Efficient year-round production of the Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) requires integrated thermal management. Existing active heat storage-release systems perform well in greenhouse heating but lack cooling capability, limiting climate regulation and cost-effectiveness. This study proposes a system integrating greenhouse surplus heat storage-release and positive pressure ventilation for heating and cooling (SHVS). Centered around a combined air conditioning unit, the system collects surplus CSG air heat for nighttime heating during cold seasons via surface coolers with internal air circulation, and achieves cooling in warm seasons using evaporative wet pads under positive pressure ventilation. Field tests showed the system maintained a daily average heat collection rate of 36.3 W m- 2, peaking at 58.1 W m- 2, and delivered a daily heat release of 0.41 MJ m- 2. During operation, the average nighttime air temperature inside the CSG was 18.5 degrees C higher than outdoors, 4.4 degrees C above the unheated scenario. For greenhouse heating, the system achieved a coefficient of performance (COP) of 6.4 for heat collection and 4.8 across the entire heating process. In summer, the system provided 0.0158 m s-1 greenhouse ventilation and decreased the average CSG air temperature by 3.0 degrees C compared to natural ventilation, at a power consumption of 14.7 W m- 2. Its energy efficiency ratio (EER) for evaporative cooling reached 11.8. The system achieved an average cooling efficiency of 90.6%, with water consumption ranging from 0.040 to 0.047 g m- 2 s- 1. The proposed integrated system, which demonstrated good performance in greenhouse heating, cooling, and energy savings, facilitates sustainable CSG cultivation.

To investigate the influence of fin–wall subcooling regulation on moist-air condensation dehumidification, this study numerically investigates the dehumidification performance and energy response of a thermoelectric cooling system under three subcooling control strategies: gradient subcooling, frequency-modulated subcooling, and amplitude-modulated subcooling. Under strictly identical gas-phase parameters and geometric conditions, the moisture removal rate per unit area, the friction-mass-transfer factor, and the moisture-removal energy efficiency are adopted as evaluation indicators. The results show that gradient subcooling exerts a pronounced non-monotonic influence on dehumidification performance, with an optimal subcooling range around 32–33 K. Further increases in subcooling lead to reduced dehumidification performance accompanied by significantly increased energy-related indicators, indicating a transition toward a high-energy, low-benefit operating regime. Compared with gradient subcooling, frequency-modulated subcooling provides a more favorable balance between dehumidification performance and energy efficiency under relatively high subcooling conditions, demonstrating a clear frequency–subcooling coupling effect. In contrast, amplitude-modulated subcooling plays only a secondary role and shows limited influence on both dehumidification performance and energy-related indicators within the investigated parameter range.

Multi-span greenhouses have been widely used in recent years.Conventional negative pressure fan-pad cooling has suffered from the low uniformity of indoor air temperature and the integrity of the cultivation area.Existing positive pressure ventilation with the air-handling corridor is also limited to low integration and difficult to control.In this study,a packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system was designed for highly efficient and quality crop production in the multi-span greenhouses during warm seasons.This system consisted of an equipment room,a combined air conditioning unit with three-sided air intake,ventilation ducts,and a control module.It can be further extended with heat sources and a water recirculating system,enabling integrated greenhouse climate conditioning based on positive pressure ventilation.The procedure of the air flows during cooling was as follows:The outdoor air entered the equipment room via outer vents,evaporative cooling in the air conditioning unit,and the air was conveyed into the greenhouse via underground ducts,while warm air was exhausted under roof vents.Field tests were conducted in Shouguang,Shandong Province,China.The results showed that the cooling system with the external shading screen maintained the daily mean air temperature between 28.4 and 32.5 ℃,which was 0.8 to 3.8 ℃lower than the outdoor temperature during the peak temperature hours(10:00-16:00)in summer.The vapor pressure deficit of the indoor air averaged 0.87-1.33 kPa during operation.The daily mean relative humidity ranged from 62％to 80％,17-29 percentage points higher than outdoors.The air was uniformly distributed over the cultivation area at the terminal air outlets.The airflow was also delivered at the velocities of 7.7-13.3 m/s,with the uniformity(standard deviation)of 1.9 m/s.In horizontal,the uniformity of air temperature reached 0.4 ℃ inside the greenhouse under the supply air condition.Vertically,the air temperature increased with height,with a temperature gradient of 0.76 ℃/m,and a 3.1 ℃ difference between the tomato canopy and the greenhouse roof.The high-pressure fogging system was installed inside the greenhouse.A three-dimensional cooling performance was achieved to reduce the vertical temperature gradient to 0.5 ℃/m.The designed specific ventilation rate of the greenhouse was 0.028 m/s for cooling purposes.The actual ventilation rate and system power consumption were 0.014 m/s and 15.2 W/m2,respectively,during the test.The good performance was achieved in the average cooling capacity of 144.2 W/m2 in the greenhouse,an energy efficiency ratio of 9.5,and an average indoor-outdoor air temperature difference of 2.1 ℃(08:30-17:30).The overall cooling efficiency reached 95.9％.The daily average water consumption rate ranged from 0.033 to 0.065 g/(m2·s)for evaporative cooling.Compared with the negative pressure fan-pad cooling system,the proposed packaged positive pressure ventilation and cooling system requires a lower specific ventilation rate to achieve the same greenhouse cooling amplitude,while exhibiting superior cooling uniformity and efficiency.In comparison with the air-handling corridor based positive pressure ventilation system,the proposed system offers a longer air supply distance,though with relatively higher energy consumption.This finding can provide an efficient mechanical ventilation solution for cooling multi-span greenhouses and support the design of semi-closed greenhouses.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the physiological responses of seedlings to light quality vary among growth stages. In this experiment, 'Trirosso RZ F1 ' sweet pepper seedlings were grown in a plant factory with artificial lighting. Six light treatments were established to investigate the effects of stage-specific light quality regulation on seedling growth and physiological characteristics, and to identify optimal dynamic light quality combinations. The treatments included constant LED lighting (constant red and blue light RB, constant white light W) and stage-specific lighting (early white and blue light-late red and blue light WB-RB, early white and red light-late red and blue light WR-RB, early red and blue light-late white and red light RB-WR, early red and blue light-late white and blue light RB-WB). Morphological indices, biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activities, and leaf color parameters were measured, and principal component analysis was conducted. The results showed: 1) Compared with W, the biomass, light use efficiency (LUE) and electrical energy use efficiency (EUE) of sweet pepper seedlings were significantly increased by all stage-specific light modes except RB-WB. The highest LUE and EUE were both observed under RB-WR treatment, increases of 44.4% and 93.1%, respectively, relative to W (p < 0.05). After 30 days of light treatment, compared with W, the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and leaf number of sweet pepper seedlings under treatments containing red and blue light were all increased, with ranges of 6.7%-26.4%, 2.6%-16.5%, 15.8%-76.1%, and 8.3%-30.6%, respectively. Among them, the largest stem diameter and leaf area were under WB-RB, while the highest plant height and leaf number were under RB-WR. 2) Compared with W, reactive oxygen species content in seedlings was significantly reduced by 11.1%-32.9% under all other treatments. Except for RB-WB, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of sweet pepper leaves was increased under the other light treatments relative to W. The highest Pn and the water use efficiency (WUE) were under WB-RB, with significant increases of 54.3% and 94.0% compared with W (p < 0.05). RB-WR treatment exhibited the highest photosystem II performance indices (PIabs, PItotal), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/ Fm) and PSI terminal electron acceptor reduction flux (REo/RC), along with the lowest dissipated energy per reaction center (DIo/RC). 3)Morphological indices, photosynthetic parameters (Pn, WUE), and peroxidase (POD) activity exhibited extremely significant positive correlations with one another. Principal component analysis indicated that the highest composite scores were observed under the RB-WR and WB-RB treatments, suggesting that these two stage-specific light quality strategies best promote robust seedling growth, optimize photosynthesis, and maintain redox balance. In conclusion, stage-specific lighting treatments, particularly RB-WR and WB-RB, were recommended as optimal dynamic light quality regulation strategies for sweet pepper seedling cultivation in plant factories. These treatments enhanced growth and energy utilization by optimizing morphogenesis, improving photosynthetic performance, and alleviating oxidative stress compared with constant lighting modes.

High energy consumption challenges the multi-span greenhouse industry in China. To address this, a greenhouse heating system utilizing energy transfer between greenhouses based on the dual source heat pump (ETGHP) was designed in our previous research. However, its performance in practical application remains largely unexplored. This study conducted a field test to comprehensively assess this system. Results showed stable heating effects, and the heat collection of the system in Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) air source heating mode accounted for 2.1% to 28.2% of the total, validating the feasibility of energy transfer between greenhouses. The use of CSG air source increased heating capacity by 27% and coefficient of performance (COP) by 23% for air source heat pumps. Then the dual source configuration achieved a 10.8% increase in heat collection and a 7.9% improvement in COP compared with the single air source. During the test, the COP of the system achieved 2.8 during heat collection and 2.5 for heating the multi-span greenhouse. Outdoor weather, greenhouse structures and management were found to influence system operation. This study also conducted performance comparation and explored the economic and environmental benefits for the system, proving it to be an efficient solution for multi-span greenhouse heating.

In the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system, air-temperature stress presents a severe challenge to the cultivation of hydroponic lettuce, often limiting its yield and quality during warm seasons. Although previous studies have confirmed that regulating air temperature can alleviate the stress on crops, challenges such as uneven temperature distribution and high equipment costs hinder effective air temperature management in greenhouse environments. In contrast, independently regulating root-zone temperature (RZT) under the same air-temperature stress conditions offers a more practical approach to enhancing crop growth, which can significantly improve crop outcomes without incurring substantial additional costs. This study used 'Spanish Green' lettuce as the test material and established four RZT treatments: T0 (control: 24.65–31.65℃), T1 (24.5℃), T2 (20.5℃), and T3 (16.5℃). Over a 38-day cultivation period, we systematically monitored the effects of different RZT treatments on lettuce growth parameters (such as plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight) and nutritional quality indicators (including vitamin C, nitrate, and mineral element content). The fuzzy membership function method was employed for a comprehensive evaluation of lettuce quality.The results showed that all cooling treatments (T1, T2, T3) promoted increases in plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight. Based on calculations from the fuzzy membership function, lettuce under treatment T1 achieved the best balance between growth performance and nutritional quality. Lettuce in treatment T0 exhibited the poorest growth; compared to T0, shoot dry weight increased by 47.24%, 16.24%, and 12.21% for treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively. However, mineral element contents such as P, Ca, and Zn were significantly higher in treatment T0 than in the other three treatments. The overall quality of lettuce in treatment T2 was superior to that in T3; although T2 promoted growth relative to T0, its growth performance was significantly lower than that of T1, and both T2 and T3 exhibited a decline in overall growth quality. Nutrient solution consumption was highest for treatment T1 and lowest for treatment T0.This study demonstrates that independently regulating RZT to approximately 24.5℃ can achieve a synergistic enhancement of biomass and quality in lettuce, providing a theoretical basis and practical guidelines for optimizing NFT system production during summer conditions.

ABSTRACT Efficient irrigation management is essential for improving the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of greenhouse vegetables in the cold and arid region of northwestern Hebei Province, China. To determine the optimal irrigation coefficient ( K p ) for common beans, a 2‐year (2022–2023) greenhouse experiment was conducted using five irrigation treatments on the basis of cumulative pan evaporation ( E p ): I1 (0.3 E p ), I2 (0.5 E p ), I3 (0.7 E p ), I4 (0.9 E p ) and I5 (1.1 E p ). Results showed that treatment I3 achieved the highest yield and WUE, increasing by 8% and 66%, respectively, compared with I5. In addition to its superior agronomic performance, the I3 treatment also improved fruit nutritional quality, as indicated by higher vitamin C content, lower nitrate accumulation and greater single‐fruit weight than the other treatments. A comprehensive evaluation using entropy weight‐grey relational analysis ranked I3 as the most favourable treatment, followed by I4, I2, I1 and I5. The yield exhibited a significant quadratic relationship with K p , and the fitted model predicted a theoretical maximum yield of 34.65 t/ha at K p = 0.755, closely corresponding to the I3 treatment. Consequently, a K p value of approximately 0.755 is recommended as the irrigation control parameter for maximizing both yield and WUE in greenhouse‐grown common beans under local conditions.

This study investigated the combined effects of high air temperature and low light intensity on the growth, quality, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of greenhouse tomato. A full factorial design was employed to simulate the dynamic air temperature and light intensity of a greenhouse in the controlled environment chambers. Three air temperature levels (control: 25/15 °C, moderately high: 30/20 °C, and high: 33/23 °C, day/night) and three light levels (low: 400, medium-low: 600, and normal: 800 μmol·m−2·s−1) were established. A comprehensive assessment approach that integrated linear weighting, TOPSIS, and GRA was employed. A multiple regression model was developed to quantify the temperature–light combined effect. Elevated air temperatures accelerated the flowering, fruit-setting, and veraison periods, and improved fruit brightness and chroma, but severely reduced yield by 13.9% for each 1 °C increase, while increasing water consumption. Yield and WUE declined by 5.0 and 3.5%, respectively, for every 50 μmol·m−2·s−1 decrease in light. Combined effects were observed: moderately high temperature and low light intensity (30/20 °C, 400 μmol·m−2·s−1) promoted lycopene accumulation; moderately high temperature and normal light (30/20 °C, 800 μmol·m−2·s−1) maximized the sugar–acid ratio and vitamin C (VC) content; and high temperature and low light (33/23 °C, 400 μmol·m−2·s−1) optimized fruit brightness and chroma. Furthermore, each simultaneous 1 °C temperature increase and 50 μmol·m−2·s−1 light decrease resulted in a 14.4% yield reduction and 15.0% WUE decline. Quantitative analysis results indicate that air temperature exerts the most influence on tomato growth; however, the combined effect of high air temperature and low light intensity is less than the individual effects of each factor. These findings provide a basis for environmental regulation in protected tomato cultivation.

Light is one of the key factors affecting the flavor of edible fungi. Pleurotus citrinopileatus were planted in a growth chamber in order to investigate the effects of different LED lights on the growth and development. Five treatments were set up in the experiment, namely white light (CK, as control), pure green light (G), pure blue light (B), pure red light (R) and far-red light (Fr). The results showed that: (1) R or Fr treatment caused deformities in Pleurotus citrinopileatus, showing a soft stipe, thin pileus, and shallow color. Compared with the control, the stipe length of Pleurotus citrinopileatus significantly decreased by 12.52% under treatment B, while the stipe diameter, pileus diameter, and fruiting body weight significantly increased by 35.52%, 18.30%, and 23.66%, respectively (P < 0.05). The color of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was more plump under B treatment, among which the spectral color parameters C and Hue increased by 2.72% and 1.64%, respectively. (2) B increased the proportion of umami and sweet amino acids [(UAA+SAA)/TAA] while decreased that of bitter amino acids in total amino acids (BAA/TAA) in Pleurotus citrinopileatus relative to the control. In addition, except for B treatment, other treatments (G, R, Fr) significantly reduced the content of mushroom flavored amino acids (e.g., Asp and Glu). (3) B increased the odor activity value (OAV) of key aroma compounds in Pleurotus citrinopileatus compared with the other light qualities in this study, while R increased the OAV of 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one. However, considering that mushrooms cannot grow normally under R treatment, this study recommended blue light as the main light quality for industrial production of Pleurotus citrinopileatus.

Rainfed agriculture is crucial for ensuring global food and water security, and supplementary irrigation is an effective means of improving the economic benefits in rainfed agricultural regions. This study proposes a novel uncertain optimization approach to optimize supplementary irrigation areas in rainfed agricultural regions. The approach incorporates multi-objective linear programming, interval linear programming, fuzzy goal programming and stochastic expected value programming. In the proposed interval multi-fuzzy goal stochastic expected-value programming, uncertainties are expressed in the form of discrete intervals, probability distributions and fuzzy goals. This approach, which considers the randomness of precipitation during the optimization process and allocates limited irrigation water resources to different subareas and crops, was applied to a case study of crop irrigation area planning in Guyuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwestern China. The maximum economic benefits and the minimum sum of the Gini coefficients among the different subareas and crops were regarded as the planning objectives, and a series of optimal irrigation areas with different crops and subareas under different water levels were obtained. The optimization results revealed that vegetables and fruits consumed large amounts of irrigation water to increase their economic benefits. In addition, allocating a large amount of irrigation water to wheat is essential to decrease the Gini coefficient and meet food security constraints, particularly at extremely low water levels. Compared with current management, the optimized irrigation area decreased by 30%, the crop water deficit index increased by 9%, the economic benefits increased by 3% and the total Gini coefficient of crops decreased by 17%, indicating that the optimization approach could fairly and reasonably allocate irrigation water resources. Our research provides a mathematical approach for decision-makers to plan supplementary irrigation areas in rainfed agricultural regions.

High-air temperature stress inhibits the growth of hydroponic lettuce. The practical application of conventional air cooling is constrained by high cost and moderate efficacy. However, root-zone cooling represents a more promising temperature regulation strategy for vegetable production, offering advantages such as ease of integration and lower cost. This study used lettuce (Spanish Green) as the plant material under four RZT treatments: T0 (control: 24.65~31.65 °C), T1 (24.5 °C), T2 (20.5 °C), and T3 (16.5 °C). Growth parameters and nutritional quality indicators under each treatment were systematically monitored, and a comprehensive evaluation was performed using the fuzzy membership function method. All cooling treatments (T1–T3) enhanced lettuce plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight. According to the fuzzy membership function analysis, the T1 treatment was found to exhibit the highest overall nutritional value. Although the T0 control group displayed the poorest growth performance, with a shoot dry weight 47.24% lower than that of T1, it accumulated significantly higher levels of P, Ca, and Zn. These findings demonstrate that regulating RZT to approximately 24.5 °C synergistically enhances both biomass and quality in lettuce, providing theoretical and practical support for optimizing hydroponic production in summer conditions.

According to previous studies, dynamic light regimes might enhance seedling development, survival rates, or economic efficiency in factory-based seedling production systems compared to continuous red and blue light irradiation. However, there have been few studies revealing the effects of discontinuous red and blue light on the carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism of tomato seedlings. Therefore, we planted tomato seedlings in an artificial light plant factory under a red background light with intermittent blue light intervention, namely R (as the control), R/RB32, R/RB40, R/RB64, and R/RB80 at an equal daily light integral. The growth, carbohydrate accumulation, and sugar metabolism were analyzed to investigate the effects of dynamic lighting modes on tomato seedlings. The results demonstrated the following: (1) Pure red light induced spindling of tomato seedlings, while intermittent blue light treatments enhanced stem thickness, leaf number, and leaf area, resulting in greater biomass accumulation. Among these treatments, the highest antioxidant enzyme activity and the lowest reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, accompanied by the highest biomass, were all observed in tomato seedlings subjected to R/RB80 (intermittent supplementation of 80 μmol·m−2·s−1 blue light under red light background). (2) The carbohydrate accumulation in tomato seedlings was increased under all treatments relative to the control. The sucrose content, enzyme activity, and gene expression level of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were all up-regulated in tomato leaves treated with blue light irradiation compared with pure R. In addition, the highest soluble sugar content, along with the peak SPS activity and gene expression, was observed under the R/RB80 treatment. Meanwhile, the lowest fructose content accompanied by the lowest activity and gene expression of sucrose synthase (SS) were observed in tomato leaves treated with R/RB32. This implies that blue light supplementation may regulate sugar accumulation by modulating the activity or expression of enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism. (3) Moreover, shoot biomass, enzyme activity, and expression level of SPS were all found to increase with the increase in supplementary blue light intensity, indicating that short-duration high-intensity blue light was more effective in promoting carbohydrate accumulation in tomato seedlings than long-term low-intensity blue light based on the equal DLI.

The summer cultivation of lettuce in greenhouses frequently encounters heat stress challenges. In hydroponic systems, cooling the nutrient solution to reduce root zone temperature is an effective strategy to alleviate heat stress. To address the issue of temperature control instability in hydroponic nutrient solutions under high-temperature conditions, this study developed a nutrient solution temperature control system based on an adaptive DBO-fuzzy PID controller. Firstly, the system integrates high-precision sensor networks and air-source heat pump units, forming the hardware foundation. Simultaneously, a fuzzy PID controller optimized by the Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) algorithm was designed for this system, enabling real-time adjustment of quantization and scaling factors in the fuzzy controller. Simulation results showed that the DBO-Fuzzy PID achieved a settling time of 35.23 s, overshoot of 2.18%, and steady-state error of 0.009 °C. The DBO-Fuzzy PID controller exhibited faster and more stable disturbance rejection compared to traditional PID and fuzzy PID control, demonstrating enhanced stability and robustness. System performance tests in the summer greenhouse demonstrated that with a setpoint of 22 °C, the DBO-Fuzzy PID optimized nutrient solution temperature control system maintained an average temperature of 21.98 °C, closer to the target value and exhibiting better adaptability to high-temperature environments compared to traditional PID control. Cultivation experiments confirmed the system’s effectiveness in mitigating heat stress and maintaining optimal nutrient solution temperature for lettuce growth. The results can provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for precise and stable temperature control in hydroponic nutrient solutions.

The refrigeration performance of semiconductor refrigeration devices is limited by, among other things, the thermal conductivity of the materials. Optimisation of ceramic materials for semiconductor packaging offers the possibility of improving system performance. In this paper, a mathematical model of the semiconductor refrigeration process is established using the cooling capacity and the cooling coefficient as evaluation indexes. It investigates the effects of current, cold end temperature and hot end temperature on the cooling performance. A simulation model of laminated encapsulated materials is proposed to investigate the influence of the structure of encapsulated ceramic materials on the condensation effect. The results show that a small increase in current significantly increases the cooling capacity at low cold-end temperatures, while this effect diminishes at higher cold-end temperatures. An increase in the hot end temperature decreases the cooling capacity and coefficient, with the decrease being more pronounced at higher currents. In addition, as the thermal conductivity of the encapsulated ceramic material decreases along the direction perpendicular to the ceramic structure, heat transfer is directed more effectively, resulting in improved cooling efficiency and condensation. These findings provide new insights into the design of ceramic materials and optimisation of the efficiency of semiconductor cooling systems.

Crops in greenhouses located in cold climates are frequently affected by high relative humidity (RH). This study presents the design, testing, and analysis of a dehumidifier based on thermoelectric cooling. Thermoelectric dehumidifiers (TEDs) are capable of dehumidifying greenhouses in cold regions while recovering heat for indoor air heating. The design of a TED is based on the specific characteristics of thermoelectric coolers (TECs). A TED consists of a cabinet, four heat exchangers, a duct fan, a water pump, and auxiliary components. The TED performance was evaluated in a Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) with a volume of approximately 160 m3. The input voltage of the TECs, fan airflow rate, and cold-side fin area affected the TED performance, with their influence varying in magnitude. The radar chart results show that the optimal operating parameters are as follows: a fan airflow rate of 300 m3/h, a TEC input voltage of 15 V, and a cold-side fin area of 0.15 m2. With the TED running for 120 min under the optimal parameters, the RH in the CSG decreased by 25.5%, while the air temperature increased by 3.4 °C. The installation of the TED at the bottom of the CSG improved the growing environment of the crops, particularly in the vertical range between 0.2 m and 1.5 m height inside the greenhouse. These findings provide a valuable reference for applying thermoelectric cooling technology in the greenhouse field.

A reasonable planting structure and limited allocation of irrigation water are essential for the sustainable development of hybrid irrigated and rain-fed agriculture, which is crucial for global food and water security. To address this issue, a stochastic multiobjective fuzzy mixed-integer programming approach is proposed to optimize crop planting areas and monthly irrigation water allocation in hybrid irrigated and rain-fed agricultural regions. The uncertainties in the proposed approach are expressed as probability distributions and fuzzy constraints. Binary variables are used to determine whether supplementary irrigation complies with the irrigation area ratio policy. This approach is applied to a case study of the crop planting area and irrigation water allocation planning in Guyuan city, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwestern China. Four objectives are considered: maximizing economic benefits, maximizing crop nutrient production, maximizing water allocation in critical growth stages, and minimizing the Gini coefficient. The optimal results for different water levels and satisfactory degrees of decision makers for available soil resources were obtained. Compared with current management, the optimized economic benefits and water allocation in critical growth stages improved by 2.7%-35.1% and 185.3%-269.6%, respectively. However, the Gini coefficient decreased by 9.6%-11.6%. Compared with traditional multiobjective programming, the proposed approach has advantages in terms of reflecting uncertainties through discrete random and fuzzy sets, providing more reliable decision plans. Our research offers a mathematical approach for decision makers to plan agricultural water and soil resources in hybrid irrigated and rain-fed agricultural regions.

The fruiting body of edible fungi is sensitive to light in the development stage, and there are no studies on the response of growth and nutritional quality of Pholiota adiposa to different spectral irradiation. In this study, Pholiota adipose was grown in an artificial light-type plant factory with pure white light as control (CK), and four treatments were set up: pure green (G) pure blue (B) pure red (R), and red-blue (RB). The light cycle was 12 h light /12 h darkness. The optimum light quality was determined by analyzing the effects of different light qualities on the traits, spectral characteristics, and mineral elements of Pholiota adiposa. The results showed that red light significantlypromoted the growth of Pholiota adiposestipe and the increase of fruiting body quality by 78. 4% and 90.0%, respectively, compared with the control (p<0. 05). Blue light significantly increased stipe diameter and pileus diameter by 22. 8% and 19.1%, respectively, compared with the control (p<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the thickness of the pileus between different treatments, indicating that the light quality had little effect on the pileus thickness. Compared with the control, the Hue value of Pholiota adiposepileus was increased in all treatments (5. 3%similar to 28. 9% increase) while the Hue value of the stipe was decreased in all treatments (26. 3% similar to 46. 7% decrease). The color spectral parameters such as C, MACRI, and PRI value of the pileus and stipe of Pholiota adiposa increased under green light treatment, which is more conducive to the coloring of Pholiota adiposa than other light qualities. In actual production, the shapes and colorationof the stipe and pileus can be adjusted by changing the light quality according to different market demands. Compared with the control, all light treatments increased the content of P and K-elements in the Pholiota adipose pileus (by 4% 15% and 7% 16%, respectively) and decreased the content of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn elements in the stipe to different degrees. All light treatments decreased the accumulation of Ca and Na elements in the fruit body of Pholiota adiposa, and the accumulation of other elements except Ca and Na was increased and reached the highest level under green light. Therefore, green light is more favorable to mineral element accumulation in Pholiota adiposa than other light qualities. This study provides a theoretical basis for regulating the light environment in the factory production of the specialty mushroom Pholiota adiposa.

With the deeper research on attributed networks, graph anomaly detection is becoming an increasingly important topic. It aims to identify patterns deviating from a majority of nodes. Currently, graph anomaly detection algorithms based on reconstruction-based learning and contrastive-based learning have gained significant attention. To harness diverse supervised signals, an intuitive approach is to find an elegant strategy to fuse these two paradigms, forming the hybrid learning paradigm. Despite the success of the hybrid learning paradigm, due to its subgraph sampling based approach, it still grapples with issues related to unreliable neighborhood information and the neglect of topological details. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a new hybrid learning paradigm via multi-view discriminative awareness learning for graph anomaly detection. Unlike the previous hybrid learning paradigm, the graph reconstruction module fully incorporates attribute and topology information, enhancing the comprehensiveness of data reconstruction. Moreover, the multi-view discrimination module employs a view-level contrast method based on the complete graph, which helps to comprehensively extract the information in the attributed network and mitigates the neighborhood unreliability without increasing the complexity. The experimental results, obtained from a rigorous evaluation on six benchmark datasets, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to existing baseline methods.

Clarify soil nitrogen (N) nutrient dynamics for organic production to guide manure application in organic monocultures with three crop rotations per annum in northwestern China. Field experiments were conducted to clarify the fate of 15N-labeled manure N in organic vegetable fields, and evaluate the effects of manure N application levels from 0 to 1200 kg N ha−1 on the yield of organic Chinese flowering cabbage and the economic benefits to producers. Average NO3–-N concentrations in the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) increased significantly with manure N level and was positively correlated with abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) amoA genes and potential nitrification rates. The NO3–-N concentration in the 20–100 cm profile was not significantly changed at manure N levels below 600 kg N ha−1; however, at 1200 kg N ha−1, the NO3–-N concentration in the profile increased significantly, enhancing the deep leaching of NO3–-N. Compared with 600 kg N ha−1 application, percentage manure 15N loss increased by 77.3

Blind super-resolution (BlindSR) has recently attracted attention in the field of remote sensing. Due to the lack of paired data, most works assume that the acquired remote sensing images are high-resolution (HR) and use predefined degradation models to synthesize low-resolution (LR) images for training and evaluation. However, these acquired remote sensing images are often degraded by various factors, which still require super-resolution reconstruction to meet practical needs. Using them as ground truth images will limit the model's ability to restore fine details, resulting in blurry and noisy reconstructions. To overcome these limitations, we propose an unsupervised degradation-aware network which transforms natural images into the degraded domain as real-world remote sensing images. It uses natural images containing rich texture information as a reference for fine-grained restoration of the network, enabling the network to produce clearer reconstructions. Furthermore, we discovered the remarkable capability of patch-wise discriminator to perceive the degradation type of different regions within the acquired remote sensing image. Inspired by this finding, we design a novel degradation representation module (DRM) that can estimate the degradation information from LR images and guide the network to perform adaptive restoration. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that our proposed unsupervised blind super-resolution framework (UDASR) achieves state-of-the-art restoration performance. Our code and pre-trained models have been uploaded to GitHub† for validation.