Lasioderma serricorne is an important pest in the storage of tobacco and grains. s-methoprene is among the most widely used juvenile hormone analogues (JHA). However, the molecular mechanism of s-methoprene on Lasioderma serricorne was not clear. Thus, the survival number, pupation rate, mortality rate, and transcriptome of L. serricorne larvae (Larvae of L. serricorne exposed to s-methoprene at 0.0, 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 x 10-5 mg/cm2 for 2 weeks were referred to as LS0, LS0.5, LS5, and LS50, respectively) exposed to different doses of smethoprene were studied. After 2 weeks of exposure to s-methoprene, there were significant differences in the number of larvae and pupation rate between the treatment and control groups. By analyzing the gene expression patterns and whole transcriptome of L. serricorne larvae, a total of 468, 4003 and 5132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (LS0.5 vs LS0, LS5 vs LS0, and LS50 vs LS0, respectively). A total of 120 commonly up-regulated genes and 3659 commonly down-regulated genes were identified in LS5 vs LS0, and LS50 vs LS0. Weighted gene correlation expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified five modules comprising all transcripts, with the blue module closely related to the LS50. Moreover, the genes of the blue module were highly correlated with "biological processes (1162 genes)", "cellular components (1507 genes)", and "molecular functions (1446 genes)". Three transcription factor genes TRINITY_DN3652_c0_g1_i12, TRINITY_DN6508_c0_g2_i1 and TRINITY_DN184_c0_g2_i2 were identified as hub genes in the blue module. The expression changes of these genes indicated that the expression levels of non-biological related genes, such as enzymes, protein metabolism, and signal transduction may change under s-methoprene stress. The present results revealed the molecular mechanism of the adaptability of L. serricorne to s-methoprene stress, providing a reference for further exploring the molecular mechanism of s-methoprene on L. serricorne.

Ephestia elutella is a globally distributed storage pest, and its growth and development are regulated by juvenile hormones. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of E. elutella larvae to the juvenile hormone analog s-methoprene, this study examined the effects of s-methoprene on the growth and development of E. elutella, explored the response of E. elutella to s-methoprene exposure by transcriptomic analysis, and confirmed its hub genes by RT-qPCR experiments. Larval mortality of E. elutella increased and adult emergence decreased with increasing exposure durations and doses of s-methoprene. After exposure at 5 × 10⁻⁵ mg/cm² of s-methoprene for 4 wk, a few of larvae pupated, but failed to emerge into adults, while at 50 × 10⁻⁵ mg/cm² for 4 wk, larvae were completely unable to pupate. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2,569 and 6,719 differentially expressed genes in the EE0 vs. EE5 and EE0 vs. EE50, respectively. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified 5 modules, with the yellow module most relevant to EE5. The genes in the yellow module were significantly enriched in biological processes. The Cluster-6182.18691, Cluster-6182.8343, Cluster-6182.28346, and Cluster-6182.21392 were hub genes in the yellow module. s-Methoprene directly or indirectly inhibited the growth and development of E. elutella larvae by affecting critical biological processes, such as hormonal regulation, etc. RT-qPCR validation confirmed the reliability of the transcriptomic data. This study provides important foundational data and theoretical insights into the molecular mechanisms of E. elutella in response to s-methoprene.

Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary ectoparasitoid that parasitizes several stored product beetles. Implementing an effective cold storage program can extend the shelf life of parasitoids for large scale applications in biological control. To explore the low temperature adaptation mechanisms of A. calandrae , the survival, longevity, parasitism rate, fecundity, and transcriptome of cold -treated A. calandrae adults were investigated. Storing A. calandrae adult wasps at 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C for 1 week had no significant difference in terms of adult longevity, parasitism rate, and progeny compared with the control. By analysing the gene expression patterns and comparing the whole transcriptome of cold -treated A. calandrae adults (adults after cold storage at 15, 10, or 5 degrees C for 1 week, referred to as T2, T3, and T4, respectively, and adults without experiencing cold storage referred to as T1), a total of 1376, 9799, and 7745 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were respectively identified (T1 vs T2, T1 vs T3, T1 vs T4). A total of 196 commonly upregulated genes and 100 commonly down -regulated genes in T1 vs T2, T1 vs T3, and T1 vs T4 treatments were identified. A total of 6 modules composed of differentially co -expressed genes were identified by weighted gene co -expression network analysis (WGCNA). The Mebrown module was extremely associated with the T4 sample. Mebrown module of genes was found to be highly correlated with the metabolic process (217 genes), cell part (148 genes), and catalytic activity (225 genes). Four transcription factor genes, LOC111691805 , LOC126386779 , LOC108733382 , and LOC108906572 were presented in Mebrown module as hub genes. The changes in gene expression indicated that A. calandrae can significantly upregulate the expression levels of abiotic related genes, such as the heat shock protein (Hsp 90) gene, cytochrome P450, and calnexin gene, etc., to cope with cold stress. The current results provide the molecular mechanisms and identify the key genes that may explain the adaptation of A. calandrae to cold stress.

To comprehensively assess the quality of flue-cured tobacco， an entropy weight method and a modified Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution （TOPSIS） method were used to evaluate the appearance， sensory quality， and routine chemical composition consistency of 114 flue-cured tobacco samples. The proximity for the appearance， sensory quality， chemical composition， and comprehensive quality were obtained， and the correlations between the different comprehensive quality indices and each quality proximity were analyzed usinga simple correlation analysis method. The results showed that: 1) The weights of the appearance， sensory quality and chemical composition calculated by the entropy weight method were about 0.316， 0.380， and 0.304， respectively. 2) The flue-cured tobacco with fresh-sweet flavor from Taiping Town， Huili County， Liangshan Prefecture， Sichuan Province; Miyang Town， Mile City， Honghe Prefecture， Yunnan Province; Lin’an Town， Jianshui County， Honghe Prefecture， Yunnan Province; Lixi Town， Huili County， Liangshan Prefecture， Sichuan Province; and Cida Town， Dechang County， Liangshan Prefecture， Sichuan Province had better comprehensive quality. 3) The indices that positively correlated with the comprehensive quality of tobacco with fresh-sweet flavor included color intensity， body， oil， color and leaf structure， the vast majority of sensory quality indices （dryness， mellowness， aroma quantity， offensive odor， volatility， aftertaste， aroma quality， extent， irritation， smoothness and industrial usability）， and total alkaloids and reducing sugar/total sugar ratios in leaf chemical compositions.

[目的]研究赣州烟叶主要化学成分适宜范围,为指导烟叶栽培及采收烘烤提供理论基础.[方法]利用2020年赣州8个产烟县79个C3F和B2F烟叶样品的各主要化学成分分析结果及各感官质量评价指标、可用于卷烟类型评吸结果数据,建立相关分析,采用隶属度函数评价法,使化学成分与各评吸质量指标间的相关系数达到最大化,采用加权和法得到综合评价值.[结果]综合赣州烟叶C3F和B2F最优适宜范围为植物碱2.23％～3.20％、总氮1.70％～2.30％、还原糖19.20％～27.50％、总糖20.00％～30.00％、钾≥2.40％、氯0.16％～0.60％、淀粉2.50％～5.63％、糖碱比4.30～14.00、钾氯比≥12.00、氮碱比0.48～0.82、二糖比0.88～0.96.K326品种感官评吸质量明显优于云烟87.赣州烟叶可用性由总糖、钾、氮碱比、二糖比、氯、糖碱比、总氮、淀粉、还原糖、植物碱10个主要化学成分决定.赣州烟叶存在部分淀粉、糖碱比、氯、氮碱比、二糖比偏高,钾、钾氯比偏低.[结论]赣州烟叶主要化学最优适宜范围基本在云南优质烟叶主要化学成分适宜范围内.针对2020年赣州烟叶主要化学成分存在的问题,在烟叶生产上要重点增钾、减氯、控碱,防止烤后烟叶成熟度不够或过熟,通过栽培和采收烘烤调控好烟叶总糖、氮碱比、糖碱比、二糖比等在最优适宜范围内,提倡栽种K326品种.

[目的]为明确焦甜醇甜香型主产区烤烟外观特征(区域、质量)及其用途.[方法]选取江西赣州、吉安、抚州,湖南郴州、永州及安徽皖南等6个烤烟主产地的C2F样品,进行外观特征和常规化学成分及感官质量指标的统计分析.[结果](1)烟叶突出的外观特征为红、柔、糙、燥.(2)烟叶越柔软,则总糖、还原糖、糖碱比相对越高,总氮、烟碱相对越低;烟叶油分越多,则淀粉相对越高,钾相对越低.(3)烟叶外观特征与感官质量关系较密切,叶尖叶基身份差越小,则焦甜香、焦香就越明显,香气质越好,而醇甜香越弱;烟叶油分越多,则焦甜香就越明显,香型越显著,香气越沉溢,浓度越大,香气质越好,烟气越细腻柔和圆润,而醇甜香越弱;此外,烟叶身份越适中,则香气质越好、香气量越足.[结论]"红、柔、糙、燥"可快速反向判定烟叶产地,叶尖叶基身份差、油分、柔韧性可作为影响或反映焦甜醇甜香型主产区烤烟质量风格的关键外观特征指标,可在一定程度上用于辅助判定焦甜醇甜香型主产区烟叶主要质量风格,研究结果有助于烟叶原料采购和配方使用等.

为筛选出对烟草青枯病菌具有抑制作用的高效药剂,以链霉素为对照,采用生长曲线测定仪检测了烟草青枯病菌对氟啶胺、双苯菌胺、噻霉酮和春雷霉素的敏感性,并利用Wadley方法对氟啶胺与纳米硫、纳米铜、纳米银的9种复配比例进行联合毒力评价.结果表明,双苯菌胺和氟啶胺对烟草青枯病菌的平均EC50分别为0.037 8 μg/mL和0.305 0 μg/mL,EC50分布范围分别为0.018 7-0.053 4 μg/mL和0.147 1-0.890 4 μg/mL,链霉素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对烟草青枯病菌的平均EC50分别为0.546 3 μg/mL、2.429 9 μg/mL和9.927 3 μg/mL,说明杀真菌药剂氟啶胺、双苯菌胺可有效抑制青枯病菌生长,且抑菌效果优于链霉素等药剂.5种药剂对烟草青枯病菌的敏感基线均呈正态分布,为连续的单峰曲线,可用于田间烟草青枯病菌抗性菌株监测.氟啶胺与纳米农药按不同比例复配后的EC50均小于纳米农药单剂的EC50.当氟啶胺与纳米硫按体积比1 ∶40复配时具有增效作用,增效系数为1.60;氟啶胺与纳米铜按体积比80∶1复配时,相加作用最为明显(EC50=0.142 2 ug/mL);氟啶胺与纳米银的复配比例(体积比)为1∶20时,增效系数最高达1.41,具有相加作用.

Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is a devastating disease of tobacco in the world. Dimethomorph has been widely used to control this disease, but the potential for fungicide resistance is unknown. The baseline sensitivities of 71 P. nicotianae isolates, tested by mycelial growth inhibition, showed a unimodal distribution with a mean EC 50 value of 0.3502 (±0.0332) µg/ml. Eight dimethomorph-resistant mutants were obtained by repeated exposure to dimethomorph in vitro. The mutants with a high resistance level had a resistance factor greater than 220, while the mutants with a low resistance level had a resistance factor of less than five. The resistant mutants had almost equal fitness as their wild-type parents in mycelial growth, temperature sensitivity, and pathogenicity. No cross-resistance between dimethomorph and fluazinam, metalaxyl, or fluopicolide was observed. The results suggest that the risk of P. nicotianae developing resistance to dimethomorph is moderate. A comparison of four full-length cellulose synthase genes between wild-type and dimethomorph-resistant isolates revealed two types of point mutations in the high-resistance mutants. The amino acids changed from glutamine to histidine at position 1077 and from valine to leucine at position 1109, conferring a high resistance to dimethomorph. Based on the point mutations, allele-specific polymerase chain reaction methods were developed to detect dimethomorph resistance in P. nicotianae populations.

Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum is an important plant-pathogenic fungus that causes stem and leaf blight diseases in a variety of crops. Here, we report the characterization of a novel victorivirus, tentatively named "Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum victorivirus 1" (ScVV-1), isolated from the S. cucurbitacearum isolate M-7. The ScVV-1 genome is 5,165 bp in length with a predicted GC content of 60.1% and contains two large open reading frames (ORF 1 and ORF2) encoding putative proteins that share significant sequence similarity with coat proteins (CPs) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) of mycoviruses of the family Totiviridae. The ScVV-1 RdRp appears to be translated using a stop-initiation pentanucleotide UAAUG sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on CP and RdRp amino acid (aa) sequences both indicated that ScVV-1 belongs to the genus Victorivirus in the family Totiviridae. To our knowledge, this is the first full-length genome sequence of a victorivirus infecting S. cucurbitacearum.

为深化对烟草甲嗅觉感受系统的认识,促进其行为调控剂的开发,利用BLASTX在线工具和系统进化分析等生物信息学方法从烟草甲触角转录组数据中挖掘鉴定烟草甲气味受体基因.研究结果表明:①从烟草甲触角转录组中共鉴定出9个气味受体基因(LerOR1～LerOR8、LserOrco).②系统进化树中,烟草甲的LserOR6与光肩星天牛AglaOR22聚在同一个分支,表明它们之间的进化关系更接近.③烟草甲的2个气味受体基因(LserOR5和LserOrco)在触角中表达量相对较高.

为明确沂蒙丘陵生态区蜜甜焦香型特色烟叶的外观识别特征,对取自山东潍坊、日照、临沂等3个烤烟主产地的C2F样品的外观区域特征和外观品质特征进行了评价,与我国其他香型区烟叶进行了比较,并分析了其与常规化学成分及感官质量的关系.结果表明,该区烟叶外观特征为:底色白略偏灰,厚度多为中等,蜡质感弱-中,叶片稍脆硬,叶面叶背色差为小-中,叶尖叶基身份差多为小,光泽亮偏暗,叶面组织较细腻偏粗糙,颜色橘黄,成熟为主,结构尚疏松-疏松,身份多为中等,油分有-,色度中.与其他香型区烟叶相比,底色、柔韧性、叶面组织和光泽为该区烟叶的主要识别指标.相关及逐步回归分析表明,烟叶厚度越厚,则钾、氮碱比、钾氯比及糖碱比越低,烟碱和氯越高,烟叶蜜甜香韵、青香香韵及蜜甜焦香型越明显,香气状态越悬浮,浓度越大,而木香香韵、焦甜香韵及焦香香韵越弱;叶面组织越粗糙,则香气质越好,香气量越足,烟气越细腻柔和.可见,底色白略偏灰、质地稍脆、组织较细腻偏粗糙、光泽亮偏暗为识别该区特色烟叶的主要外观特征,厚度为影响该区烟叶化学成分和感官风格的关键指标,叶面组织为影响烟叶感官品质的关键指标.

为提高象虫金小蜂的室内扩繁效率,采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别选择葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、蜂蜜4种糖源,比较了糖源种类、浓度对象虫金小蜂寿命及繁殖能力的影响.结果表明:饲喂糖源可延长象虫金小蜂雌蜂和雄蜂的寿命,饲喂蜂蜜和果糖后象虫金小蜂雌、雄蜂寿命为对照的5.1～6.7倍,显著高于其他处理.随着糖源浓度的增加,象虫金小蜂雌蜂和雄蜂寿命均呈现先增加后下降趋势.饲喂糖源后,后代总成蜂数增加至118.8～130.0头,显著高于对照,不同浓度间差异不显著.15％(体积分数)的蜂蜜水溶液处理的象虫金小蜂后代雌性成蜂数最多(76.7头),雌性雄性比最高(2.9).蜂蜜和果糖两种糖源对提高象虫金小蜂的寿命较为有效,15％的浓度最有利于提高象虫金小蜂繁殖效率.

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), is a destructive stored product pest worldwide. Adult cigarette beetles are known to rely on host volatiles and pheromones to locate suitable habitats for oviposition and mating, respectively. However, little is known about the chemosensory mechanisms of these pests. Soluble chemoreception proteins are believed to initiate olfactory signal transduction in insects, which play important roles in host searching and mating behaviors. In this study, we sequenced the antennal transcriptome of L. serricorne and identified 14 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 5 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 Niemann-Pick C2 proteins (NPC2). Quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR) results revealed that several genes (LserOBP2, 3, 6, and 14) were predominantly expressed in females, which might be involved in specific functions in this gender. The five LserOBPs (LserOBP1, 4, 8, 10, and 12) that were highly expressed in the male antennae might encode proteins involved in specific functions in males. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the olfactory system in this stored product pest and will assist in the development of efficient and environmentally friendly strategies for controlling L. serricorne.

为明确不同香型产区烟叶外观区域特征及其与感官质量的关系,选取八大香型产区2020年度178份C3F初烤烟叶样品为材料,采用量化赋分、方差分析和聚类分析对不同香型产区烟叶外观区域特征进行分析,并对烟叶外观区域特征与感官质量的关系进行相关分析和回归分析.结果表明:(1)底色和光泽是焦甜醇甜香型、清甜蜜甜香型、蜜甜焦香型烟叶的主要识别依据,蜡质感是识别木香蜜甜香型烟叶的主要依据.(2)清甜香型、蜜甜香型和醇甜香型产区烟叶底色、柔韧性和叶面组织相近,清甜蜜甜香型和焦甜醇甜香型产区烟叶蜡质感、光泽和油润感相近,而木香蜜甜香型和焦甜焦香型产区烟叶厚度、叶面叶背色差和油润感相近.(3)C3F初烤烟叶底色、蜡质感和柔韧性与烟叶感官评吸品质呈显著相关性.八大香型产区烟叶外观区域特征具有明显差异,可为烟叶识别归类和分类使用提供依据.

为揭示象虫金小蜂(Anisopteromalus calandrae)用于生物防治的可行性,以烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)幼虫为寄主,采用室内人工接虫法比较了不同蜂虫比对象虫金小蜂繁殖效率和防治效果的影响,以及象虫金小蜂对不同包装材料的穿透能力.结果表明:① 象虫金小蜂与烟草甲5龄幼虫以2(对):50(头)接虫时,后代羽化雌性成蜂数和总成蜂数最多,且雌蜂比例最大.② 象虫金小蜂不能穿透牛皮纸、纸箱、滤纸和塑料薄膜等包装材料,但可以穿透孔径大于0.18 mm的孔洞.③室内寄生防治效果显示,当蜂虫比大于4(对):100(头)时,象虫金小蜂对烟草甲5龄幼虫的防治效果大于93.44％.表明象虫金小蜂是防治烟草甲的适宜天敌.

为研究利用外观特征快速评判烟叶产区的可行性,以陕西安康、商洛,湖北恩施、宜昌,湖南湘西及重庆黔江等6个产地的24个烤烟C2F烟叶样品为试材,分析了醇甜香型烤烟的外观特征及其与内在品质的相关性.结果表明:①烟叶外观特征为底色白,厚度中等偏薄,蜡质感弱,叶片以较柔软为主、部分柔软,叶面叶背色差小,叶尖叶基身份差小、少量中,光泽亮偏鲜明,叶面组织细腻～较细腻,颜色深浅为桔黄～浅桔黄;颜色桔黄偏柠檬黄,烟叶成熟,结构以尚疏松为主、部分疏松,身份以中等为主、部分稍薄,油分有,色度中偏强.②烟叶外观特征与常规化学成分少数指标呈极显著正相关,叶片越柔软,氯含量(质量分数)相对越高;叶面组织越细腻,淀粉含量相对越高;油分越多,还原糖含量越高.③外观特征与感官品质总体关系较密切,叶面叶背色差越小,烟叶醇甜香韵越明显、焦甜香韵越弱,进而香型越显著,悬浮感越强;叶片越柔软,枯焦气越弱、烟气越细腻柔和;叶片结构越疏松,烟气越细腻柔和;油分越多,枯焦气越弱.因此,叶面叶背色差是影响醇甜香型烟叶风格的关键外观特征指标.

利用SSR荧光标记和毛细管电泳检测技术分析了SSR标记在8个烤烟品种烤后烟叶中的多态性和稳定性.结果表明:PCR产物浓度50～100 ng/μL为毛细管电泳检测较合适的上样浓度;利用83对SSR引物对8个烤烟品种进行PCR扩增,最终确定5对(NTGS66288、PT30250、PT30213、PT52573、PT30170)SSR引物为本研究的核心引物,且多态性分析表明这5对引物能够有效地将8个烤烟品种区分开;8个烤烟品种间的遗传相似性系数为0.30～0.86,当此系数为0.76时,云烟87、NC297、云烟97和中烟100聚为一类,K326和KRK26聚为一类,红花大金元、翠碧1号各自为一类;高通量测序结果显示NTGS66288、PT30250、PT30213、PT52573、PT30170等5个SSR位点基因座的核心重复单元多为简单二碱基重复和三碱基重复,且8个品种之间的差异仅为核心重复单元数量不同.

为研究烟草粉螟基因组信息,基于低深度高通量测序,利用Illumina测序平台对烟草粉螟基因组进行了分析,采用K-mer法预测烟草粉螟基因组大小、杂合度和重复序列等基因组特征,并使用SOAP de novo软件对烟草粉螟基因组进行了初步组装.研究表明:①烟草粉螟预估基因组大小为546.4 Mb,杂合度为1.93％,重复序列比例为48.59％,GC含量为36.9％,属于复杂昆虫基因组.②基因组初步组装后,得到3192823条Contigs,Contig N50为244 bp,组装质量较低.对烟草粉螟基因组的初步研究为后续获得高质量烟草粉螟全基因组信息提供了必要参考.

为探究不同植烟区域烟叶中微量元素差异及其与外观质量指标之间的关系,采集了福建、贵州、河南、湖南、四川、云南6个省份共264个C3F等级初烤烟叶样品,分析了烟叶外观质量并测定了Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg等6种中微量元素的含量.结果表明,我国主要植烟区域烟叶中Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg 6种元素含量范围分别为14.24～452.10 mg/kg、46.62～613.98 mg/kg、1.13～72.79 mg/kg、6.32～123.09 mg/kg、6.14～48.44 g/kg和0.88～7.27 g/kg.烟叶中微量元素含量存在一定区域差异,河南产地烟叶Mn、Zn含量较低,Fe、Cu、Ca含量较高;福建产地规律与之相反;云南、贵州、四川3地烟叶中微量元素含量接近.Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg大多与外观质量间存在一定程度的负相关关系,Mn与外观质量之间存在一定程度的正相关关系;6种元素与外观质量灰色关联度排序为Cu>Zn>Fe>Ca>Mn>Mg;Cu、Zn对烟叶外观质量的影响较大.因此,烟叶生产过程中应注意Cu、Zn的合理施用,以提升烟叶外观品质.

采集我国77个产烟县的中部烟叶样品,进行游离氨基酸含量的测定,分析不同区域尺度下烤烟游离氨基酸的含量与组成,旨在明确我国烤烟游离氨基酸含量的区域分布特征,为烟叶游离氨基酸含量状况的客观评价和不同区域的合理调控提供依据.我国烤烟中部烟叶游离氨基酸总量为5.43～24.08 mg/g,其中脯氨酸、天门冬酰胺、丙氨酸和β-丙氨酸含量较高.黄淮种植区游离氨基酸总量显著高于北方、东南、长江中上游种植区,西南种植区游离氨基酸总量显著高于东南种植区;以游离氨基酸总量为指标进行聚类分析,我国18个植烟省可较好地聚为3类.