Context: A reasonable planting pattern can increase grain yield by enhancing the utilization rate of light and water resources for crops. Methods: This study developed an optimized ridge-furrow sowing pattern, namely the High-Low Seed Beds (HLB) planting pattern. Specifically, the traditional ridge and furrow were optimized into high beds (HLB-H) and low beds (HLB-L), respectively, and a two-year field comparative experiment was conducted with the traditional planting pattern as the control (CK). Results: The HLB pattern regulated crop population characteristics by optimizing the spatial distribution of soil water. Specifically, compared with CK, the number of ineffective tillers and plant height in HLB-H were significantly reduced by 11.2%-16.9% and 8.1%-13.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). Over two experimental years, the light transmission ratio (L TR ) of the middle and lower leaf positions in the HLB-L was similar to that in the CK. Nevertheless, the average L TR of the corresponding leaf positions in HLB-H was 16.6% and 25.0% greater than that in CK, respectively. The HLB pattern also increased the canopy light interception area (LIA) of wheat in HLB-H by forming a wavy canopy surface. Compared with CK, the LIA of HLB-H increased by 13.2%-17.6% at jointing stage and 18.3% -18.9% at anthesis stages. During the middle and late grain filling stages, the HLB pattern effectively delayed leaf senescence, thereby maintaining a relatively high green leaf area (GLA) and net photosynthetic rate (P-n) in wheat plants. It is particularly worth noting that under the HLB pattern, although HLB-H and HLB-B adopted distinct grain weight accumulation pathways through different "filling rate-filling duration" balance optimization strategies, both have achieved the purpose of increasing wheat grain weight. In addition, relative to CK, the HLB pattern reduced soil moisture consumption and thereby increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. Over two testing years, the WUE of wheat under the HLB pattern was 19.9% and 19.0% greater than that in the CK, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the HLB pattern improved the plant canopy structure by optimizing soil moisture spatial distribution. This, in turn, promoted the efficient utilization of water and light resources, enhanced grain-filling characteristics, and thereby increased both grain yield and WUE of wheat.

A long-term positioning experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2021 to determine the appropriate tillage method for rapidly improving soil quality in reclaimed land. Four tillage methods were arranged before winter wheat sowing: deep tillage (DT), shallow tillage (ST), DT-ST alternate rotation (DST) and no tillage (NT). The results showed that: (1) with increasing reclamation years, ST, DT and DST had lower soil bulk density (SBD) and higher soil total porosity (STP) and soil capillary porosity (SCP) compared to NT. In the early stage of reclamation, ST had the lowest SBD and the highest STP and soil non-capillary porosity (NCP) in 0-20 cm soil layer, DT had the highest SCP and lowest NCP. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, DT has the lowest SBD and highest STP and SCP, followed by DST. In the late stage, SBD of each soil layer was NT > ST > DT > DST, while STP and SCP were NT < ST < DT < DST. (2) Different tillage methods influenced soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation by affecting carbon sequestration rate (CSR). As opposed to NT, DT rapidly increased SOC of 0-40 cm soil layer in the early stages of reclamation, whereas DST facilitates maintaining higher SOC in the later stages. As compared to DT and DST, ST contributed more to SOC accumulation in surface soil, but less to SOC accumulation in deep soil. (3) Different tillage methods had various influences on SOC stratification ratio (SR). During the initial reclamation stage, NT had the lowest SR. Nevertheless, NT and ST maintained their high SR in the subsequent stage, whereas the SR of DT and DST experienced a notable decline due to the increase in SOC in deep soil. (4) It was observed that ST, DT and DST had higher grain yields compared with NT. The correlation analysis showed that DT improved soil properties by promoting SOC accumulation, increasing SCP and reducing NCP, thus increasing grain yield in the early stage of reclamation, while in the later stage of reclamation, DST can maintain better soil quality by reducing SBD and maintaining higher STP, SCP and SOC, and balanced the reasonable distribution of soil nutrients between the upper and lower soil layers by reducing SR of SOC, which helps the crop to maintain higher grain yields over time.

To address the low estimation accuracy of the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) directly induced by imprecise extraction of plant canopy temperature (Tc) from thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, this study used UAV visible imagery of winter wheat under different water and nitrogen regimes to calculate the Green Leaf Index (GLI) for canopy mask construction, which was then overlaid with TIR imagery to extract Tc, and subsequently multigradient extreme pixel elimination ratios were applied to identify the optimal method for Tc extraction. Subsequently, the extracted Tc are categorized into distinct pixel distribution intervals based on the standard normal distribution, and the interval-specific Crop Water Stress Index (CWSIF) is calculated using the mean canopy temperature (TF) of each interval. Thereafter, rigorous regression analysis was performed for the derived CWSIF variants against key crop physiological indicators to determine the most sensitive CWSIF values corresponding to each indicator for subsequent practical applications. The results indicate that proper removal of extreme pixels enhanced the consistency between UAV TIR-retrieved temperature and in-situ measured temperature. Excluding 3 % of extreme pixels from both ends of the Tc distribution histogram yielded a relatively optimal level of this consistency, thus enabling more accurate characterization of the actual Tc of crop. CWSIF values derived from the TF across different Tc pixel distribution intervals differed significantly. Regression analysis showed that the sensitive CWSIF corresponding to stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) differed significantly, requiring a comprehensive evaluation integrating multiple physiological indicators. For the scientific diagnosis of crop water status, the entropy weight method was employed to assign weights to the evaluation indicators of Gs, Tr, and Pn. Based on these weights, a linear weighted summation model was used to obtain the comprehensive score. and the optimal CWSIF that reflects the characteristics of multiple physiological indexes was determined for each growth stage: the optimal index was CWSI-0.5 during the jointing stage and flowering stage, and CWSI-0.3 during the filling stage. This solves the problem of inconsistent evaluation of CWSIF by different physiological indicators and improves the pertinence and accuracy of water stress diagnosis. Across all growth stages, the coefficient of determination (R2) between the optimal CWSIF and plant water content (PWC) was consistently higher than that between the traditional CWSIT (CWSI calculated based on the average value of all Tc) and PWC, while the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) of the former was consistently lower than that of the latter. This indicated that CWSIF can reflect the water status of crop more efficiently and accurately than CWSIT. The findings of this study provide a reliable technical basis for monitoring water stress and implementing staged precision irrigation in winter wheat.

Farmland serves as the cornerstone of agricultural production, making the restoration of farmland in ecologically damaged areas pivotal for advancing sustainable agriculture. In China, the spatial overlap between crop cultivation and mineral extraction zones comprises approximately 42.7% of total cultivated land area, exacerbating conflict between mining-induced land degradation and farmland conservation. To address this challenge, we implemented six representative ecological restoration strategies on damaged farmland in a typical coal mining region of North China. By integrating UAV-based remote sensing with ground-based measurements throughout the winter wheat growth cycle, we aimed to evaluate whether immediate post-restoration cultivation can simultaneously maximize ecological recovery and economic return (yield). Results showed that: (1) The growth indicators of winter wheat responded positively to restoration measures, with significant variation observed across different growth stages; (2) All one-year restoration measures increased wheat yield relative to the damaged control, although none fully restored productivity to the baseline levels of undamaged farmland; (3) A comparative analysis of 14 vegetation indices, supplemented by entropy-based variability assessment, identified four superior indices for assessing growth dynamics in restored farmland. Among these, plant height and chlorophyll content were best retrieved using the normalized difference index and visible atmospherically resistant index, whereas leaf area and biomass were most accurately estimated via the excess green minus excess red and excess green index. These findings highlight the feasibility and benefit of cultivating farmland immediately following restoration, with specific organic amendments enabling yield approaches near those of undamaged land, supporting a synergistic strategy for ecological and agricultural regeneration.

The accurate monitoring of crop water status is critical for optimizing irrigation strategies in winter wheat. Compared with satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology offers superior spatial resolution, temporal flexibility, and controllable data acquisition, making it an ideal choice for the small-scale monitoring of crop water status. During 2023–2025, field experiments were conducted to predict crop water status using UAV images in the North China Plain (NCP). Thirteen vegetation indices were calculated and their correlations with observed crop water content (CWC) and equivalent water thickness (EWT) were analyzed. Four machine learning (ML) models, namely, random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), LightGBM, and CatBoost, were evaluated for their inversion accuracy with regard to CWC and EWT in the 2024–2025 growing season of winter wheat. The results show that the ratio vegetation index (RVI, NIR/R) exhibited the strongest correlation with CWC (R = 0.97) during critical growth stages. Among the ML models, CatBoost demonstrated superior performance, achieving R2 values of 0.992 (CWC) and 0.962 (EWT) in training datasets, with corresponding RMSE values of 0.012% and 0.1907 g cm−2, respectively. The model maintained robust performance in testing (R2 = 0.893 for CWC, and R2 = 0.961 for EWT), outperforming conventional approaches like RF and DT. High-resolution (5 cm) inversion maps successfully identified spatial variability in crop water status across experimental plots. The CatBoost-RVI framework proved particularly effective during the booting and flowering stages, providing reliable references for precision irrigation management in the NCP.

A positioning experiment of 5 years was conducted to explore the safety of heavy metal (HM) in reclaimed farmland filled with coal gangue in Chengcun mine area of Xinxiang City, China. The migration characteristics and ecological risk of soil HMs and health risk of crop were evaluated in reclaimed farmland. The results indicated that HMs in the reclaimed soil profile have a distribution pattern of high in surface and bottom soil layer but low in middle soil layer three years after reclamation. This suggests that HMs from the bottom coal gangue have migrated to the overlying soil layer and accumulated there. After five years of reclamation, the contents of HMs in reclaimed soil were higher than those in original foreign soil, especially the content of Cd that exceeded the risk screening value for soil pollution of agricultural land (SVSP). The contamination degree (CD) of all measured HMs in reclaimed soil reached moderate contamination level after five years of reclamation. However, the ecological risk assessment of soil HMs showed that the comprehensive ecological risk index (RI) of all measured elements in reclaimed soil was slight, only Cd showed a strong ecological risk. The HMs in wheat grains of reclaimed farmland did not exceed the grain limit standard, but were higher than those in regional normal soil. The analysis of crop risk indicated that the health risk index (HI) of adults and children exposed to multiple HMs was 1.98 and 2.70, respectively, which suggests that oral ingestion of wheat from reclaimed farmland poses a serious health risk, and the health risks to children are significantly higher than those to adults. Of all measured HMs, Cd and Zn in wheat are the main elements that cause health risks for local populations. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that it is not appropriate to grow crops on reclaimed farmland at present and may pose food safety risks.

In light of the issue concerning excessive fertilization that prevails in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, through conducting a 13-year long-term positioning experiment, the sustainability of a wheat and maize double-cropping soil system under different fertilization strategies is evaluated using the triangular area method. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for the development and implementation of appropriate fertilization practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In the protracted long-term experiment, chemical fertilizer (F) was taken as the control (CK) and three distinct treatments combining organic and inorganic fertilizers were used: chemical fertilizer with straw mulching (FS), chemical fertilizer with cow dung (FM), and chemical fertilizer with cow dung and straw mulching (FMS). Between 2018 and 2019, a non-fertilization treatment was concurrently incorporated in parallel on the foundation of each existing fertilization treatment. The results indicated that following prolonged fertilization, the soil nutrient content, enzyme activity, and crop yield of each organic fertilizer treatment were significantly greater than those of the chemical fertilizer treatment alone, resulting in a more stable yield. After two years of discontinuation of fertilizer cultivation, the soil fertility indexes of each treatment exhibited a notable decline. However, the rate of decrease in soil fertility indexes for the three organic fertilizer treatments was lower compared to that of the single application of chemical fertilizer treatment, suggesting that long-term allocation of organic + inorganic fertilizers contributes to better preservation of soil fertility. Through an assessment of the soil system’s sustainability under various treatments, it becomes evident that following a two-year cessation of fertilization, the sustainability indexes of the soils subjected to three long-term organic + inorganic fertilizer treatments (1.26, 1.29, and 1.27) exceeded that of the soil treated solely with chemical fertilizer (1.00). These findings provide further evidence supporting the notion that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance the soil system’s capacity for sustainable production in wheat–maize farmland within the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

Field experiments were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the crop stress index (CWSI) obtained by infrared thermal imaging to indicate crop water status, and to determine the appropriate CWSI threshold range for wheat at different growth stages. The results showed that the sensitivity of plant physiological parameters to soil water was different at different growth stages. The sensitivity of stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) to soil water was higher than that of leaf relative water content (LRWC) and photosynthetic rate (Pn). The characteristics of plant physiology and biomass (yield) at each growth stage showed that the plant production would not suffer from drought stress as long as the soil water content (SWC) was maintained above 57.0% of the field water capacity (FWC) during the jointing stage, 63.0% of the FWC during the flowering stage and 60.0% of the FWC during the filling stage. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation of CWSI with Gs, Tr and Pn was lower than that with LRWC and SWC at the jointing stage. CWSI was extremely significantly negatively correlated with SWC and LRWC (p < 0.01), but significantly negatively correlated with Gs, Tr and Pn (p < 0.05). At the flowering stage, CWSI was extremely significantly negatively correlated with all physiological and soil parameters (p < 0.01). The regression analysis showed that the CWSI of winter wheat was correlated with biomass (grain yield) in a curvilinear relationship at each growth stage. When the CWSI increased to a certain extent, the biomass and yield showed a decreasing trend with the increase in CWSI. Comprehensive analysis of all indexes showed that CWSI can be used as a decision-making index to guide the water-saving irrigation of winter wheat, as long as the CWSI threshold of plants was maintained at 0.26–0.38 during the jointing stage, 0.27–0.32 during the flowering stage and 0.30–0.36 during the filling stage, which could not only avoid the adverse effects of water stress on crop production, but also achieve the purpose of water saving.

对采矿破坏土地进行复垦并探究科学的田间管理方式对于缓解人地矛盾、迅速提高复垦耕地生产力具有重要的意义.基于煤矿区复垦耕地长期定位试验,通过对比不同耕作措施下土壤总有机碳(SOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)含量、碳库管理指数(ICPM)和产量变化,探索有助于复垦土壤质量迅速提升的耕作模式.在小麦播种前设置免耕(NT)、浅耕(ST)、深耕(DT)、深耕-浅耕交替轮耕(DST)共4个耕作处理.结果表明:①不同耕作措施通过影响固碳速率(Rcs)而对SOC积累有不同的影响.与NT相比,DT有助于复垦前期迅速提高各土层SOC和AOC含量,DST有助于复垦后期各土层保持较高的SOC和AOC含量.ST有助于表层SOC和AOC积累,对深层土壤SOC和AOC的影响小于DT和DST.②不同耕作措施对有机碳层化比(Rs)有不同的影响.在复垦前期,ST、DT和DST处理的Rs都显著高于NT.但到复垦后期NT和ST保持较高的Rs,DT和DST的Rs显著降低.③不同耕作措施通过影响SOC和AOC积累而影响各土层的碳库指数(ICP)和碳库活度指数(IA),从而影响其ICPM.复垦8 a后,ST、DT和DST处理各土层的ICP、IA和ICPM均大于NT.DST积累了最高的SOC和AOC,因此其ICP、IA和ICPM为最高.DT由于长期过度翻耕促进了 SOC的矿化分解,导致其ICP、IA和ICPM低于DST.ST虽可提高表层SOC和ICP,但其IA低于DT和DST,导致其ICPM也较低.④不同耕作方式通过影响土壤固碳也影响了作物生产.在复垦前期,ST、DT和DST的增产率和产量均大于NT,DT有最高的产量和增产率,而到复垦后期,DST的产量和增产率最高.相关分析表明,在复垦前期DT通过迅速提高各土层SOC含量有助于产量提高,而到后期,DST则通过提高整个土层的SOC、AOC含量和降低SR有助于作物高产.总之,基于土壤固碳和作物生产能力,在复垦早期宜采用DT措施,到复垦后期DST则是更好耕作方式,而NT和ST不利于复垦耕地的土壤碳固存和产量的快速提升.

Proper irrigation and fertilization measures can not only improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, but also have important significance in ensuring agricultural environment security and sustainable development. A field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal drip fertilization measure of winter wheat and explain its mechanism by analyzing the physiological and ecological characteristics and utilization efficiency of water and nitrogen under different irrigation and fertilization methods. The plants were treated with three irrigation and fertilization methods: the traditional irrigation and fertilization method (CK), surface drip fertilization (I1) and underground drip fertilization (I2). The results demonstrated that different irrigation methods had various effects on population and physiological characteristics of wheat. The plant height, leaf area and tiller number of I1 were significantly higher than those of CK during the whole growth period. I2 decreased plant height, leaf area and tiller number at jointing stage, but at flowering stage, the leaf area of I2 t was significantly higher than that of CK. Different irrigation methods also affected the root distribution of wheat. At flowering stage, I1 had lower root biomass than CK in all soil layers. The upper root system of I2 was smaller, but the deep root system was larger compared with the control. I1 and I2 had lower total root weight and higher shoot biomass compared to CK, so their root-shoot ratio decreased significantly. I1 and I2 increased and instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE) by increasing the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and reducing transpiration rate (Tr) at the flowering stage, while I2 had a similar Pn to I1, but reduced Tr, resulting in a higher IWUE than I1. Both I1 and I2 also increased root efficiency, root activity, and Fv/Fm of wheat at the late growth stage, promoting accumulated dry matter after flowering (ADM) and pre-flowering dry matter remobilization (DMR), leading to a significant increase in grain yield. In addition, I1 and I2 had significantly higher water productivity (WP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), nitrogen partial productivity (NPP) and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) than CK, especially I2 had the highest IWP, WP, NPP and NAE. These findings highlight the potential benefits of drip fertilization in promoting sustainable wheat production and elucidate the mechanism by which it promotes efficient use of water and fertilizer.

ABSTRACT High-standard farmland construction is an important process that can enhance food security and accelerate new-style modernization agriculture. Hyperspectral remote sensing can provide data and technical support for this type of construction to provide a reference when optimizing high-standard farmland construction areas. This study was performed in Xinzheng City, the primary grain-producing areas in Henan Province. Field sampling and indoor hyperspectral spectroscopy (350~2500 nm) were combined; spectral transformations such as continuum removal (CR) were performed after Savitzky‒Golay (SG) convolution smoothing; and the best hyperspectral bands were selected as the common index of the soil properties by correlation analysis and fuzzy clustering maximum tree. A hyperspectral inversion model was built for the panel data model of the fixed effect variable coefficient based on the ordinary least squares estimation method (OLS), including panel data describing pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead of 116 samples in Xinzheng City. Results show that the panel data model is of good quality overall, and the goodness of fit is higher (R2 = 0.9991, F = 2195.67). The precision test results indicate that the models performed well at both description and prediction, including accurate quantification, with an RPD above 2.5. Thus, the proposed model provides an important basis for soil information management, resource evaluation, and a reference when optimizing high-standard farmland construction processes.

该研究针对河南理工大学地理学专业人才培养模式和课程体系不符合复合型人才培养要求、人才培养对区域发展贡献不足等诸多问题,聚焦国家乡村振兴战略和新农科建设要求,依托地理学专业开展了多学科交叉融合的新农科人才培养模式的研究与实践探索.通过融合学校的测绘科学与技术、遥感科学与技术、地理学、土地资源管理等优势学科,利用这些学科在农业信息技术、智慧农业、农业大数据、村镇规划、土地整治等涉农方面的特色和优势,对课程设计、培养环节等方面进行革新,从而构建多学科交叉融合的新农科人才培养模式,努力将地理学专业建设成为能够适应新农科发展需要,面向现代农业的新兴特色涉农专业,培养新型的、具有深厚"三农"情怀的新型农业高科技人才,满足现代农业对人才培养的需求.

Overlapped areas of crop and coal production are responsible for national food security and mineral resource supply. However, long-term coal mining and urban and rural construction have continuously impacted the structure and functions of the original agricultural landscape ecosystem in the area and brought serious ecological security problems. On the basis of the results of remote sensing image classification of the Zhaogu mining area, this study explores the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the landscape pattern and the evolution of ecological security and predicts the landscape ecological security status in 2029. Research results show that the evolution of the landscape pattern in the study area manifests obvious stage characteristics: from 2004 to 2014, the landscape pattern developed in the direction of fragmentation, irregularity, heterogeneity, and low connectivity; after 2014, the landscape pattern showed continuity, regularization, and high connectivity trends. By comparing the landscape ecological security of the study area from 2004 to 2019, a temporal change characteristic of first deteriorating and then gradually improving can be observed. By analyzing the changes in the distribution of the security status in the study area on a spatial scale, it can be found that the proportion of unsafe areas is significantly reduced in 2019 due to the influence of land remediation and reclamation. By constructing a CA-Markov prediction model with both spatial and quantitative advantages, the prediction results show that the degree of landscape fragmentation in the study area will be reduced, and the connectivity will be enhanced between 2019 and 2029. The shape of landscape patches tends to be regular, and the landscape heterogeneity will be enhanced. Overall, the landscape ecological security situation will continue to improve. The results could provide reference for ecological protection and related land reclamation planning of the mine area.

鉴于测绘土地资源管理人才培训实践教学环节严重缺乏,教学反馈机制不科学,学生就业竞争力薄弱,根据河南理工大学土地资源管理专业实际情况,以专业竞赛为主要驱动因素,在资源平台、课程平台、综合能力平台三个层面,充分调动学生积极性,培养学生的实践能力、分析和解决问题的能力,从学科竞赛成绩、毕业生就业、研究生入学考试三方面系统研究培养模式改革的实际效果,为新工程背景下高校土管人才培养模式改革提供理论参考.

A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanism of drip fertilization to increase grain yield and water productivity (WP) of winter wheat. The traditional irrigation and fertilization method (surface flooding irrigation + artificially applying fertilizer) was used as CK, and two drip fertilization methods were set up: surface drip fertilization (I1) and subsurface drip fertilization (I2). The results showed that drip fertilization affected the root morphological pattern (RMP) and root activity pattern (RAP)of wheat by affecting the distribution of water and nitrogen in the soil. At heading stage, both I1 and I2 had higher root weight density (RWD) and root length density (RLD) in deep soil layer (40-80 cm) compared with CK, but lower RWD and RLD in the topsoil layer (0-20 cm). I1 and I2 had greater root activity in deep soil layer compare to CK, but root activity of I2 in 0-20 cm surface soil was lower than that of CK and I1. Drip fertilization also affected the distribution space of maximum root activity (MRA) of plant. At heading stage, the distribution space of MRA of I1 and I2 was the same as that of CK, and all of them were located in 20-40 cm soil layer. At the filling stage, MRA of CK was located in 40-80 cm soil layer, and that of I1 and I2 were in 20-60 cm soil layer. Plant can adjust its water uptake strategy and RAP according to soil moisture and the growth stages. Plants in I1 and CK mainly use water from 0 to 20 cm soil layer at jointing stage (one week after irrigation), and I2 mainly absorbs water from 20 to 40 cm soil layer. At the filling stage (three weeks after irrigation), the main uptake space (MUS) of root moved to 40-80 cm soil layers, but I1 and I2 had greater water uptake capacity in this position compared with CK. Drip fertilization also triggered non-hydraulic root-sourced signal (nHRS) earlier, but delayed the emergence of hydraulic root-sourced signal (HRS). In addition, the grain yield, yield stability (YS) and WP of I1 and I2 were higher than those of CK. In conclusion, drip fertilization optimized RMP, RAP and root-sourced signal characteristics of crop by improving the water and fertilizer environment in the root zone, thus improving grain yield, YS and WP of crop.

Increasing planting density is an important ways to increase maize yield. A hot topic of conversation in the current research is how to improve crop light efficiency and yield potential by optimizing the cultivation mode under high density planting is a hot topic in current research. Thus, in this study, a field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of stereo-planting patterns on water and the utilization light resource and maize yields. Planting patterns included the conventional flat planting pattern (as the control, CK) and the stereo-planting in ridge and furrow (T). Each planting pattern had three planting densities, i.e., 60,000 plants ha−1 (D1), 75,000 plants ha−1 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha−1 (D3). The results showed that stereo-planting affected the physiological characteristics of plants by changing the spatial distribution of soil moisture. At the silking stage (R1), photosynthetic rate (Pn) of plants on the ridge was similar to CK, and transpiration rate (Tr) was significantly lower than that of CK. Pn of maize in the furrow was significantly higher than that of CK, and Tr was similar to CK. Stereoscopic planting had different effects on intraspecific competition intensity in maize population in different growing stages. In the six-leaf stage (V6), stereo-planting increased competition intensity of maize on the ridge, but lowered that of maize in the furrow by affecting the spatial distribution of soil moisture. During the R1 stage, stereo-planting increased the light transmittance rate within the canopy and eased the plant’s competition for light by reducing plant height and leaf area of maize under three density conditions. Stereo-planting had no effect on grain yield and dry matter accumulation of ridge-planted maize in the later growing stage, but it did increased the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of furrow-planted maize due to the improvement of the light environment and photosynthetic characteristics of the population. In two test years, stereo-planting increased 5.0–11.0% average yield of maize compared to CK under three density conditions. These results indicate that stereo-planting can reduce the plant’s competition for light and water resources and improve its physiological traits of plant by optimizing its spatial distribution of soil moisture and canopy structure, thus further increasing grain yield of maize under high-density planting conditions.

在分析土地资源管理专业"土壤学"课程教学现状的基础上,结合土地资源管理专业培养目标要求,通过优化课程内容,突出理论教学重点,并以创新性实验项目的形式将实验内容同步穿插于理论教学过程中,教学与实验相长,构建了课程理论和实验协同一体化的教学内容体系,建立了突出培养目标、注重全过程考核、强化创新与实践能力评价的课程综合考核体系.

Well-facilitied capital farmland construction is an important measure to enhance the ability to ensure food security and accelerate new-style the modernization agriculture. Hyperspectral remote sensing can be provide data basis and technical support for realization the construction of well-facilitied capital farmland，to provide a reference for exploring the optimization of well-facilitied capital farmland construction area. Taking Xinzheng City of main grain producing areas in Henan province as the research object, using field sampling and indoor hyperspectral spectroscopy (350~2500 nm) combined, the spectral transformations such as Continuum removal（ CR） are carried out after the Savitzky-Golay（ SG） convolution smoothing, the best hyperspectral bands as the common index of the soil properties were selected by the correlation analysis and Fuzzy clustering maximum tree，focused on 405~431nm、781nm~831nm、1044~1087nm、1251~1410nm、1836~1898nm、2080nm~2201nm、2324~2395nm. The hyperspectral inversion model had been built by Panel date model of fixed effect variable coefficient based on the ordinary least squares estimation method ( OLS), that is about the panel data of PH、SOM、AN、AP、AK、Fe、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb of 116 samples in Xinzheng City. The results showed that: The Panel date model significantly overall, the goodness of fit is higher (in the model, =0.9991， F = 2195.67）. The result of precision test indicates that models performed well in modeling and predicting with a good ability of quantificational prediction, with RPD values were greater than 2.5.

为了探究开采沉陷区土壤特性空间变化及其作物响应,以河南焦煤能源有限公司赵固二矿沉陷区耕地为研究对象,对不同沉陷部位的土壤含水量、全氮量、土壤微生物学特性(土壤呼吸速率、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性)以及作物的生长发育和产量性状进行研究.结果表明:在裂缝、附加坡度、积水等破坏形式的多重干扰下,沉陷区土壤含水量和全氮量均从坡上到坡下随着沉降深度的增加而增加;土壤水肥状况影响着土壤微生物学特性空间分布,土壤呼吸速率、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性大体呈现坡中>坡上>坡下规律;不同沉陷部位小麦生长发育及产量性状也受到不同程度影响,其中,坡下的小麦根系活力、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、株高、叶面积及产量性状均显著低于坡上和坡中的,而相较于坡中,坡上的小麦生长发育受抑制情况更为严重,致使最终产量显著低于坡中的.总之,开采沉陷区的土壤特性及植物生长具有空间异质性,且其空间变化特征与沉陷破坏形式密切相关.

Knowledge of the interactive effects of water and nitrogen (N) on physio-chemical traits of maize (Zea mays L) helps to optimize water and N management and improve productivity. A split-plot experiment was conducted with three soil water conditions (severe drought, moderate drought, and fully water supply referring to 45%-55%, 65%-75%, and 85%-95% field capacity, respectively) and four N application rates (N-0, N-150,N- N-240, and N-330 referring to 150, 240, 330 kg N ha(-1) respectively) under drip fertigation in 2014 and 2015 in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. The results indicated that drought stress inhibited physiological activity of plants (leaf relative water content, root bleeding sap, and net photosynthetic rate), resulting in low dry matter accumulation after silking, yield, and N uptake, whereas increased WUE and NUE. N application rates over than 150 kg ha(-1) aggravated the inhibition of physiological activity under severe drought condition, while it was offset under moderate drought condition. High N application rates (N330) still revealed negative effects under moderate drought condition, as it did not consistently enhance plant physiological activity and significantly reduced N uptake as compared to the N-240 treatment. With fully water supply, increasing N application rates synergistically enhanced physiological activity, promoted dry matter accumulation after silking, and increased yield, WUE, and N uptake. Although the N-240 treatment reduced yield by 5.4% in average, it saved 27.3% N under full water supply condition as compared with N-330 treatment. The results indicated that N regulated growth of maize in aspects of physiological traits, dry matter accumulation, and yield as well as water and N use was depended on soil water status. The appropriate N application rates for maize production was 150 kg ha(-1) under moderate drought or 240 kg ha(-1) under fully water supply under drip fertigation, and high N supply (>150 kg ha(-1)) should be avoided under severe drought condition.