ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-Nb2O5 (ZBSN) glass-ceramics were synthesized via glass melt quenching followed by heat treatment at 700-1050 degrees C. FTIR analysis revealed that the high field strength Nb5+ ions preferentially attracted O2-ions within the glass, competing with B3+, Si4+, and Zn2+ ions to form Nb-O bonds, thereby reinforcing the glass network. In-situ FTIR spectrograms further demonstrated that elevated temperatures promoted nucleation and growth of Si4+ and B3+ ions containing crystalline phases, intensifying the competition for O2-ions among these cations. This process amplified vibrational modes associated with B-O-B and Si-O-Si bonds in the structural units. Increasing the Nb2O5 content enhanced network connectivity, suppressing crystallization and increasing the residual glass phase. Consequently, the sintering temperature decreased progressively, while the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) increased. Among the compositions studied, the ZBSN0.5 glass-ceramic sintered at 950 degrees C for 30 min demonstrated optimal properties: CTE = 3.2 ppm/degrees C, epsilon r = 6.2, and Q x f = 19573 GHz.

Environmental pollution has become an increasingly serious issue.Numerous studies have revealed that the increased incidence of cancer and other diseases can be associated with environmental pollution.Pollutants include not only inorganic matter,but also bacteria and organic matter.Photocatalytic breakdown of contaminants in the environment is considered an ideal cleaning technology,and one of the most promising photocatalytic compounds is titanium dioxide(TiO2).However,their utilization efficiency and range are limited because of their narrow energy bandwidth and the quick recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes.Therefore,developing efficient TiO2-based photocatalytic composites is crucial.A simple sol-gel and one-step Marangoni methods were used to efficiently combine TiO2,Ag nanoparticles(AgNPs),and graphene oxide(GO)to make composites of TiO2@Ag-GO with significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity and antibacterial capabilities.GO has multiple catalytically active centers that can efficiently degrade pollutants via photocatalytic reactions.Simultaneously,it can improve charge separation,restrict the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,and boost the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.AgNPs can hold electrons,facilitate charge separation,and release Ag+,making them a material with diverse antibacterial properties.Ag-doped TiO2 sol-gel was prepared by the sol-gel method,and the prepared sol-gel was then coated on the surface of an Si substrate via spin-coating.An anatase-type Ag-doped TiO2 film(TiO2@Ag)was prepared via heat treatment.Finally,the TiO2@Ag-GO nanocomposite photocatalytic material was effectively prepared by transferring a large-area ultrathin GO film,produced via the single-step Marangoni process,onto its surface.The compositions of the films made of TiO2 and TiO2@Ag were examined using X-ray Diffraction(XRD),Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM),High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HRTEM),and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS).the Ag in the TiO2@Ag sample was primarily in the form of Ag2O nanoparticles,and the TiO2 sample was primarily composed of anatase crystals.Ion-release experiments demonstrated that TiO2@Ag-GO could stably release Ag+from Phosphate Buffered Saline(PBS)for at least 12 d.The rates of TiO2 and TiO2@Ag degradation in a 2 h photocatalytic methylene blue degradation test were 42.4 and 52.5％,respectively.Simultaneously,the degradation rate increased considerably after the addition of GO,reaching 74.5％for TiO2@Ag-GO.These findings suggest that Ag doping and GO loading enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.This is because when TiO2 is modified by AgNPs and GO,TiO2 absorbs UV radiation;the electrons generated by TiO2 are transferred to the AgNPs,which demonstrate electron storage capability,serving as electron traps that promote charge separation.In contrast,GO on the semiconductor surface contains numerous catalytically active centers that can efficiently break down pollutants in a photocatalytic reaction.Furthermore,GO significantly enhances photocatalysis by increasing the degree of charge separation and preventing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in the semiconductor.Seeding assays with Gram-negative(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)and Gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus)were used to assess the broad-spectrum antibacterial capabilities of the composites.Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)images and statistical analyses of bacterial adhesion and proliferation revealed that many bacteria attached to and proliferated on the TiO2 surface,and the bacteria tended to aggregate to form colonies.The wrinkled shape of the GO surface prevented bacterial aggregation,resulting in a more even distribution of the bacteria on the TiO2-GO surface,with significantly fewer bacteria present.The TiO2@Ag and TiO2@Ag-GO surfaces drastically reduced the number of bacteria and severely damaged their morphology,demonstrating significant bactericidal activity.AgNPs and Ag+can bind to negatively charged bacterial biofilms,disrupting the bacterial membrane potential,and leading to bacterial death.This simple TiO2-based composite,with significant photocatalytic and antibacterial activities,has considerable potential for use in photocatalytic cleaning.

Implanting vascular stents is regarded as a ground-breaking technique for treating cardiovascular disorders. Thus, advancements in vascular stent technology and stent materials have significant social and economic implications. The development of a surface with bionic endothelial function of nitric oxide (NO) release is always an ideal direction for cardiovascular material modification. However, The NO-release stents will face severe challenges in the oxidative stress microenvironment of atherosclerotic lesions. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can delay scaffold surface re-endothelialization by causing rapidly oxidative inactivation of NO and by causing endothelial cells (ECs) to undergo apoptosis. Regulating the oxidative stress microenvironment is crucial to address the aforementioned issues. In this study, a composite material that contains ultraviolet (UV)-modified and Copper (II) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphine (CuTPP)-loaded titanium dioxide nanotubes (NTs) was presented. CuTPP can efficiently catalyze the decomposition of ROS and also decompose GSNO into NO. As a unique technique, UV irradiation was used to enhance the anticoagulant properties of the CuTPP-loaded NTs (NTs@Cu). In vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that UV treated NTs@Cu maintained strong biocompatibility, anti-thrombosis, ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) regulation, and anti-inflammatory capabilities. This technique might present a fresh idea for developing brand-new NO-release scaffolds.

Background: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes arrays have shown tremendous application foreground due to their unique characters of structure and performance. However, the single bio-function is still the limit on cardiovascular biomaterials. Methods: The loadability function provides the possibility for the TiO2 nanotubes arrays to realize composite multifunction. The copper can catalyze the release of nitric oxide to promote the proliferation of endothelium cells and improve the anticoagulant. Also, zinc can adjust the inflammatory responses to improve anti-inflammation. Results: In this patent work, we co-doped the copper and zinc onto TiO2 nanotubes arrays to estimate the hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility and responses of inflammation. The results showed that copper and zinc could introduce better multi-biofunctions to the TiO2 nanotubes arrays for the application in cardiovascular biomaterials. Conclusion: In summary, the NTs@Cu/Zn sample as a new composite material in this study had significant biocompatibility in vascular implantation and can be used as a potential material for polymer-free drug-eluting stents.

Background: Endothelialization in vitro is a very common method for surface modification of cardiovascular materials. However, mature endothelial cells are not suitable because of the difficulty in obtaining and immunogenicity. Methods: In this patent work, we determined the appropriate amount of copper by constructing a copper-loaded titanium dioxide nanotube array that can catalyze the release of nitric oxide, compared the effects of coupled-/soluble-copper on stem cells, and then induced stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells. Results: The results showed that it had a strong promotion effect on the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells, which might be used for endothelialization in vitro. Conclusion: SEM and EDS results prove that a high content of copper ions are indeed doped onto the surface of nanotubes with small amounts of Cu release. The release of NO confirms that the release of several samples within a period of time is within the physiological concentration.

Dopamine is a small molecule inspired by the dopamine motif of mussel foot proteins, and PDA is formed by the self-polymerization of dopamine. Under the UV-irradiation，PDA would be oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were produced by photocatalytic reactions on TiO2 surfaces，thus regulating the adhesion behavior of endothelial cells (ECs) TiO2 inhibited platelet (Plt) adhesion after UV exposure. Polydopamine (PDA)-TiO2 micropatterns (P-PDA-TiO2) were prepared by magnetron sputtering and photolithography. This micropatterns successfully achieves selective adhesion of Plt and ECs. The selective adhesion of ECs disappears after vacuum reduction. In contrast to conventional cell patterning strategies, P-PDA-TiO2 can easily achieve pattern separation of ECs and Plts and provide a new concept for building complex blood-contacting devices.

Hydrogel dressings not only have basic functions such as swelling, water retention, gas permeability, and good biocompatibility but also can be endowed with advanced functions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, adhesion, hemostasis, and anti-inflammation, which make hydrogels have great application potential in clinical trauma. However, the complexity of the wound healing process makes the development of multifunctional wound dressings a great challenge. In this work, based on the thiol-ene photoclickable PEG hydrogel, the inclusion complex of the hydrophobic drug ellagic acid (EA) with mono-(6-mercapto-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD) participated in the formation of a hydrogel as a crosslinker. The drug EA with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities was introduced into the hydrogel. This strategy increases the loading capacity of the hydrogel for EA and endows the hydrogel with multifunctional properties. Then, dithiothreitol was added to adjust the mechanical stiffness of the hydrogel to meet the requirements of the wound dressing. Our results demonstrated that this wound dressing has excellent cytocompatibility, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the results of the infected wound healing model experiment in rats confirmed that the hydrogel has the ability to rapidly shrink the wound area, prevent wound infection, and promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition. All these results suggest that this hydrogel could be a candidate for the treatment of infected wounds and shed new light on the development of multifunctional wound dressings.

Titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are two titanium-based coatings commonly used in cardiovascular stent surface engineering. Generally, TiN has good mechanical properties and endothelial cell (ECs) compatibility but poor anticoagulant properties and cannot modulate cell growth orientation and morphology. TiO2 has excellent corrosion resistance and biosafety. Besides, TiO2 has the photocatalytic anticoagulant property, which can migrate to other materials tens of microns away. Based on the above properties, a striped TiO2-TiN micropattern coating was designed and fabricated in this study, and the coating was photofunctionalized by UV irradiation. The obtained photo-functionalized TiO2-TiN micropattern coating showed anticoagulant properties by the migrating effect of the photocatalytic anticoagulant property of TiO2. Besides, the TiO2-TiN micropattern coatings showed ECs compatibility. Furthermore, the growth orientation and cell shape of ECs on TiO2-TiN samples were effectively regulated by the stripe pattern's contact guidance effect, which was particularly evident on the photo-functionalized TiO2-TiN samples. We envision that this photofunctionalized TiO2-TiN striped micropattern coating has significant potential for the surface engineering of vascular stents.

Dopamine has been widely used for surface modification of cardiovascular medical devices as it forms films on most substrates that provide functional groups for surface chemical modification. However, under oxidative stress, the phenolic hydroxyl group on dopamine can undergo reversible transformation into phenol-semiquinone-quinone, which can cause cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. In this study, we measured the effects of semiquinone on the behavior of vascular wall cells and inflammatory cells under oxidative stress via ultraviolet irradiation with a hydrogen peroxide diluent. Na 2 S 2 O 3 was used as a stabilizer to obtain a semiquinone-rich poly-dopamine film, then phenol-semiquinone-quinone ratio on its surface was evaluated at three irradiation-oxidation time points. We found that the poly-dopamine film with ultraviolet irradiation in hydrogen peroxide solution for 15 min had the highest semiquinone occupancy of 19.18%. In the experimental group irradiated for 15 min, endothelial cells were cultured statically for 3 days and the number of surface adherent endothelial cells in the group with added semiquinone stabilizer was reduced to 73% of that in the group without stabilizer, indicating that semiquinone rich surface inhibits adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells; Smooth muscle cells were cultured statically for 3 days, and the number of adherent smooth muscle on surfaces without stabilizer was reduced to 75% of that on surfaces with stabilizer added, indicating that semiquinone rich surfaces promote smooth muscle proliferation. These results demonstrate that semiquinone can adversely affect the repair effect after implantation of cardiovascular materials. Therefore, our study provides a reference for the application and optimization of dopamine in cardiovascular implant materials.

Coronary atherosclerosis is closely related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Owing to poor biocompatibility, lack of personalized treatment, and late toxic side effects, traditional drug-eluting stent intervention, releasing antiproliferative drugs, can delay endothelial repair and cause late thrombosis. The inflammation caused by atherosclerosis results in an acidic microenvironment and oxidative stress, which can be considered as triggers for precise and intelligent treatment. Here, we used catechol hyaluronic acid (C-HA) and cystamine (Cys) to prepare C-HA-Cys hydrogel coatings by amide reaction. The H2S-releasing donor allicin was loaded in the hydrogel to form an intelligent biomimetic coating. The disulfide bond of Cys made the cross-linked network redox-responsive to the inflammation and oxidative stress in the microenvironment by releasing the drug and H2S intelligently to combat the side effects of stent implantation. This study evaluated the hemocompatibility, anti-inflammatory capacity, vascular wall cytocompatibility, and in vivo histocompatibility of this intelligent hydrogel coating. Furthermore, the effect of H2S released from the coating on atherosclerosis-related signaling pathways such as CD31 and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), CD36, and ACAT-1 was investigated. Our results indicate that the C-HA-Cys-Allicin hydrogel coating could be manufactured on the surface of vascular interventional devices to achieve a precise response to the microenvironment of the lesion to release drug, which can attain the purpose of prevention of in-stent restenosis and ensure the effectiveness and safety of the application of interventional devices.

Blood contact materials require strong anti-fouling capabilities to avoid thrombus formation. Recently, TiO2-based photocatalytic antithrombotic treatment has gained focus. Nevertheless, this method is restricted to titanium materials with photocatalytic abilities. This study offers an alternative solution that can be applied to a broader range of materials: piranha solution treatment. Our findings revealed that the free radicals generated by the treatment effectively altered the surface physicochemical properties of various inorganic materials, enhancing their surface hydrophilicity and oxidizing organic contaminants, thus improving their antithrombotic properties. Additionally, the treatment resulted in contrasting effects on the cellular affinity of SS and TiO2. While it significantly reduced the adhesion and proliferation of SMCs on SS surfaces, it significantly enhanced these on TiO2 surfaces. These observations suggested that the impact of the piranha solution treatment on the cellular affinity of biomaterials was closely tied to the intrinsic properties of the materials. Thus, materials suitable for piranha solution treatment could be selected based on the functional requirements of implantable medical devices. In conclusion, the broad applicability of piranha solution surface modification technology in both blood-contact and bone implant materials highlights its promising prospects.

Endowing materials with catalytic activities analogous to those of the natural endothelium to thus enhance their biological performance has become an option for constructing advanced blood-contact materials. The electron transfer between Cu2+ and Cu+ in the porphyrin center can catalyze the reaction of GSH and GSNO to generate NO, and this electron transfer can also catalyze the decomposition of ROS. Based on this, we created a dual-catalytic surface possessing NO-generating and ROS-scavenging activities to better mimic the versatile catalytic abilities of the endothelium. Copper tetraphenylporphyrin/titanium dioxide nanoparticles (CuTPP/TiO2-NPs) exhibiting excellent NO-generating and ROS-scavenging activities were synthesized and immobilized on the material surface to form a dual-catalytic film (CuTPP/TiO2-film) with the help of the catechol chemistry technique. Unlike most single catalytic surfaces, the dual-catalytic CuTPP/TiO2-film effectively regulated the microenvironment surrounding the implanted device by releasing NO signaling molecules and scavenging harmful ROS. This dual-catalytic film exhibited excellent biosafety and biocompatibility with anti-thrombosis, vascular wall cells (ECs and SMCs) modulation, and anti-inflammatory properties. We envision that this dual-catalytic endothelial bionic strategy may provide a promising solution to the clinical problems plaguing blood-contact devices and provide a novel basis for the further development of surface catalytic-engineered biomaterials.

In-stent restenosis (ISR) and late thrombosis, usually caused by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and delayed endothelial layer repair, respectively, are the main risks for the failure of vascular stent implantation. For years, modification of stents with biomolecules that could selectively inhibit SMC proliferation and support endothelial cell (EC) growth had drawn extensive attention. However, the modulatory effect of these biomolecules faces the impact of oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia of the pathological vascular microenvironment, which is caused by the stent implantation injury and atherosclerosis lesions. Here, we modified stents with a natural and multi-functional flavonoid, baicalin (BCL), using poly-dopamine (PDA) coating technology to combat the harmful impact of the pathological microenvironment. Stent with an appropriate BCL immobilization density (approximately 2.03 μg/cm2) successfully supported ECs growth while inhibited SMC proliferation. Furthermore, baicalin-modified surfaces regulated the oxidative stress, inflammation, and high-lipid of the pathological microenvironment to inhibit endothelial dysfunction and the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage foam cells formation. In vivo results showed that baicalin-modified stents exhibited significant anti-ISR, anti-inflammatory, and endothelialization-promoting functions. Our study suggests that the multi-functional baicalin with pathological microenvironment-regulation (PMR) effect has potential use in the surface engineering of cardiovascular devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Empowering vascular stents with selective modulation of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells by surface technology has become an important research direction for stent surface engineering. However, stent coatings that can furthermodulate the pathological microenvironment of blood vessels have been rarely reported. In this study, we constructed a multifunctional coating based on a flavonoid, baicalin, which can selectively modulate vascular wall cells and improve the pathological microenvironment. This study may provide a reference for developing advanced vascular stents.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used because of their excellent antimicrobial properties. However, the poor hemocompatibility limits the application of AgNPs in blood contact materials. General approaches to improve the hemocompatibility of AgNPs-containing surfaces are to construct barrier layers or co-immobilize anticoagulant biomolecules. But such modification strategies are often cumbersome to prepare and have limited applications. Therefore, this study proposes a simple UV-photo-functionalization strategy to improve the hemocompatibility of AgNPs. We loaded AgNPs onto titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to form a composite nanoparticles (Ag@TiO2NPs). Then, UV treatment was performed to the Ag@TiO2NPs, utilizing the diffusible photo-induced anticoagulant properties of TiO2 nanoparticles to enhance the hemocompatibility of AgNPs. After being deposited onto the PU surface, the photo-functionalized Ag@TiO2NPs coating showed excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria. Besides, In vitro and ex-vivo experiments demonstrated that the photo-functionalized Ag@TiO2NPs coating had desirable hemocompatibility. This modification strategy can provide a new solution idea to improve the hemocompatibility of metal nanoparticles.

The efferocytosis defect is regarded as a pivotal event of atherosclerosis. The failure to clear apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic plaques under vascular stents causes a failure to resolve the inflammation underneath. However, efferocytosis repair is still confined to nonstenting therapeutics. Here, we identified a pro-efferocytotic agent and accordingly developed a bioresponsive pro-efferocytotic vascular stent aimed for poststenting healing. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells were found to be able to regulate efferocytosis via SLC2a1, STAT3/RAC1, and CD300a pathways and modulate foam cell formation processes through a CD36-mediated pathway. Pro-efferocytotic exosomes were encapsulated into liposome-based multivesicular chambers and grafted onto vascular stents. The multivesicular vesicles were able to release exosomes under the Lp-PLA2 environment. Compared to bare metal stents, exosome-stents in the presence of Lp-PLA2 enhanced the ratio of apoptotic cell clearance and reduced the neointimal thickness in the mal-efferocytotic rat model. Overall, we identified a pro-efferocytic agent─exosomes that are able to regulate target cells via multiple signaling pathways and are good candidates to serve complex pathological environments, and this bioresponsive pro-efferocytotic vascular stent is an attractive approach for prevention of poststenting complications.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used biomaterial. It is a great challenge to confer antibacterial and antithrombotic properties to TiO2 while maintaining its cell affinity. Here, we developed a new strategy to achieve the above goal by comprehensively controlling the chemical cues and geometrical cues of the surface of TiO2. Using colloidal etching technology and UV irradiation treatment, we obtained the photofunctionalized nano-micro-honeycomb structured TiO2. The honeycomb structured increased the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, which endowed TiO2 with photo-induced superhydrophilicity to inhibit bacterial adhesion. The high photocatalytic activity also induced the strong photocatalytic oxidation of TiO2 surface organic adsorbates to suppress fibrinogen and platelet attachment. In addition, owing to the micropore trapping-isolation effect on the bacteria and the nano-frames' contact guidance effect on the growth and spreading of platelet pseudopods, the honeycomb structure also shows a considerable inhibiting effect on bacterial and platelet adhesion. Therefore, due to the controlled chemical and geometrical cues' synergistic effect, the photo-functionalized TiO2 honeycomb structure shows excellent bacterial-adhesion resistance and antithrombotic properties. More importantly, the photo-functionalized TiO2 honeycomb did not inhibit the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells (ECs) after culturing for 3 d, indicating a good cell affinity that the traditional antifouling surfaces do not possess.

Coronary atherosclerotic lesions exhibit a low-pH chronic inflammatory response. Due to insufficient drug release control, drug-eluting stent intervention can lead to delayed endothelialization, advanced thrombosis, and unprecise treatment. In this study, hyaluronic acid and chitosan were used to prepare pH-responsive self-assembling films. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing aspirin derivative ACS14 was used as drug in the film. The film regulates the release of the drug adjusted to the microenvironment of the lesion, and the drug balances the vascular function by releasing the regulating gas H2S, which comparably to NO promotes the self-healing capacity of blood vessels. Drug releasing profiles of the films at different pH, and other biological effects on blood vessels were evaluated through blood compatibility, cellular, and implantation experiments. This novel method of self-assembled films which H2S in an amount, which is adjusted to the condition of the lesion provides a new concept for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Vascular stents suffer from in-stent restenosis and late thrombosis, which are closely related to adverse foreign body responses and a pathological microenvironment of oxidative stress. To alleviate these problems, we constructed a biological stealth and anti-oxidative stress titanium dioxide (TiO2) vascular stent by the stepwise assembly of functional proteins. In vitro, a photo-activated TiO2 (TiO2-UV) surface with traces of aldehyde groups and superhydrophilicity was used to immobilize the few-layer catalase (approximately 85% surface occupancy) in low secondary structure denaturation and covalent binding (TiO2-UV-CAT). When implanted in vivo, the TiO2-UV-CAT surface unoccupied by catalase selectively immobilized autologous albumin in blood. Autologous albumin was more dominant in competitive adsorption with fibrinogen (FGN) on TiO2-UV-CAT than on TiO2-UNT-CAT (catalase adsorbed untreated TiO2). Based on the synergistic effect of autologous albumin and catalase, TiO2-UV-CAT inhibited fibrinogen-platelet-mediated coagulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and protected endothelial cells (ECs) from free radical damage. In addition, the in vivo inflammatory response to bovine catalase as a heterologous protein on the TiO2-UV-CAT was eliminated. This might have been due to the low secondary structure denaturation of immobilized catalase and the cloaking effect of rat autologous albumin. Finally, TiO2 vascular stents modified with catalase and autologous albumin exhibited excellent biocompatibility in vivo. This stepwise assembly of enzyme and autologous albumin on the photo-activated TiO2 surface could be a feasible surface engineering strategy for vascular stents. The study findings could provide new ideas for tailoring the biological function and improving the biocompatibility of implantable devices.

Spinal fusion cages are commonly used to treat spinal diseases caused by degenerative changes, deformities, and trauma. At present, most of the main clinical spinal fusion cage products are non-degradable and still cause some undesirable side effects, such as the stress shielding phenomenon, interference with postoperative medical imaging, and obvious foreign body sensation in patients. Degradable spinal fusion cages have promising potential with extensive perspectives. The purpose of this study was to fabricate a degradable spinal fusion cage from both polycaprolactone (PCL) and high-proportion beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), using the highly personalised, accurate, and rapid fused deposition modelling 3 D printing technology. PCL and β-TCP were mixed in three different ratios (60:40, 55:45, and 50:50). Both in vitro degradation and cell experiments proved that all cages with the different PCL:β-TCP ratios met the mechanical properties of human cancellous bone while maintaining their structural integrity. The biological activity of the cages improved with higher amounts of the β-TCP content. This study also showed that a spinal fusion cage with high β-TCP content and suitable mechanical properties can be manufactured using extruding rods and appropriate models, providing a new solution for the design of degradable spinal fusion cages.