随着人们对健康的重视程度越来越高,尤其是近几年受到新冠疫情的冲击,抗菌材料的研究和应用逐渐成为研究的热点.在材料中添加抗菌剂是最常见、最简便有效的加工方法.抗菌剂的活性对抗菌材料的效果和使用产生很大的影响.光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂具有抗菌效果高、持效性强等优势.本文阐述了光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂的抗菌机理、种类及应用,重点介绍了无机抗菌剂中的金属氧化物及掺杂型金属氧化物光催化抗菌剂的研究现状及目前存在的问题,展望了未来光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂的应用前景和研究方向.

Hydrotalcite analogues（LDHs）composed of divalent and trivalent metal ionsis a kind of inorganic material which has a layered structure and can realize ion exchange. Itcan be used in coatings to replace zinc-containing fillers and achieve high anticorrosionperformance in the future. The surface modification by silane and titanate coupling agents canimprove the interfacial compatibility between LDHs and resin,and the anions and cationsmodifications can improve the ion exchange flux. The modified LDHs has good overallperformance to match the coating protection requirements. In this paper,the composition,structure,synthesis methods,performance characterizations and applications of LDHs werereviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods were analyzed andcompared. The effects of LDHs on the performance of anti-corrosion coatings were discussedin terms of the basic anti-corrosion mechanism and multi-functional synergistic protection.The key to the industrialization of LDHs for coatings was proposed.

In the field of cooling materials, ZnTiO3 (ZT) is still a new member that needs to be further studied. In this paper, pure cubic ZT was synthesized by the sol-gel method, and the effect of calcination temperature on ZT synthesis was investigated. The hydrophobic modification was carried out on ZT to prepare near-infrared reflective thermal insulation functional composite coatings based on silicone resin (SI). Compared with unmodified ZT (U-ZT), the modified ZT (M-ZT) exhibits better dispersion in the SI matrix, contributing to improved solar reflectance and anti-graffiti performance. The EnergyPlus software was used to simulate energy consumption in the air conditioning system. The excellent chemical stability and high NIR reflectance made the synthesized pigments potential candidates for energy-saving coatings. The simulation showed that homeowners could save $10.29 a month by applying an energy-efficient coating consisting of ZT to the walls and roofs of their buildings. Besides, these coatings show potential anti-graffiti application due to the exceptional repellency of coated surfaces against water-based ink, oily red marker, and paint.

The most notable features of polyurea are its fast reaction, energy-saving and high efficiency. In order to meet the needs of environmental protection, waterborne polyurea (WPUA) has become a research hotspot. However, the presence of hydrophilic groups in WPUA reduces its solvent resistance, heat resistance and mechanical properties. Therefore, it is necessary and valuable to develop a high-performance WPUA. In this study, epoxy-modified waterborne polyurea (WPUAE) emulsions were prepared using epoxy resin as a modifier. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that E44 was successfully introduced into the molecular chain of WPUA. The WPUAE was tested for gel fraction, adhesion, contact angle, solvent resistance, tensile properties and thermal stability. The results showed that when the E44 content was 8 wt%, the performance of WPUAE was best, the adhesion of WPUAE coating film was 1.53 MPa, the gel fraction, water contact angle, water absorption, toluene absorption, tensile strength and decomposition temperature were 96.94%, 70.3°, 16.43%, 131.04%, 9.05 MPa and 365 °C, respectively. The results showed that epoxy resin as an emulsion modifier improved the comprehensive properties of WPUA.

透明隔热涂料因其环保、节能和良好的视觉效果而日益受到研究者和相关产业界重视.为了发挥透明隔热涂料的透明和隔热功能,通常在隔热涂料制备过程中添加隔热填料,尤其是掺杂型的纳米填料.本文对透明隔热涂料用纳米金属氧化物填料的结构、制备、尺寸、形貌、光学性能和应用进行了系统阐述,同时探讨了纳米金属氧化物对透明隔热涂料性能的影响因素.不同的纳米金属氧化物对于各个波段的可见光透过和近红外屏蔽的程度各不相同.降低原料成本、环境友好并简便的合成方法和工业化生产,仍是透明隔热涂料发展亟需解决的问题.

本文以21个省1121户退耕农户在1998～2018年间6个退耕还林政策关键年份的面板数据为基础,从收入贫困和多维贫困两个方面评估退耕还林的动态减贫效应.研究发现,退耕还林实现了动态持续减贫,从1998年到2018年,农户收入贫困和多维贫困发生率均显著下降,退耕还林平均降低收入贫困发生率7.52个百分点,减贫贡献率接近30％.计量分析结果证实,退耕还林补助和退耕地收入显著地降低了退耕农户的贫困发生率.随着退耕补助标准降低,退耕还林减贫的贡献总体趋于降低.农村经济发展和结构变化的减贫作用趋于增强,与退耕还林减贫措施形成互补,共同构成了不复耕、不返贫的底线.由是,发展中国家在实施生态修复工程的同时,需持续推动农村减贫.退耕补助减贫效应显著但属于阶段性,从长期看,农村减贫总体仍依赖于经济发展.

回顾我国集体林权改革的主要进展,介绍产权四模式的主要观点,提出深化集体林权改革的思考和建议。研究发现,林权改革没有统一的格式,产权四模式总结了发展中国家林权改革的一些规律,可以为我国集体林改所借鉴;与其他模式相比,财产权模式对我国集体林改影响最大,明晰产权、提高效率一直是集体林改的目标;农业结构模式明确提出的市场机制可能带来产权不安全的问题需要引起重视;制度模式主张政府发挥产权改革的主导作用、制定法律法规巩固产权的主张对深化林权改革有重要借鉴意义;共有产权模式提出的保留共有森林资源为贫困人口提供"一席之地"的主张,为减贫和乡村振兴提供思路。在结束明晰产权主体改革任务之后,应将工作重点转向制定相关法律法规巩固产权改革成果、维护农户林权利益;在推动林地规模化经营中,要谨慎推进森林资源金融化,防止出现"代价高昂的不平等";充分认识集体林权改革的复杂性、艰巨性和长期性,将林改工作从工程式运作逐渐转向常规监管,加强林权管理。

“一带一路”建设是我们党和国家顺应时代发展趋势,提出的一项与相关国家互利共赢、提升规划区域内整体发展水平的重大倡仪.云南省作为我国与南亚东南亚双向开放重要门户,兼具国际区域合作的区位优势,丰富的生物多样性及特殊生态系统的资源优势.在习总书记对云南的发展战略思想指导下,依据现有的国家、省地资源、经济条件和未来的发展目标,云南省应科学谋划好生态保护与区域发展蓝图,为“建设生物多样性宝库、西南生态安全屏障和森林云南”的总体部署做出贡献.

本文采用调研获取的17省1757个农户调查数据,运用Binary Logistic回归模型实证分析了退耕区农户的复耕意愿及其影响因素.研究发现:后退耕时代下,退耕区农户的复耕意愿较低.户主的性别、年龄、农户家庭的劳动力数量显著影响农户的复耕意愿;退耕区农户家庭类型呈现多元化,农户的异质性会削弱农户的复耕意愿;农户的行为、态度和主观规范显著影响农户的复耕意愿,其中对政策了解透彻、参与工程建设、对工程满意度高的农户复耕意愿较低.同时,退耕区农户具有较强的退耕意愿,退耕积极性越高的农户发生复耕的概率越大;退耕农户预期本村复耕发生的比例处于较低水平上,复耕预期比例低的农户,其复耕意愿也低.此外,退耕地收成和退耕补助依然是影响农户复耕意愿的重要因素;农户的复耕意愿具有明显的区域差异.

Background Farming on sloping lands has historically led to forest loss and degradation in China, which coupled with unsustainable timber extraction activities, was deemed responsible for catastrophic flooding events in the late 1990s. These events led to the introduction of forest policies targeting ecological conservation and rural development in China, a process epitomized by the launch of the conversion of cropland to forest program (CCFP) in 1999. This systematic review responds to the question: What are the environmental and socioeconomic effects of China’s Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program after the first 15 years of implementation? Methods Based on the published protocol, we searched for English language studies published between 1999 and 2014, and screened them for relevance and eligibility in two stages (titles and abstracts followed by full texts), after which they were further assessed for potential sources of bias before data extraction and analyses. Following initial screening of 879 titles and abstracts, 169 studies underwent full text screening, followed by 61 studies being subjected to quality assessment. Eighteen papers did not meet minimum quality criteria, while the remaining 43 papers were eligible and underwent data extraction and subsequent analyses. Among the final set of 43 studies were four national-level studies, seven regional-level studies, and 32 county-level (or below) studies. The majority of studies were published after 2009 and evaluated impacts within the first 5 years of CCFP implementation, such that the long-term impacts of the program remain open for further investigation. Results A skewed temporal and geographic distribution of the examined studies limits the generalizability of the results, though the evidence base confirms a substantial increase in forest cover and associated carbon stocks linked to reallocation of sloping agricultural land to forest. To some degree, soil erosion has been controlled and flood risk reduced at local scales. Meanwhile household incomes have increased and rural employment has readjusted towards off-farm sectors. However, some studies also indicate instances of diminished food security and increasing social inequality. Finally, several studies indicate suboptimal regional or localized trade-offs among specific ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration vs. water discharge rates, flood control vs. riparian soil replacement, and forest productivity vs. biodiversity. Conclusions Additional research on long-term environmental impacts and program effects in under-studied regions, particularly southern and western provinces, is necessary. In terms of recommendations for future research on the CCFP, there is a significant need to examine confounding factors, ideally through the selection of matching control groups to CCFP participants, and to ensure that sampling methodologies are more representative of selected study sites and the overall targeted area. There remain many opportunities to assess specific socioecological effects, upon which to base future policy decisions and more broadly inform ecological restoration and eco-compensation in both theory and practice.

本文以计划行为理论为基础,采用调研获取的17省(市、自治区)1757个农户调查数据,运用因子分析、最优尺度回归模型实证分析了中国退耕还林还草地区复耕可能性及其影响因素的区域差异.结果表明,退耕区复耕可能性具有明显的区域差异,依据复耕可触性的大小可以划分为复耕可能性较高和较低两类地区.退耕区农户的复耕意愿是影响退耕区复耕可能性的主要因素之一,但非最重要因素,在复耕可能性较高的地区,退耕补贴依然是影响该地区农户复耕决策的重要因素,农户做出复耕决策受本地区其它农户的影响较大.在复耕可能性较低的地区,退耕农户较高的退耕积极性降低了复耕发生的概率,农户的复耕意愿和复耕预期对复耕可能性的影响程度也随着自身知识水平的提升而降低,退耕补贴已经不再是该地区农户复耕决策中重要的考虑因素,因此在政策设计上应考虑降低或停止农户的退耕补助,探索构建以碳交易为主的市场化补贴机制.此外,两类地区退耕农户均十分注重工程的实施效果,在政策设计中应加强对工程后期成果的维护.

S100 Ca2+-binding protein A1 (S100A1) is an important regulator of myocardial contractility. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of S100A1 activity via profiling the protein expression in rats administered with an S100A1 adenovirus (Ad-S100A1-EGFP) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). LTQ OrbiTrap mass spectrometry was used to profile the protein expression in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP and control groups post-AMI. Using Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis, 134 energy metabolism-associated proteins, which comprised 20 carbohydrate metabolism-associated and 27 lipid metabolism associated proteins, were identified as differentially expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP hearts compared with controls. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins identified were important enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The present study identified 12 Ca2+-binding proteins and 22 cytoskeletal proteins. The majority of the proteins expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group were upregulated compared with the control group. These results were further validated using western blot analysis. Following AMI, Ca2+ is crucial for the recovery of myocardial function in S100A1 transgenic rats as indicated by the upregulation of proteins associated with energy metabolism and Ca2+-binding. Thus, the current study ascertained that energy production and contractile ability were enhanced after AMI in the ventricular myocardium of the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group.

本文主要通过运用SWOT分析工具，立足于实际，分析河北省黄骅市农村信用社的发展情况，以期对农村信用社的发展做出借鉴。

Background Agricultural activities on sloping lands have historically led to forest loss and degradation in China which, coupled with industrial pressures on the environment, were deemed responsible for catastrophic flooding events in the late 1990s. After these events, China’s forest policy underwent a significant reorientation towards ecological conservation and rural development, a process epitomized by the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP). Launched in 1999, the CCFP integrates both socioeconomic and environmental objectives with the aim of reforesting smallholder cropland on sloping lands, while compensating farmers with payments for their lost income. Following 15 years of implementation, it is timely to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the state of knowledge about the CCFP’s impacts on human populations and the environment. Methods/design The primary research question asks “What socioeconomic and environmental effects has the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program had on human populations and land resources during its first 15 years in China?” We use a theory of change and a Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome (PICO) framework to structure our systematic review, where populations of interest consist of both human populations and land resources targeted by the program, while the intervention of interest is the CCFP as defined by its component activities, including compensatory subsidies, skill-training, and enforcement with field checks. Outcomes are defined as both the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the program. We will conduct a search for relevant English and Chinese language literature on Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS (FAO), and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Search results will be screened for relevance in a two stage process (titles and abstracts, followed by full texts) based on predefined eligibility criteria, and then further assessed for potential sources of bias. Extraction of data from those studies that have passed full-text screening will follow a coding protocol based on the PICO framework, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of the extracted data will be conducted and synthesized. Finally, a narrative report will present the findings of the review, alongside a geographic map illustrating the coverage of included studies compared with the actual implementation area of the CCFP.

随着农村经济的不断发展，越来越多的银行纷纷伸向农村，这使得农信社面临着机遇和挑战。通过分析农信社的现状和问题，立足于实际，提出更适合农村信用社发展的对策和理论建议。

China's Conversion of Cropland to Forests Program (CCFP) is the world's largest afforestation-based Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program, having retired and afforested over 24 million ha involving 32 million rural households. Prior research has primarily focused on the CCFP's rural welfare impacts, with few studies on program-induced environmental improvements, particularly at the household level. In this study, data from a 2010 survey covering 2808 rural households from across China was analyzed using an interval regression model to explain household-reported survival rates of trees planted on program-enrolled cropland. In addition to household-level factors, we explore the influence of local conditions and institutional configurations by exploiting the wide diversity of contexts covered by the data set. We find that households with more available labor and more forestry experience manage trees better, but that higher opportunity costs for both land and labor have the opposite effect. We also find that the local implementation regime- e.g., the degree of prior consultation with participants and regular monitoring - has a strong positive effect on reported survivorship. We suggest that the level of subsidy support to participating households will be key to survivorship of trees in planted CCFP forests for some time to come.

According to the distribution of grain for green counties and investigators,six provinces of 793 rural households were conducted with a questionnaire survey in Northwest China.The achievements consolidated and problems on grain for green are analyzed,and conclusions and policy recommendations are proposed at last.Study found that in the past 10 years,grain for green has made remarkable achievements.Households support the policy of grain for green policy.But problems are as follows: the participation of forest tenure reform in rural areas is not active,it should be improved;the follow-up industrial development lags behind,need to expedite the development;new energy development and utilization is not enough,should be continued to strengthen;grain for green land is poor management,should be increased with technical inputs and intensive operations.

The paper describethe relationship of forestry with national economic development, livelihood, land use and other natural resources based on China’s and other countries experiences. It points out that in a matured econ omy, ecological forestry has broad potential; in long run, traditional forestry contribution in national economy tends to decline, but green forestry has great potential; the competition between forestland and cropland always ex ist, but in long run, forestland tends to expand; as a natural resources, in some circumstances there are more pressing demands for the land that forests occupy,although forests, forest products and forest-based ecosystem servicesare es sential.In order to fulfill the goal of build a beautiful China, it is suggest that design forests in the process of urban ization, develop green forestry, strengthen forest environmental accounting and speed up sustainable forest manage ment.

The subsidies pilot policy for forest tending is a significant breakthrough in our country after forest eco logical benefit compensation fund system of forestry policies,it is also a major measure of national public financial support for forestry ecological construction,meeting the needs of people to the forestry multi-function.We investi gated the subsidies pilot for forest tending at Kaihua and Longquan counties in Zhejiang province.The paper con ducted the cost estimates of forest tending by seven cases,discussed the subsidy standards,subsidy objects,tending in tensity,tending scale,tending frequency,tending implementing subject and tending residue processing,as the same time,we put forward to some policy recommendations on improving central government subsidies standards in Zhe jiang province.