰明了的研究人体内器官及骨骼的构造,是医学院学生了解人体机构的主要途径.但是传统的人体解剖学课程存在诸多的弊端,在高速发展的医疗事业潮流中渐渐跟不上步伐,因此,探索新的人体解剖学教学模式是当今阶段所应该主要重视的.其中互动教学模式是人体解剖学教学的新趋势,能够更好的帮助学生学习人体解剖学课程.所以,本文就关于互动教学模式下提高人体解剖学课程质量展开研讨,并针对如何特高教学质量提出相应的建设性意见.

交互式教学法是指通过教师与学生之间相互交流、合作,在教师的引导下,让学生主动学习,成为教学活动的主体.本文通过探讨交互式教学法在人体解剖学实验教学中的应用,发现该教学模式有利于促进学生学习积极性、培养其综合能力,并提高教学质量.

本文介绍了在人体解剖学教学中在世界大学城网络平台开展WPBL教学法的教学实践，旨在观察该教学模式的开展方法、教学效果及注意事项，为三年制医学大专人体解剖学教学提供一种可借鉴的教学经验。

目的:研究人参皂苷Rg1对视网膜氧化应激损伤的保护作用及可能机制.方法:在大鼠玻璃体腔内注射5μl氯化铁溶液制成视网膜氧化应激模型,连续14 d每日尾静脉注射人参皂苷溶液,单纯模型组不予处理,给药溶媒对照组等量注射生理盐水.处死取材后对大鼠视网膜采用Western Blot检测BACE1以及β-CTF含量,ELISA检测Aβ1-40的含量,通过吸光光度法检测丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:给药处理组与单纯模型组及给药溶媒对照组相比,BACE1表达量明显降低,Aβ1-40和β-CTF产生量明显减少,丙二醛含量下降(P＜0.05).结论:人参皂苷Rg1对视网膜氧化应激损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制大鼠视网膜BACE1表达上调并相应减少Aβ1-40、β-CTF的产生有关.

Objective To provide anatomical data for clinical parotid benign tumor resection, location, treatment of facial nerve and branches. Methods 16 sides of adult side area of the relationship were performed on part anatomy. We focus on watching the relationship between stroke marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve and the vein and posterior mandibular anterior branch, facial vein. Results The marginal mandibular branch river the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in the mandibular angle and mental foramen, anterior branch of the retromandibular vein connection, facial vein was formed, the stroke of mandibular angle as a starting point, the lower edge of mandibular body midline, below each 14.5 mm region, marginal mandibular branch river of ∠ AOB. On the side of the midpoint of the line to line as the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve projection line, marginal mandibular branch in this projection line 88%. Conclusion The clinical parotid benign tumor resection, facial nerve exploration and separation, the marginal mandibular branch river within the first exposure marginal mandibular branch, exploration of retrograde dissection of facial nerve trunk and its branches, marginal mandibular branch of the projection line can be used as an important symbol for marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.

目的探讨PBL与LBL双轨教学法在大专人体解剖学教学上的可行性。方法随机选择临床系新生2个班分别进行LBL教学及PBL+LBL教学,对2组学生的理论成绩与实验成绩进行比较。结果 PBL+LBL教学组的总成绩及实验成绩明显优于LBL教学组的学生。结论 PBL与LBL双轨教学法在大专人体解剖学教学上的应用不仅提高了学生的学习成绩,还提高了学生的综合素质,具有可行性。

目的比较PBL教学法与配有PPT课件的传统教学法,在人体解剖学教学中的效果。方法用中等难度的感觉器——视器内容对PBL教学法与配有PPT课件的传统教学法作比较。结果 38名参与试验的学生中,认为传统教学法好的有38名,认为PBL教学法有效的学生有38名,认为PBL教学法优于传统教学法的没有。结论 PBL教学法有其优点,但不太适用于我国现阶段医学高等专科层次的临床专业大学生。

Objective To provide the anatomic basis of transferring the lobe of parotid gland duct for the treatment of dry eye disease. Methods The first interlobar parotid gland duct and zygomatic branch of facial nerve were dissected and observed on parotid gland region of head and face of 5 (10 sides) of adult head specimens. the measurement data was recorded. Results The length of first interlobar duct of superficial parotid was (37. 51±1. 23) mm, the outside diameter of injected parotid duct was (0. 53±0. 15) mm. There was a close ana-tomical relationship between zygomatic branch of facial nerve and first interlobar duct of parotid gland. Conclusion the parotid interlobar duct transposition operation has the reference value in treatment of dry eye desease.

目的:探讨白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)在低氧环境下体外诱导中脑源性神经干细胞的分化.方法:分离孕12 d胎鼠中脑组织,制成单细胞悬液,先在无血清培养条件下做原代和传代培养；对原代和传代培养分化细胞分别行免疫细胞化学显色鉴定.鉴定后,传代培养的中脑源性神经干细胞按组接种于含10％ FBS的DMEM/F12培养基和含10％FBS的DMEM/F12+IL-1β培养基；分别置于常氧(21％ O2)和低氧(3％O2)环境下诱导分化,诱导9～11 d后行小鼠抗大鼠TH免疫细胞化学显色,并行流式细胞术检测酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)及烯醇化酶(NSE)阳性细胞率.结果:各实验组中,常氧组(对照组)、常氧+IL-Iβ组、低氧组、低氧+IL-1β组TH阳性神经元分别为3.63±0.76、11.76±0.54、15.83±1.15、23.87±1.83;NSE阳性神经元分别为19.82±0.65、29.33±0.84、41.62±1.51和60.35±1.56.各组与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义.结论:孕12 d胚鼠腹侧中脑组织可以在体外培养传代、并能诱导分化成多巴胺能神经元；在低氧环境或低氧+IL-1β诱导下,分化率均高于常氧组,其表型更成熟.说明在低氧或低氧+IL-1β诱导下,可明显促进中脑源性干细胞分化为形态及功能成熟的多巴胺能神经元.

Objective To provide the anatomic basis for the treatment of dry eye in parotid duct and interlobar duct. Methods Using perchloroethylene filler,5 cadavers( 10 sides) specimens were made with retrograde perfusion of parotid duct and interlobar duct,and were observed and measured. Results The parotid duct length was( 22. 13 ± 6. 28) mm,inner diameter was( 3. 82 ± 1. 21) mm. There were 3 ～ 4interlobar ducts in superficial parotid,and vessel length of interlobar duct was( 37. 51 ± 1. 23) mm,inner diameter was( 0. 53 ± 0. 14) mm.Conclusion The results provide reference value to the treatment of parotid or interlobar duct metastasis for patients with severe dry eye.

目的:探讨上颌第1前磨牙X线片法髓腔物理量方面的数据.方法:用X线平行投照法拍摄实体牙颊舌向和近远中向X线片牙影像,根据本研究对髓腔根管定的分型标准对根管进行分型.用电脑配套的柯达成像系统测量X线片牙的髓高、髓宽、根中颊径、根中舌径、根尖颊径和根尖舌径.用SPSS17.0软件统计处理X线片牙的髓腔物理量值.结果:100颗上颌第1前磨牙中X线片牙根管有6种类型,Ⅰ-1-1型占33％,Ⅰ-2-2型占17％,Ⅰ-2-1型占13％,Ⅰ-1-2型占4％,Ⅰ-2-1-2型占3％,Ⅱ-2-2型占30％.X线片牙的测量值(mm)显示,髓高3.09±1.18,髓宽3.88±0.61,根中颊径1.76±1.18,根中舌径0.59±0.34,根尖颊径0.79±0.39,根尖舌径0.35±0.28.髓腔物理量各测值差异均存在统计学意义.结论:上述结果说明,湖北地区上颌第1前磨牙根管类型主要是Ⅰ-1-1型,Ⅰ-2-2型,Ⅱ-2-2型.X线片牙物理量测值经相关及回归分析,如果有相关性的配对项,可用回归方程中的自变量值(X)来推测因变量的值(Y),为口腔临床实践提供髓腔物理量方面的未知数据.

针对解剖学教学中存在的弊端,对教学内容进行改革,采用多种教学形式,结合实际,拓宽思路,达到提高教与学的目标,改革后的解剖学教学法更符合培养高素质实用性医学人才的需要。

<正>性教育(sex education)主要分为学童、青春、成人、婚前、夫妻、老年期六个阶段,虽然性教育已是世界上许多学校的课程之一,在许多国家仍备受争议:要有多少内容,何种年龄的学童需要被教育,生殖器官及功能、避孕和安全性行为,道德教育要

BACKGROUND:Directed differentiation and proliferation of nerve stem cells are regulated by their own genes and external signals.OBJECTIVE:To observe the differentiation of mesencephalic neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons under normoxic and hypoxic conditions induced by glial-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF).METHODS:Under aseptic conditions,we isolated mesencephalic tissues from E12 mouse embryos.Single cell suspension was prepared by pancreas enzyme digestion and mechanical pipetting,and were cultured and proliferated in serum-free medium.Nestin immunocytochemistry staining was used to identify nerve stem cells.Purified nerve stem cells differentiated in serum medium.Neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunocytochemistry staining methods were performed to identify neurons and astrocytes,respectively.All the cells were divided into normoxia group,normoxia+GDNF group,hypoxia group,hypoxia+GDNF group,and then cultured in serum medium.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Under the hypoxia condition,mesencephalic neural stem cells had a higher differentiated rate than that in the normoxia group.The number of differentiated cells in the hypoxia+GDNF group was higher than that of the other groups,and the differentiated cells had a mature phenotype.It is indicated that under the hypoxic condition,GDNF can extremely promote the differentiation of nerve stem cells into dopaminergic neurons with good morphology and mature function.

Objective To research into the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome and seek for the best therapy.Methods The internal pressure of carpal tunnel above and under transverse carpal ligament were measured by blood pressure monitor and the thickness of transverse carpal ligament was observed.Results The internal pressure of carpal tunnel was(1.39±1.14)mmHg and(1.81±0.72)mmHg above the ligament while it was(3.02±1.12)mmHg and(3.15±1.23)mmHg below the ligament.The thickness of transverse carpal ligament was(0.13±0.06)mm.No results of internal pressure could be detected by this blood pressure monitor after cutting off transverse carpal ligament.Conclusion The internal pressure of carpal tunnel is connected with the thickness of transverse carpal ligament.The factor that makes transverse carpal ligament thicker is one of the inducing factors of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Objective To study practical anatomy in region colli posterior and provide anatomical materials for endoscope-guided screw internal fixation through PLIF C2-3 pedicle.Methods Select the adult bodies used as teaching and casting the head and neck blood vessels,locally dissect the region colli posterior and do endoscope guided screw fixation simulation operations through PLIF C2-3 pedicle.Observing the construction of blood vessels,distribution of ramus posterior nervorum spinalium and their correlations in region colli posterior and observing the images through X-ray Photographs.Results The external vertebral venous plexus anastomosed abundantly at 6.2mm lateral of posterior median line in region colli posterior,the deep cervical artery went up in the place of 5.5mm from posterior median line,the vertebral artery crossed through C1 cervical foramina which was 34.1 mm away from linea mediana posterior and the first and second rami posteriores nervorum cervicalium were 11.5 mm and 32.1 mm apart from linea mediana posterior respectively.Conclusion Regarding the clinical endoscope guided screw fixation through PLIF C2-3 pedicle,we should choose C2 spinous process as the place which is 5 mm from linea mediana posterior for the endoscope posting position and choose the place of C2-3 lateral mass which is 5mm from its margo lateralis and 8mm from inferior auricular process margo inferior as the bolt posting point.The intersection angle of extension line of bolt posting and middle sagittal section should be between 40 and 50 degree and it is optimum for 10 degree leaning against side of head.Meanwhile the length of bolt should be 24-30 mm and is 5 mm.Finally,it could achieve satisfactory effect through this simulated operation

解剖学技术资料中,用自然腐蚀法制作铸型标本,只适用于头颅、骨关节少的部位,四肢、躯干多采用碱液腐蚀法~([1-4]).改良的碱腐蚀法能较好保留骨和关节~[5],但操作时不易掌握腐蚀程度,对骨质有损伤.笔者用自然腐蚀的方法制作出了全身骨骼、骨关节和血管铸型标本.现将方法介绍如下.

人们早就知道金属盐具有一定的防腐效果。在现实生活中,人们也常用食盐腌菜,起到防腐作用。但食盐低浓度时防腐作用持续时间短,高浓度时脱水作用太强,易造成标本干硬,故通常不用于尸体和解剖标本防腐固定。

Objective To discuss the applied anatomy of using posterior upper cervical spine screw fixation by Endoscopy and provide materials of human anatomy for using posterior C2 / 3 Pedicle screw fixation in clinic. Methods Using 28 sets of dried bones,the position of nutrient foramen and related data of pedicle were observed. Results C2 / 3’s nutrient foramen was 17.26±7.36 and 16.05±7.95 mm distance from posterior median line , the length, height and width of pedicle were 6.18± 1.36, 8.87 ±2.22, 11.54 ±3.21 mm, 4.95±3.5, 7.00 ±0.97, 10.50 ±4.11 mm,respectively. The angles between medial axis and median sagittal section of Pedicle were 43.83°± 3.09° and 41.53°±3.29° 10 respectively. Conclusion Using posterior C2 / 3 Pedicle screw fixation in clinic, we can choose the side mass of C2 / 3 that is 5 mm distance from its lateral border and 8mm distance from inferior articular process lower margin as the inlet screw point. The angle between extension cord and median sagittal section is between 40° to 50°, especially leaning 10° to cephalic part. The better thing for the length is 24 to 30mm and φ is 5 mm.

目的探索无刺激性气味、对人体低毒的尸体防腐固定液的基本组方及其配制。方法用清水、三氯化铁、麝香草酚和蛋白质交联剂等成分配制成混合防腐固定液,按体质量的20%,经股动脉或颈总动脉灌注3～12岁的童尸12具,浸入由硫酸铝、食盐和84消毒液组成的保存液中放置1～2年后,通过解剖,并取肝和骨骼肌作切片检查,验证防腐固定效果。结果保存无色透明。尸体外形无变化,颜色接近原色,无刺激性气味,肢体硬度中等,弹性大,关节活动性较好。脑和各内脏器官保持原位,无变形。骨骼肌和肝切片显示组织结构清晰,细胞形态正常,结构完整。结论以三氯化铁和蛋白质交联剂等为主要成分的防腐剂具有良好的防腐固定效果。