Establishing global governance of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an increasingly pressing challenge to ensure the provision of global public goods and to mitigate harmful effects on societies and the planet. Current debates around AI take various forms, follow diverse narratives, and centre variously on economic, social, environmental, or safety aspects. Here, we make three contributions. First, we classify risks and challenges of AI across the social, planetary, and safety domains. Second, we show that AI should be governed as a global commons, requiring coordinated interventions across all three domains, reflecting relevant inter-domain feedback loops, and root drivers, such as the pursuit of monopolistic AI power and the AI-infused media environment. Third, we identify data, energy, and compute as relevant regulatory dimensions across social, planetary, and safety domains. We conclude by emphasising the importance of limiting agentic AI, incentivising depolarising algorithms on social media, and setting AI dynamics within the context of global equity.

In the realm of global innovation, outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) serves as a pivotal channel for firms to integrate into international innovation networks. However, scant research has probed into the impact mechanisms of OFDI on firms' innovation, particularly in the era of digitization and artificial intelligence (AI). In this study, we investigate OFDI's effect on regional innovation performance by analysing a panel data of Chinese provinces. We find that OFDI significantly promotes the performance of regional innovation development. Moreover, we also identify two moderating factors, digital governance and AI, which significantly enhance the effect of OFDI on regional innovation performance.

The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) was a nonprofit foundation, based first as an independent, freestanding Swiss foundation in Geneva from 2003 to 2012, and then affiliated with École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Lausanne from 2012 to 2023. IRGC's mission was to identify and improve the governance of emerging and systemic risks that have, or could have, impacts on human and environmental health, the economy and society, and overall sustainability. In this paper, we recount IRGC's history, describe its many reports, workshops, and conference activities (including tables referencing the many published products), and provide six brief case histories of accomplishments and insights on work IRGC has done on solar radiation management, small modular reactors, synthetic biology, autonomous vehicles, resilience and systemic risks, and international comparison of risk governance. The paper concludes with some brief observations about the impact of IRGC's work and notes the continuing need for a neutral convening entity that can perform a role similar to that of IRGC.

Understanding public preferences concerning vaccination is critical to inform pandemic response strategies. To investigate Chinese adults’ preferences regarding COVID-19 vaccine attributes, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey in 12,000 Chinese adults in June-July, 2021. Participants were requested to answer a series of discrete choice questions related to hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines. Using mixed logit models, our analysis revealed that participants had a higher preference for COVID-19 vaccines with longer duration of protection (coefficient: 1.272, 95% confidence interval [1.016 to 1.529]) and higher efficacy (coefficient: 1.063, [0.840, 1.287]). Conversely, participants demonstrated a lower preference associated with higher risk of rare but serious side-effects (coefficient: -1.158, [-1.359, -0.958]), oral administration (coefficient: -0.211, [-0.377, -0.046]), more doses (coefficient: -0.148, [-0.296, 0.000]) and imported origin (coefficient: -0.653, [-0.864, -0.443]). Moreover, preferences were heterogeneous by individual factors: highly educated participants were more sensitive to the negative vaccine attributes including price (coefficient -0.312, [-0.370, -0.253]) and imported vaccine (coefficient -0.941, [-1.186, -0.697]); there was also substantial heterogeneity in vaccine preferences with respect to age group, marital status, work status, income, chronic diagnosis history, COVID-19 vaccination history and geographic regions. As the first study of examining the public preferences for COVID-19 vaccine in China with a large nationwide sample of 12,000 adults, our results indicate that future vaccine should pose lower risk, possess longer protection period, have higher efficacy, be domestically produced, and have lower costs to increase the COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Our current study findings from this study provide insights and recommendations for not only COVID-19 vaccine design but also vaccine attribute preferences to increase vaccine uptake in potential future pandemics.

Existing studies on environmental policy implementation in China have largely been focused on the inadequacy of environmental policy implementation at local levels and the adversarial campaign-style enforcement used to remedy it, while overlooked other approaches to addressing environmental issues. We present a case in which a consensual approach was used to control water pollution and identify key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach. The research unit is the process of water pollution control in Shandong Province from 2002 to 2011. During the case period, the pulp and paper industry (the leading polluting source) was regulated with gradually tightened water pollution discharge standards which were made and implemented in a consensual way, surface water quality was greatly improved, and the economic output of the regulated industry grew rapidly. Key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach include the presence of a capable policy entrepreneur who played an important role in policy innovation, forging consensus building in policy making and facilitating consensual policy implementation; the deep and wide involvement of the regulated firms in the policy making process which allowed them to share know-how and express preferences; and the strong political support from provincial higher-ups which signaled strong political wills. The findings enrich our understanding of environmental policy enforcement in China by adding a set of internal factors to a literature pool focusing more on the the influence of such external factors as institutional incentiveson policy processes and outcomes.

0引言 自工业革命以来,如何建构完整的技术现代性认知体系、评价体系与约束体系成为了人们永恒追求的时代"主题",技术的"风险分配逻辑"便逐渐代替"福利分配逻辑"成为了技术治理关注的焦点.每一项划时代意义的技术创新都会带来技术治理体系的变迁,甚至影响整个社会治理形态的演进,其中,以人工智能最为典型.不同于其他新兴技术,人工智能具有技术内核的隐秘性、技术形式的拟人性、应用场景的跨域性、利益主体的交织性、技术风险的多维性、社会影响的复杂性等属性,使得人工智能治理成为了一项复杂工程.在经验世界中,不同主体基于不同的价值、利益和专业视角试图清晰刻画人工智能治理的轮廓,而认知逻辑中的框架前提差异则直接决定了人工智能治理的强度、维度和形态的异质性.

危机事件引致政府及时回应,进而推动制度改革与经济社会转型发展.但政府的危机回应能否以及如何在预期效果外产生有助于纾解危机背后政策元问题的其他政策效应,是政策设计与评估往往忽视的重要议题.围绕地方政府回应太湖蓝藻这一环境焦点事件的案例,结合对政府回应的定性梳理与准实验设计的量化评估,本文探索危机回应特征与企业创新这一非预期政策效应间的关系.研究结果显示,地方政府在迅速回应焦点事件以外持续且多样的政策回应特征,诱发了企业总体创新与绿色创新持续增长的非预期效应,从而纾解了危机背后环境与经济间长期矛盾的元问题.研究提出了政策元问题与非预期政策效应间的关系,识别了危机回应非预期效应的存在及触发条件,丰富了对危机回应政策效应及其实现机制的理解,并给出重要启示:危机后形成持续的回应机制可促进解决元问题的长期政策效果实现;充分理解政府持续回应的有效性及其机制,是推动政策问题根本解决的关键.

党的二十大报告作出加快建设数字中国的重要部署.建设数字中国是数字时代推进中国式现代化的重要引擎,是构筑国家竞争新优势的有力支撑.今年印发的《数字中国建设整体布局规划》提出:"以数字化驱动生产生活和治理方式变革,为以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴注入强大动力."

While technology transfer at universities has received considerable attention in the innovation and entrepreneurship literature, we know much less about technology transfer at national/federal labs and (non-university) public research institutes. In this article and the related special section, we aim to fill this void. We provide a rationale for our special section on technology transfer from national/federal labs and public research institutes, summarize the papers in the special section, highlight research questions, theories, data and methods, key findings and conclusions. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for multi-level research on agents, institutions, and regions to improve our understanding of the managerial and public policy implications of technology transfer from these institutions.

Abstract Modern Chinese higher education has grown from a humble base since the late nineteenth century into the world’s largest system on many fronts today. China aims to further promote its socio-economic development and global impact through an ambidextrous strategy to build world-class universities with Chinese characteristics. This chapter conceptualizes the idea of elite universities in China, reviews China’s world-class university policies since the 1950s, and maps the current status of China’s elite universities in terms of their objectives, academic performance, funding situations, international collaboration, and global impact. While the pursuit of equity is one of the main characteristics of China’s elite university system, elite universities have served as an important mechanism for social stratification in Chinese society. Despite many achievements, there are still many challenges behind China’s world-class university blueprint，particularly on how to deal with the tensions between top-down directives and bottom-up initiatives.

Objective: To study the change of the cooperative network of Chinese medical and health management institutions from the horizontal relationship between management institutions, to analyze the network relationship between Chinese medical and health management institutions, so as to provide references for relevant study. Methods: According to the evolution of Healthy China strategies, this research selected policy documents from 1979 to 2019, and divided the interactive network and evolution mechanism among medical and health governance institutions in China into five different stages. Based on the two dimensions of network centralization and network group density, this research analyzed the network characteristics of the cooperative relationship between government departments. Results: A total of 1145 policy documents were collected. The levels and types of cooperative network management for medical and health were increasingly complicated. The transformation of medical and health cooperative network followed the evolutionary path from loose network to coupling network, elastic network and collaborative network. The governance network of medical and health had gradually transformed into a collaborative network, and the degree of policy integration had been continuously improved. Conclusion: The cooperative network of Chinese medical and health management institutions has formed a collaborative but focused structure. At the same time, the cooperative network among management institutions has been developing in the evolution of the Healthy China strategies.

China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) provided itself with a stable foundation to deepen the gas cooperation with signatories in the global de-carbon trend.This paper explores the net policy effects of BRI in the aspects of environment, economy, politics, and culture, together with other impacts from the national traits, the governance mode, and the resource types.Results show there's a significant BRI effect on signatories' GHG emission deduction, GDP per capita and Projects' net cash flow increment.But no significance in reducing the political & cultural distance between the host county and China.Gas, as vital low-carbon fossil energy, has its unique preference in the host country's traits and governance mode.Meanwhile, gas does have brought changes quite differently from the traditional oil business.What's more, value divergence exists between the official government & the masses even in the same country.Finally, Chinese oil & gas investment prefer "high risk, high return" and a host social hierarchy similar to its own.

Development studies have paid less attention to the role of technological innovations and we are yet to understand how, and more importantly why, technological trajectories differ across countries. This gap becomes sharper as emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) are becoming increasingly important in addressing many world development challenges. Drawing on insights from institutional work literature, this paper develops a structure-agency interplay framework to unravel the various trajectories of emerging technologies at the national level and examines the development and diffusion of AI in Canada and China. The findings show that Canada's stable institutional environment, reinforced through institutional work by various actors, generated a national AI trajectory driven by technology development through a strong focus on scientific research and ethics, with slower organic commercialisation of AI. In China, a dynamic and loose institutional structure characterised by lax regulations, low entry barriers, and high openness to novelties has resulted in a market-driven AI trajectory focused on technology commercialisation, with domestic digital giants and the government as dominant players. National-level dynamics in formal institutions, informal institutions, technologies, and actor strategies determine heterogeneous approaches to technology development and diffusion, giving rise to varieties of technological trajectories. The levels of institutionalisation exert different forces and create different spaces for institutional work across different geographical contexts.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

应急管理是国家治理的重要组成部分.党的十八大以来,伴随国家治理体系和治理能力现代化持续推进,中国特色应急管理事业进入了一个新的历史发展阶段.运用"理念—体系—能力"分析框架研究发现,党的十八大以来中国应急管理事业发展过程是一个以理念变革引领体系和能力变革,进而迈向应急管理理念、体系和能力三重现代化的过程.在理念现代化方面,主要是坚持总体国家安全观,坚持统筹发展和安全两件大事,坚持"人民至上、生命至上",坚持共同构建普遍安全的人类命运共同体;在体系现代化方面,主要是完善集中统一的领导体制、科学顺畅的运行机制、系统完备的法律制度;在能力现代化方面,主要是增强领导干部驾驭风险能力、现代科技支撑保障能力、社会组织动员能力、全球安全治理能力.党的十八大以来理念引领、面向现代化的中国应急管理事业发展过程,是主动适应国内外安全形势变化的制度变革之举和内嵌于国家治理现代化过程之中的积极有为过程.

多边国际组织中的工作人员作为组织日常工作的施行者往往在某种程度上自觉或不自觉地体现母国价值观念或关注母国利益。长期以来，许多多边国际组织中都存在着来自发达国家的工作人员占据重要职位和来自发展中国家工作人员代表性不足的现象。近年来由于新兴经济体的崛起，发展中国家工作人员的弱势地位也在许多国际组织中引起了广泛关注和讨论。通过对联合国系统中人事数据的分析和对中国籍工作人员的访谈阐释了现阶段中国工作人员在联合国中的现状，并且探讨了从国家层面应该如何改进目前状况，向国际组织输送更多合格人才，推进国际组织的管理更加多元、包容、高效。

A crisis develops quickly, and the causes, the results and contributing factors are all of great uncertainty. Crisis management personnel thus usually have to deal with incomplete, inaccurate or delayed information. Therefore, the entire process of a crisis is filled with risks, shocks and explosiveness. Because every crisis is unique, there are no universally applicable rules for governments to follow, but from the angle of time sequence, does a crisis follow a certain process or development cycle? We find it does. A crisis never takes shape all at once, and it is impossible for anyone to return things to normal once and for all. It takes time for a crisis to take shape, and it takes time to solve it. Generally, a crisis grows roughly in the following phases: (1) the forewarning phase, where warning signs of the onset of a crisis appear; (2) the emergency phase, where key events take place and the situation develops fast and unpredictably; (3) the prolonging phase, where a crisis is controlled but not ultimately solved; and (4) the settlement phase, where a crisis is fully settled. Correspondingly, government authorities and other organizations, as the main players in crisis management, must take proper measures in accordance with the features in each stage of a crisis. The process of crisis management is roughly phased as early warning and preparation, identification, isolation, management, and post-crisis management, which form a crisis development cycle. In this chapter, the authors illustrate a referential framework from the angle of time sequence, talking about the strategies and measures taken in each stage of crisis management, issues that require high attention, how to prevent a crisis from spreading out of a certain scope and into a more aggravated situation.