Mitochondrial quality control(mitoQC)refers to the dynamic coordinated cycling of mitochondria through uninterrupted biogenesis,dynamics(fission/fusion),autophagy,mitocytosis and translocation.MitoQC is becoming the core regulator of central nervous system(CNS)homeostasis.As the"powerhouse"of neurons,mitochondria is one of the most important organelles for neuron metabolism and homeostasis.Maintaining the activity and functional integrity of mitochondria is very important to the health of neurons.It is well known that neuronal death and functional defects are important causes of neurological dysfunction in patients with CNS diseases.This article focused on the internal relationship between mitoQC disorder and CNS diseases.The study was aimed to briefly review the research mechanisms of maintaining and/or restoring neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis and its related cellular life processes.
系统解剖学是医学专业留学生在汉语预科阶段结束后学习的首门专业基础课程,相较于基础汉语,解剖学中出现了大量专业名词,汉字多且字形复杂.在书写过程中,留学生出现了各种各样的偏误.本研究搜集了某高校留学生在医学汉语课堂上的听写材料与考试资料,对其中的汉字书写偏误进行了统计汇总,找出易错点进行归类,为留学生今后的专业学习打牢基础,也为教师的授课与辅导提供借鉴思路.
Objective:To explore an efficient and rapid method of the isolation and cultivation of mouse dermal papilla cells(DPCs)in vitro.Methods:The dermal papilla of six-week-old female C57BL/6 mice was harvested by microdissection and digested with collagenase.DPCs were cultured and passaged in medium containing 10ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)in vitro.DPCs isolated with modified methods were evaluated and compared with the DPCs with traditional methods through morphological observation,cell counting,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)specific staing and ALP mRNA expression.Results:Compared with cells by the traditional method,almost all dermal papilla by the modified method adhered,migrated,and grew faster into cell confluence.The number of cells obtained was 5.85 times that of the traditional method.In DPCs by the traditional method,aggregative growth was noted after subculture at low passage numbers.After several passages,the cell morphology gradually became larger and degenerated,and less aggregative in pattern,even disappeared(5th passage).However,the morphology of the DPCs of the modified method still showed the characteristics of long spindle shape and aggregative pattern in the 1st,2nd,and 5th passage.The results also showed that the DPCs of the modified method had high ALP activity,especially in the higher passage cells(5th passage).While nearly no ALP activity was detected in DPCs by traditional method at high passage.The expression level of ALP mRNA of the DPCs of the modified method was significantly up-regulated compared with that in the traditional method,especially in the cells at the 5th passage.Conclusion:The modified method is a simple and efficient method for isolating mouse DPCs.It can provide more reliable cell source for the research of hair follicle.
人体解剖学作为医学生的第一门专业课,授课对象往往是大一新生,新生的特点是他们在紧张的高考后体验了长长的假期,精力旺盛,注意力却很涣散,在课堂上经常出现走神,眼神游离,形体飘忽的现象.对人体解剖学,很多学生想好好学,但学不好,上课想认真听,但念头满天飞,难以集中注意力,导致了医学新生学习效率低下,对解剖学的学习兴趣日减,甚至对专业学习失去信心.正念冥想是卡巴金博士在1980年引入心理学领域,后经过一系列严谨的,专业的正念训练实验、创立的卓有成效的正念减压疗法,并将"正念"定义为一种有目的的、不加评判的将注意力集中在当下正在进行的活动与体验上的自我调节方法,对个体的专注力、认知记忆力和创造力等学习过程中重要的认知功能有一定的促进作用.大量的实证研究表明正念冥想可缓解大学生的焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪,可降低学生的考试压力,改善其睡眠质量,提升学习专注力和大学生的自我价值感[1-5].然而这些研究主要聚焦在调节大学生的心理健康、情绪管理和自我认知等方面,且多数是在课堂外由专业指导教师带领8周或者12周,其操作受到时间和空间的限制,其应用范围比较窄.基于此,本研究尝试将正念冥想带入解剖学课堂,在课前5 min进行正念冥想后再开始专业教学,并进一步通过调查问卷和统计分析学生的考试成绩,以探讨其对解剖学教学效果的有效性.
Mitochondrial autophagy is a specific autophagy phenomenon that selectively degrades damaged or redundant mitochondria in cells,enabling cells to maintain the stability of mitochondrial quantity and quality during stress damage,thereby maintaining the normal phenotype and function of cells.Its molecular mechanism is relatively complex,mainly involving PINK1/Parkin pathway,NIX and BNIP3,FUNDC1 and so on.The abnormality of mitophagy is closely related to a variety of diseases,and the role of molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy at different stages in the development of diseases has been paid attention to.The research progress of mitophagy in fibrotic lesions of various organs in recent years is summarized as follows.
Objective:To study the role and mechanism of miR-378 in the occurrence and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)animal model.Methods:C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control(normal diet)group,NASH model(high fat diet)group,miR-378 inhibitor group(high fat diet + antagomir-378)group,negative inhibitor(high-fat diet + antagomir negative control)group.Liver coefficient and histopathological changes was observed in mice.The real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to verify the expression of miR-378 in liver tissues of mice with NASH disease.The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)were measured by Olympus automatic chemical analyzer.The qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin 4(IL-4),interleukin 6(IL-6),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)and collagen type l α2(Col1α2)in liver tissues.Results:Compared with the control group,the liver coefficients of NASH model group and negative inhibitor group were significantly increased.Compared with the NASH model group,the liver coefficient of miR-378 inhibitor group was decreased.The structure of hepatic lobule in the NASH model group was unclear,and there were obvious hepatocyte necrosis,hepatic cord disorder and inflammatory cell infiltration.Then in the miR-378 inhibitor group,the structure of the hepatic lobule was normal under light microscope,and the hepatocytes were neatly arranged,and the fat infitration was allevuated.The expression of miR-378 in the NASH model group and in the negative inhibitor group was significantly higher than that in the control group.Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly higher in NASH model group and in the negative inhibitor group than those in the control group.Compared with the NASH model group,miR-378 inhibitor group showed a significant decrease in the serum ALT and AST levels.The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in the NASH model group and in the negative inhibitor group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while IL-4 was significantly decreased,and the difference in MCP-1 was not statistically significant.Compared with the NASH model group and in the negative inhibitor group,the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in the miR-378 inhibitor group was decreased significantly and IL-4 was increased significantly.The expression of TGF-β and Col1α2 was significantly higher in the NASH model group and the negative inhibitor group than those in the control group.In comparison to the NASH model group,the miR-378 inhibitor group showed a significant decrease in the expression levels of TGF-β and Col1α2.Conclusion:MiR-378 may be a risk factor for NASH.Therefore,inhibiting the expression of miR-378 is beneficial for shortening the course and treatment of NASH disease,providing a new potential therapeutic target for NASH.
随着移动智能终端产品的普及,当代大学生从小就生活在手机、电脑、平板、电视的4屏时代,而"云计算+移动互联网+4屏"联动的时代已经来临.2012年教育部印发《教育信息化十年发展规划(2011-2020年)》《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020)》提出了强化信息技术在高等教育中的应用.基于当代信息化技术如人工智能、互联网＋、大数据、云平台等的发展,智慧教育应运而生[1].人机互融的智慧教学是通过人工智能技术与教师教学相互融合.通过构建技术融合的学习环境,改变传统教学模式,让教师能够施展高效的教学方法、管理制度,让学习者能够获得适宜的个性化学习服务和美好的发展体验,实现教学的数字化、网络化、智能化、感知化、互联化、信息化等[2],使教师更为灵活多样且高效地开展教学活动,使学生更为直接、便捷且积极主动地开展学习,以此实现创造型人才的培养[3].如何能够更加有效地利用人工智能、虚拟仿真等信息技术,更好地开展人机互融的智慧教学尚属起步阶段.如何在医学课程中开展智慧教学,其相关研究较少.现以基础医学课程组织学与胚胎学为例,探讨智慧教学的改革之路.
Objective:To explore the effect mechanism of Sanjie tablet on macrophage polarization and MAPK/JNK signaling pathway in rats with liver cancer.Methods:SPF grade male nude mice(SD strain)were randomly divided into normal group,model group,sorafenib group,and Sanjie tablet group.The number of deaths of the rats was recorded,and survival curves were plotted.HE staining was used to examine the pathological morphology of liver tissues,immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of macrophage-specific markers in liver tissues,and immunoblotting was used to detect the protein expression of MAPK/JNK signaling pathway-related proteins in liver tissues.Results:Compared with the normal group,the number of deaths,CD163,p38MAPK,and JNK protein expression in liver tissues of the model group were significantly increased,the survival curve,and CD11c protein expression in liver tissues were significantly decreased.Compared with the model group,the sorafenib group and Sanjie tablet group showed significantly reduced number of deaths,tumor mass and volume,CD163,p38MAPK,and JNK protein expression in liver tissues,and significantly increased survival curve and CD11c protein expression in liver tissues.Additionally,the Sanjie tablet group showed significant differences compared with the sorafenib group.There was no statistically significant difference in p38MAPK and JNK protein expression in liver tissues between the inhibitor group and Sanjie tablet group,while the combined group showed a significant decrease compared with the inhibitor group.Conclusion:Sanjie tablet may inhibit the tumor growth of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing MAPK/JNK signaling pathway,inhibiting the polarization of macrophages towards M2 type and promoting the polarization towards M1 type.
Objective:To explore the correlation between physical measurements and grip strength of Wa adults in China.Methods:The random cluster sampling method was used to measure the left and right grip strength of 562 adults from the Wa ethnic group in China(238 males,324 females)along with nine physical measurements.The data were statistically processed by Excel2003 and SPSS19.0 software,and the independent sample t-tests and Pearson linear correlation analysis were employed to examine the relationship between physical measurements and grip strength.Results:There were significant differences in the left and right grip strength,hand breadth,hand length,upper arm circumference,forearm circumference,maximum upper arm circumference,upper extremity length,total arm length,upper arm length,and forearm length between the males and females of the Wa ethnic group.The values of these measurements were higher for males than females.Among Wa males,there were positive correlations with statistical significance between the left and right grip strength and the eight measurements as follows:forearm circumference,maximum upper arm circumference,upper arm circumference,hand breadth,upper extremity length,total arm length,upper arm length,and forearm length.Among Wa females,grip strength showed positive correlations with upper arm circumference,forearm circumference,maximum upper arm circumference,hand breadth,hand length,and upper extremity length,and the correlation coefficients were statistically significant.The grip strength of both Wa males and females was negatively correlated with their age,and the correlation coefficients were statistically significant.The independent sample t-tests between the left and right grip strength of Wa males showed no statistical significance,while those of Wa females were statistically significant.Conclusion:There are gender differences in various physical measurements and grip strength between males and females of Wa ethnic group in China.The change of grip strength follows the general pattern of grip strength variation with age.The grip strength of both left and right hands has a certain correlation with some physical measurements,but the correlation differs between male and female.
Objective:To investigate the mechanism of which calcitriol improves high altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)in rats by inhibiting the B-cell receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway.Methods:Male SD rats were randomly divided into normoxia,hypoxia,and hypoxia+calcitriol groups(0.252 μg/kg).After continuous gavage administration for 5 days,except for the normoxia group,the other two groups were placed under simulated hypoxic stress at an altitude of 6 000 m for 48 h to establish the HAPE rat model.Lung water content was determined and measured by dry and wet specific gravity methods;H-E staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue and inflammation score;TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis in lung tissue;ELISA was used to detect B cell activating factor(BAFF),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-4(IL-4)and interleukin-10(IL-10)in lung tissue;immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of CD21 and IκBα in lung tissue;Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of PI3K,p-PI3K,AKT,p-AKT,NF-κB inhibitor α(IκBα)and p-IκBα in lung tissues.Results:Compared with the normoxic group,slight alveolar septal widening and inflammatory cell infiltration were seen in lung tissue.Lung water content,lung tissue apoptosis,the content of BAFF,TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-γ and the expression of CD21,p-PI3K,p-AKT were significantly increased.The content of IL-4,IL-10 and the expression of IκBα,p-IκBα were significantly decreased in lung tissue in the hypoxic group.Compared with the hypoxic group,inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced;lung water content,lung tissue apoptosis,BAFF,TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-γ content and CD21,p-PI3K,p-AKT expression were significantly decreased;IL-4,IL-10 content and IκBα,p-IκBα expression in lung tissue were significantly increased in the hypoxic+calcitriol group.Conclusion:Calcitriol can inhibit HAPE inflammatory response,and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of B-cell receptor/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Objective:To track and classify the branches of right hepatic portal vein in CT three-dimensional reconstruction,and to explore its radiological characteristics and clinical significance.Methods:This study conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent CT abdominal contrast-enhanced examinations at Shandong Provincial Hospital between 2021 and 2022 due to abdominal lesions.To facilitate cross-referencing with international studies,the course of portal vein branches was categorized and statistically analyzed based on the classification methods proposed by Covey et al.and Atasoy et al.Results:There were a total of six variations in the main hepatic portal vein,including two variations in the right branch of the portal vein,with a higher variation rate compared with previous studies.Conclusion:Anatomical variants of the hepatic portal vein are very diverse and show greater variability in the CT images.Knowledge of these variations characteristics is extremely important for radiological localization diagnosis and transplant surgeries.
Objective:To investigate the mechanism of action of different oxygen concentrations on cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)/prostaglandin E(PGE)/E-prostanoid(EP)signaling and epithelial cell activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)rats.Methods:The rats were randomly divided into the following groups:normal control group,COPD group,50%O2 group,70%O2 group,and 90%O2 group.Lung function of the rats was assessed.ELISA method was used to measure the levels of PGE2,interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).The percentages of macrophages,neutrophils,and lymphocytes were calculated.H-E staining was performed to evaluate the pathological changes in lung tissue.Immunoblotting was conducted to detect the protein expression of COX-2,EP1,and EP4 in lung tissue.BEAS-2B cells were divided into control group,cigarette smoke extract(CSE)group,50%O2 group,70%O2 group,and 90%O2 group.Cell proliferation and apoptosis ability of BEAS-2B cells were assessed using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry.Results:Compared with the normal control group,rats in the COPD group exhibited increased inspiratory resistance(RI)and total lung capacity(TLC),as well as a significant decrease in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 50 milliseconds(FEV50)to forced vital capacity(FVC).Compared with the COPD group,rats in the 50%O2 and 70%O2 groups showed significantly decreased TLC and RI,along with a significant increase in the FEV50/FVC ratio.The 70%O2 group exhibited the most significant changes in lung function.In contrast,the 90%O2 group showed significantly increased TLC and RI,as well as a significant decrease in the FEV50/FVC ratio compared with the COPD group.Compared to the normal control group,rats in the COPD group had significantly elevated levels of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,and PGE2 in BALF,along with increased total white blood cell count and percentages of monocyte-macrophages,lymphocytes,and neutrophils.In comparison,the 50%O2 and 70%O2 groups showed significantly decreased levels of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,and PGE2 in BALF,as well as reduced total white blood cell count and percentages of monocyte-macrophages,lymphocytes,and neutrophils.The 70%O2 group exhibited the most significant reductions.However,the 90%O2 group showed significantly increased levels of IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,and PGE2 in BALF,along with increased total white blood cell count and percentages of monocyte-macrophages,lymphocytes,and neutrophils compared with the COPD group.Compared with the normal control group,rats in the COPD group showed significantly increased protein expression of COX-2,EP1,and EP4 in lung tissue.However,the 50%O2 and 70%O2 groups exhibited significantly lower protein expression of COX-2,EP1,and EP4 in lung tissue compared with the COPD group.In contrast,the 90%O2 group showed significantly increased protein expression of COX-2,EP1,and EP4 in lung tissue compared with the COPD group.In the CSE group,BEAS-2B cell viability was lower and apoptosis rate was higher compared with the control group.However,the 50%O2 and 70%O2 groups showed significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis rate compared with the CSE group.On the other hand,the 90%O2 group showed significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis rate compared with the CSE group.Conclusion:In COPD rats,oxygen therapy at concentration of 50%and 70%can inhibit the activation of the COX-2/PEG2/EP signaling pathway,improve lung function,reduce pulmonary infiltration,and increase epithelial cell activity.The best therapeutic effect is observed with a concentration of 70%oxygen.Therapy at a concentration of 90%excerbates pulmonary inflammation in COPD rats,decreases epithelial cell activity and promotes the activation of the COX-2/PEG2/EP signaling pathway.
护理学专业是体现实践应用能力最强的医学专业之一,护理操作技术的实现大多建立在临床护理解剖学基础之上.传统教学模式往往以知识讲解为主,无法使学生深入理解,影响教学质量,因此探索新的教学模式迫在眉睫.目前成果导向教育(outcome-based education, OBE)强调以学生为主体,反向设计教学环节,具有重要的现实意义[1].以问题为先导的临床医学教学模式(problem-originated clinical medical curriculum, PCMC)是以临床典型病例为载体、问题为先导的启发式临床医学教学模式,注重课程教学的整体性、实践性及社会性[2],得到了国际上的普遍认可.以团队为基础的学习(team-based learning, TBL)是一种有助于促进学习者培养团队协作精神,注重人的创造性、灵活性与实践特点的新型成人教学模式[3].目前基于OBE理念的PCMC结合TBL教学在具体课程教学上的应用报道较少,因此本研究旨在分析基于OBE理念的PCMC结合TBL教学法对提高护理学生的自主学习能力和评判性思维能力的效果,并与传统教学法进行对比,为该教学模式在高校护理教育中的应用探索出一条新途径.
Objective:To investigate the effects of nucleoside(acid)analogues combined with pegylated interferon on farnesol X receptor(FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19(FGF19)pathway and Kupffer cell polarization in chronic hepatitis B rats.Methods:SPF SD male rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group,nucleoside(acid)analogue(nucleotide)group,pegylated interferon(interferon)group,and combination group.Except for the normal group,chronic hepatitis B was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of hepatitis B virus.After successful modeling,the nucleotide group was given 10 mg/kg lamivudine.The interferon group was subcutaneously injected with 5 μg/kg pegylated interferon,and the combined group was given lamivudine combined with pegylated interferon.The normal group and the model group were given gavage with the same volume of normal saline at the same time.Serum virus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,liver function was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer,and pathological morphology of liver tissue was detected by H-E staining.The expression of FXR-FGF19 pathway protein was detected by Western blotting and Kuper cell polarization was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:Compared with the normal group,the serum HBsAg,HBeAg,ALT,AST,TBIL,iNOS and CD163 positive expression rates were significantly increased in the model group,while the protein expressions of FXR and FGF19 in liver tissue were significantly decreased.Serum HBsAg,HBeAg,ALT,AST,TBIL,iNOS and CD163 positive expression rates were significantly decreased in nucleotide group,interferon group and combination group,while FXR and FGF19 protein expressions in liver tissue were significantly increased,and the combination group showed significant reducition compared with the interferon group.Conclusion:Nucleoside(acid)analogues combined with pegylated interferon can significantly activate FXR-FGF19 pathway,inhibit Kupffer cell M1 polarization,and promote Kupffer cell M2 polarization,and have an improvement effect on rats with chronic hepatitis B.
人体解剖学实验教学的主要目的是使学生通过对人体标本的实际操作与辨识,加以验证并巩固理论所学 [1].传统解剖学实验课所需的尸体常采用较高浓度的甲醛溶液灌注,然后放入充满防腐液的尸池中浸泡较长时间,防腐固定完成后尸体较为僵硬且散发着刺鼻的甲醛气味,经该方法防腐固定的标本会降低学生动手积极性,导致教学效果不佳;此外,学生上课之前从尸池中捞出、清洗、搬运尸体等过程耗时耗力,减少了学生的操作时间.为此,本校解剖学实验室建设大型尸体冷藏库(以下简称冷藏库)弥补传统尸体保存方法的不足,为解剖学实验教学提供更加合适的大体标本.笔者将结合冷藏库建设与管理经验,总结冷藏库尸体保存的优点及管理经验.
课程思政教育是将思想政治教育渗透到专业课程教学过程中,注重在价值传播中凝聚知识底蕴,在知识传播中强调价值引领,因此在高校思想政治工作中发挥了重要作用[1].解剖学课程因蕴含丰富的思政元素,成为培育医学生人文素养、科学精神和医者仁心的重要而独特的学科.现有解剖学课程思政教育内容充实、形式丰富,但更多的是以教师为主体对学生进行教育和输出,但课程思政教育对学生的影响,即学生对课程思政教育的获得感与满意度,尚欠缺有效的评价与探讨[2-4].
Objective:To investigate the anatomical rules and clinical significance of the nourishing arteries in the human femoral head.Methods:Fresh specimens of human femoral head were selected to make the cast specimens of the femoral head nourishing artery.The source,running characteristics,distribution and quantity of the nourishing artery in the femoral head were observed.The external diameter of the thickest branch of the nourishing artery in each group was measured under the microscope.Results:The superior,inferior and anterior retinacular arteries entered the femoral head from the nourishing holes and continued directly into the superior,inferior and anterior nourishing arteries stems.The three groups nourishing arteries stems went down to the center of the femoral head along the cortex.The nourishing arteries in the head of the human femur were divided into three areas:the nourishing arteries stems area,the arteries stems network area,and the terminal arteries network area.The three groups of nourishing arteries stems constituted the nourishing arteries stems area of the internal artery of the human femoral head.After entering the femoral head and running to the center,the nourishing arteries stems were interwoven and anastomosed to form the arteries stem network area.The outer diameter of the arteries stems network area was similar to that of the nourishing arteries stems.The nourishing arteries stem area and arteries stem network area gave off abundant terminal arterial branches to form the terminal arterial network area,which was distributed in the area below the femoral head cartilage surface.There were(9.84±1.12)nourishing arteries in the head of the human femur,and the superior,inferior and anterior nourishing arteries stems were(6.04±1.18),(2.64±0.84)and(1.16±0.83),respectively.The outer diameter of the thickest branch of the superior,inferior and anterior nourishing arteries stems was(0.56±0.12)mm,(0.44±0.10)mm and(0.20±0.07)mm,respectively.Conclusion:The cast specimens of human femoral head internal arteries show that the femoral head internal nourishing arteries is divided into three areas and constitute a network structure of mutual communication,which can provide anatomical basis for clinical recovery of femoral head blood supply.
线上教学因其组织形式灵活,可以突破时间、空间局限[1],在疫情防控期间的应急教学中发挥重要作用.与大多数的线上教学研究相一致[2],疫情期间笔者教研室进行的理论线上教学效果较好.实验课能否也采用线上授课的教学模式呢?众所周知,系统解剖学实验课以人体实物标本为观察对象,融入素质教育,培养学生的综合能力,是系统解剖学教学的重要组成部分.系统解剖学实验课实行线上教学将完全脱离手摸实物标本,课程内容全部通过线上授课平台完成.这样的授课模式能否实现系统解剖学实验课课程设置的教学目标,目前尚未见研究报道.本文通过对疫情期间采用线上教学的2个班级的学习情况进行总结,与线下教学相比较,评价系统解剖学实验课线上教学的效果,为突发情况下能否施行实验课线上应急教学提供参考.
